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Religion in America > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Nationalism?

A

A group of people, who speak the same language, and live in a similar geographic context, and cultural context begin to think of themselves collectively.

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2
Q

Name two wars connected to nationalism and the pursuit of religious power

A

100 Years War

30 Years War

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3
Q

What happened during the Avignon Papacy?

A

Church headquarters moved from Rome to Avignon

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4
Q

Explain the Great Papal Schism

A

Gregory VII dies in 1378. An Italian Pope is elected and moves the papacy back to Rome. He is incompetent. The cardinals go to the French and ask for help. A second pope is installed, but Urban VI will not step down. A third pope is then created in 1409.

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5
Q

How was the church paying for the painting of St. Pete’s Basillica?

A

The selling of indulgences

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6
Q

What is an indulgence?

A

A financial transaction that allows you to shorten your time in purgatory

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7
Q

What did Luther think about indulgences?

A

They were a violation of church doctrine and crass

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8
Q

What does Luther do in response?

A

Posts the 95 theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church

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9
Q

When does Luther post the 95 Theses?

A

10/31/1517

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10
Q

Why did Lutheranism take hold?

A

Luther had a powerful backer Frederick of Saxony who supports Luther out of sense of nationalism

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11
Q

Who raised concerns about the catholic church prior to Luther? Why were they not successful?

A

John Huss. He did not have a powerful protector.

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12
Q

When does John Calvin go to Geneva?

A

1536

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13
Q

What does Calvin do?

A

Restructures Geneva as a protestant city

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14
Q

What is Calvin’s reform tradition?

A

Puritan

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15
Q

What is TULIP Theology?

A

T- otal depravity: Individual was completely sinful. Whole constitution was shattered by sin
U- ncondition election: God decides if you are among God’s chosen people
L-imited Atonement: Jesus’ death was only effective for those who are being saved ( Whom God has chosen and no one else)
I-rreistable Grace: When God decides to save you he will send grace into your life and it will be irresistible. It is all God’s work. Predestination. No free choice
P-erservance of the saints: If God makes the decision to save someone then those people will be faithful until the end because God has decided it. “ Once saved, always saved”

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16
Q

Who are the followers of John Huss?

A

Moravians

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17
Q

What is the main concept of Calvinist reform and TULIP theology?

A

God has predetermined those who will be saved and those who will go to hell. It cannot be altered.

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18
Q

Name the traditions off of Calvinism

A

Puritans, Presbyterians, Congregationists, Baptists

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19
Q

What is the Supremacy Act?

A

1534- Henry VIII makes himself the head of the church

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20
Q

What is created during Edward VI’s reign?

A

The Book of Common Prayer

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21
Q

What happens as a byproduct of Mary’s reign?

A

The country becomes more Protestant after she executes the Archbishop of Canterbury

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22
Q

How did Elizabeth I shape the Anglican Church?

A

1) Added to the Book of Common Prayer

2) She made the service look and feel Catholic, but the words were Protestant

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23
Q

Who are the Puritans?

A

Separatists who do not think the reformation has gone far enough

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24
Q

What happens in Europe as a result of Enlightenment Philosophy?

A

1) Christianity is weakened by the split

2) Center of authority is Europe is fractured

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25
Q

When was the Edict of Nantes?

A

April 13, 1598

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26
Q

What is the Edict of Nantes?

A

Hugenots obtain freedom to worship except in Paris

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27
Q

What is the Massacre of Vassy?

A

Massacre of 100 Hugenots worshiping in a barn. They were killed by Catholic soliders

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28
Q

When was the Massacre of Vassy?

A

March 1562

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29
Q

What is the result of the Peace of Westphalia?

A

The Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.

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30
Q

When is the Peace of Westphalia?

A

1648

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31
Q

What is the Treaty of Tordesilles?

A

Pope Alexander VI gave Spain all the new islands discovered

Gave Portugal the coast of Africa

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32
Q

When was the Treaty of Tordesilles?

A

1494

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33
Q

Who was Bartholomew de las Casas?

A

He was a Dominican monk, who became the first ordained priest in the new world. He worked for 40 years trying to get the Spanish to understand that native peoples were human beings. He eventually convinced Charles V to side with him in 1542, who made the “ New Laws of 1542”

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34
Q

What are the “New Laws of 1542”?

A

Established native peoples of the new world as equal to Spaniards under the law. Came about as a result of the work of Bartholomew de la Casas.

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35
Q

What is the Papal Bull of 1537?

A

Native peoples are capable of receiving baptism

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36
Q

Who are the Jesuits?

A

They are the monastic followers of Ignatius of Loyola. They were educators. Their order is in part a reaction to the Reformation. It was an effort to “dig in” to Catholicism.

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37
Q

What do the Jesuits do?

A

They become missionaries and go to India, China, the Americas, and Japan. They make accommodations to local peoples practice and will try to interpret it into the Catholic faith=> local practices become adopted into Catholicism

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38
Q

Who are the Francisicans?

A

Monastaic order that follow Saint Francis of Assisi

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39
Q

What are the results of the Franciscans in the Americas?

A

Their missions were connected to economic opportunism.

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40
Q

Who was Don Juan de Onate?

A

Spanish Conquestidor and governor of Neuvo Mexico. He separated children from their families.

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41
Q

Who was Father Serra?

A

Franciscan priest who established Franciscan missions in California. He was well known for public flagellation.

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42
Q

Describe the conditions of the Carribean and New Orleans under French control?

A

1) French killed the indigenous people and replaced them with slaves from Africa.
2) Conditions are brutal. Many were worked to death

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43
Q

What happens in New Orleans?

A

Slave trade grows out of a response to the sugar industry

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44
Q

Who was Richard Hakluyt?

A

1) Half brother to Sir Walter Raleigh
2) Urged England to ignore the Pope’s lines of demarcation
3) Led an expedition to the New World, in 1585, and settled the Roanoke Colony

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45
Q

Who was the first European child born in the colonies?

A

Virginia Dare, 1587

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46
Q

When was Jamestown settled?

A

1607, by the London Company

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47
Q

When does VA legislature makes Church of England the official church of the colony?

A

1619

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48
Q

When do the first slaves arrive at Jamestown?

A

1619

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49
Q

When does “ Religious Toleration” within the VA colony begin?

A

1689

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50
Q

By the 1700s, who arrives in the VA colony?

A

Presbyterians, Baptists, and Medothists

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51
Q

Who are John and Charles Wesley?

A

The founders of Methodism

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52
Q

Explain how Methodism was created

A

The Wesleys founded a piety club at Oxford, The Holy Club. John was already an ordained minister when he had an experience at Alders Gate, London May 21, 1738 where he felt is “ Heart strangely warmed”. There was a quest for further spiritualism and a personal connection with Christ. This becomes the hallmark of Wesleyan piety.

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53
Q

Tenants of Methodism

A

1) Personal connection with Christ
2) Second act of grace. You are saved and then sanctified
3) Remiments of the CoE

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54
Q

Songs written by Charles Wesley

A

1) Hard the Herald Angels Sing
2) Love devine; all love excelling
3) O for a Thousand Tongues to Sing

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55
Q

When does the Methodist split occur?

A

1795, after John Wesley’s death

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56
Q

Where are the Puritans from?

A

Scotland and England

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57
Q

What did the Puritans hate?

A

1) Any trace of “ Romanism”
2) Book of Common Prayer
3) Any form of written prayer (e.g. Lord’s Prayer). All prayer should be heartfelt in the moment
4) Theatre
5) Office of the Bishop- Church should be governed by “Presbyters” or elders

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58
Q

What is the hierarchy of an Episcopal system?

A

It is a bishop system

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59
Q

What is the hierarchy of the Puritan church?

A

The church is governed by “ presbyters” or elders instead of a bishop. The governmental structure is local and congregational.

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60
Q

Who were the Pilgrims?

A

A separatist Puritan group. They first immigrated to Holland and settled. However, their children started learning Dutch. They then returned to England, before immigrating to the New World where they founded Plymouth Colony.

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61
Q

When was the Plymouth Colony founded?

A

1620

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62
Q

When was the Massachusetts Bay Colony settled?

A

1630

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63
Q

Describe the Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

1) Made up of Puritans
2) Governed by John Winthrop
3) They believed they were in a covenant with God. If obeyed, then would be blessed. If they disobeyed, God would get angry and punish them
4) They came to the New World for their religious freedom. Not the religious freedom of others and imposed their beliefs. No religious tolerance
5) Church governance is tied to community governance
6) Strict Calvinists

64
Q

Explain John Winthrop’s “ City on a Hill”

A

It was taken from Matthew 5:14 and was used to convey the message that everyone was watching them and that they were going to show that their way was right. It is used today in many presidential and canidate speeches.

65
Q

Who was John Winthrop?

A

Early Puritan leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He delivered the “ City on a Hill” speech

66
Q

Who said “Williams was like a windmill spins so fast he would set the place on fire”

A

Cotton Mather

67
Q

Who was Roger Williams

A

A colonist of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He challenged the leadership over their not paying the Native Americans for their land. He also said that the faith of people should not be determined by the ruler. He was kicked out of the MBC and sent out during a snowstorm. He then went to Rhode Island and became a baptist

68
Q

Who founded Rhode Island?

A

Roger Williams, 1635

69
Q

Who was Ann Hutchinson?

A

Wife of a deceased minister. She was expelled from Boston for challenging the Puritan clergy. She joined Roger Williams in RI

70
Q

Where do the Baptists initially settle?

A

Rhode Island, for its religious tolerance

71
Q

Who founded the Baptist reform?

A

John Smyth. The first congregation appeared in England in 1611

72
Q

What are the properties of the Baptist refrom?

A

Followed Calvinism, adult baptism through immersion, and rejected English church governance and promoted local autonomy

73
Q

When is the Avignon papacy?

A

1305- 1377

74
Q

When does the Great Papal Schism occur?

A

1378

75
Q

T stands for?

A

Total depravity- Individual was completely sinful. Whole constitution was shattered by sin

76
Q

U stands for?

A

Unconditional election- God decides if you are among God’s chosen people

77
Q

L stands for?

A

Limited atonement- Jesus was only death was only effective for those who are being saved ( Whom God has chosen and no one else)

78
Q

I stands for?

A

Irresistible grace- When God decides to save you he will send grace into your life and it will be irresistible. It is all God’s work. Predestination. No free choice

79
Q

P stands for?

A

Perseverance of the saints- If God makes the decision to save someone then those people will be faithful until the end because God has decided it. “ Once saved, always saved”

80
Q

When was John Hus burned at the stake?

A

1417

81
Q

When was the King James Bible published?

A

1611

82
Q

What stems from the Book of Common Prayer/

A

The King James Bible

83
Q

During the Enlightenment, where is the authority?

A

Authority is found in scientific reason

84
Q

Who was Gustavus Adolphus?

A

A Swedish protestant who turns the tide during the 30 years war by positioning Sweden to determine the main political and religious power in Europe.

85
Q

Who was Antinio De Montesinos?

A

A Spanish Dominican friar who raised questions on practices of conversion and conquest and servitude of the indigenous populations

86
Q

When does Antonio de Montesinos question Spain on their ideas about natives?

A

1511

87
Q

What is a circuit rider?

A

Developed by Methodist, a circuit rider is a minister who rides to various towns in a circuit to minuter to people

88
Q

Who founded New York?

A

New Amsterdam- Dutch West India Company led by Peter Stuyvesant

89
Q

Who was Peter Stuyvesant?

A

He led New Amsterdam and was opposed to religious pluralism

90
Q

Who founded Pennsylvania?

A

William Penn in 1689. He received the land as King Charles II owed his father a debt.

91
Q

Name two states which allowed religious pluralism

A

1) Pennsylvania

2) Rhode Island

92
Q

What is “ Arminianism”

A

The belief in free will

93
Q

Who practices Arminianism?

A

The Methodists

94
Q

Who founded Quakerism?

A

George Fox

95
Q

Passage of the Bible which spoke to George Fox

A

John 1:9 “ The true light that gives light to everyone”

96
Q

What did George Fox believe?

A

Fox believed that everyone had that light in them. That light just needs to be ignited. It was dormant.

97
Q

What do Quakers believe”

A

Truth arrives through the voice of God inside of you

98
Q

Explain a Quaker service.

A

There is no order of worship. They wait in silence for the Lord to move someone to speak.

99
Q

Do Quakers have ministers?

A

No. There are no ordained ministers and no symbols. What you seek is inside of you.

100
Q

What provision was placed in the U.S. Constitution for the Quakers and why?

A

The word “ affirm”. Article VI -Quakers do not believe in swearing oaths, but they can affirm.

101
Q

List Three Elements of Quakerism

A

1) No oaths
2) No tithes
3) Pacifists

102
Q

How do Quakers govern?

A

By consensus of the community

103
Q

Who was Mary Dyer

A

Quaker hanged in Boston for her preachings

104
Q

When was Maryland founded?

A

1632 as a proprietary colony

105
Q

Who was Lord Baltimore?

A

Cecil Calvert

106
Q

Describe the religions found in Maryland

A

Lord Baltimore came from a Catholic family. It was a colony for Catholics and Protestants with a lot of Jesuits. In 1640, the Protestants gained control. 1649- the Toleration act allowed Catholics to resettle in the colony. The Catholics take over the colony in the 1660s. The colony loses proprietary status in 1692 and turns anti-Catholic. At the time of the American Revolution, it turns back Catholic. John Carroll builds the cathedral in Baltimore

107
Q

James Madison’s Memorial and Remonstration was influenced by whom?

A

John Locke

108
Q

Who wrote the Memorial and Remonstrance?

A

James Madison

109
Q

What was the Memorial and Remonstrance?

A

An anonymous letter written by James Madison arguing against state-sponsored religion in Virginia

110
Q

What did Madison argue in the Memorial and Remonstrance?

A

1) Religious affiliation and dedication needs to be left to the individual people
2) God’s ultimate creative act was granting a human the ability to think and decide how much duty is due to the creator
3) Reminds the people that Christianity flourished in opposition and was not state-sponsored
4) Institutionalized Christianity will make the clergy lazy and corrupt. It will breed ignorance in the laity
5) It leads to tyranny as it curb’s civil liberties

111
Q

What does the 1st Amendment say about religion?

A

Congress is not allowed to establish a state religion and not allowed to deter you from practicing a religion.

112
Q

Explain religion in the Carolinas

A

The colony was established under Charles I. Hugenots arrived after the religious toleration was revoked in France. CoE is strong along the coast. Quakers settle from VA. Moravians settled in Salem,NC in 1766

113
Q

What did the Moravians call Salem, NC?

A

Wachovia

114
Q

Who settled Georgia?

A

Thomas Bray

115
Q

When did the Carolinas split?

A

1712

116
Q

Who was James Oglethorpe?

A

Georgia govenor who welcomed Jews- 1733

117
Q

Religious makeup of George

A

CoE and Scotch Presbertyians

118
Q

Explain how the first slaves came to the Colonies

A

They were brought to Jamestown in 1619. They were kidnapped by the Portuguese from Angola. Two English privateer ships attacked the Portuguese and took their “human cargo”. From there, the kidnapped Angolans were taken to Jamestown as indentured servants. This set the stage for slavery in America.

119
Q

Who was Juan Garrido?

A

1st African in the New World- 1489

120
Q

What happens during the First Great Awakening?

A

Christian worship changes.

121
Q

When was the First Great Awakening?

A

1740s

122
Q

What are the precursors to the First Great Awakening?

A

1) Increase in the building of churches after 1680
2) CoE began society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts
3) Pietism-
4) More organization in American Colonial denominations are emerging
5) Pluralism and struggle for church control

123
Q

Who was George Whitefield?

A

Minister who influenced a change in preaching style

124
Q

Describe George Whitefield and how he changed preaching.

A

1) Good looking with slightly crossed eyes- seen as touched from God
2) Friend of the Wesley’s and the Holy Club
3) Used an actor’s voice when performing the sermon and dramatic action
4) CoE affiliated
5) Did not use notes and kept asking the question “ What must I do to be saved?”

125
Q

Who wrote “ Sinners in the hands of an angry god”

A

Jonathan Edwards

126
Q

What are Clearness Commitees?

A

If a member is struggling with a decision, a commitee will sit with that member. They will only speak to ask open and honest questions. The purpose is that the answer is within you.

127
Q

Who is Jonathan Edwards?

A

1) MA minister
2) Thoroughly calvinistic, railed against arminianism
3) Writes Sinners, which is he model sermon for the punishing, judging god of revivalistic sermons

128
Q

Who are the predominant religion in VA?

A

CoE- Episcopal

129
Q

What are blue laws?

A

Laws related to the sabbath

130
Q

Explain why conversion and church membership were important during the First Great Awakening

A

Membership to the church was tied to membership within the community. If you were not part of one, you were not part of the other

131
Q

What is an “ anxious bench”

A

A bench within the church where those seeking conversion experience would sit

132
Q

During the FGA, how did you obtain membership to the congregation?

A

You had to have a great emotional experience that called you to conversion. You had to be able to prove it.

133
Q

What is a “ Half-way Convert”

A

A person who has not had a great emotional experience for conversion, but can confess a commitment to the church. This then allows you to baptize your children into the church and community.

134
Q

Name several byproducts of the FGA

A

1) New preaching style
2) Extemporaneous sermons
3) New Hymns
4) Instantaneous conversions
5) The Renewal Myth
6) Increase in anti-catholic sentiments

135
Q

What is the impact of revivalism?

A

It split the church between “Old Light” and “ New Lights”

136
Q

What are the “ Old Lights”

A

Those who did not like the new revivals and supported the older traditions.

137
Q

What are the “ New Lights”

A

Those who liked the new revivals and styles during the FGA

138
Q

What are General Assessments?

A

Collecting a tax for the churches

139
Q

In Virginia, what was the main worry regarding the general assessment?

A

Congregationalists and Anglicans were the most powerful. An institutionalised church, they would become the state church and receive the money. This is problematic as the Anglicans are the CoE

140
Q

Which states let you designated where your general assessment could go?

A

MA, CT, NH, MD, GA

141
Q

What was MA’s attitude towards the general assessment?

A

1) They passed it
2) Allowed it to be designated
3) Religion made for a peaceful society
4) Baptists in MA opposed it

142
Q

What were the Baptists concerns in MA regarding the general assessment?

A

1) If it passed, Baptists would be pushed out.
2) Congregationists ministers were state-sanctioned, the state would not recognize their marriages, etc
3) They argued the state invariably corrupted the church

143
Q

How did separation of church and state impact women and slaves?

A

It allowed slaves and women to find areas of freedom. Technically, no one could tell them how to worship in their church

144
Q

Explain Virginia and the general assessment

A

1) 1784- Patrick Henry is a proponent of the general assessment
2) Taxes would come from property
3) Fear it would prop up the Anglican church
4) Madison works with the Baptists to have it defeated

145
Q

Explain TJ and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

A

1) Madison passed it while TJ was in Paris
2) God’s creative act is a free mind. Religion oppresses civil liberties
3) If you are going to give money, you do it on your free will and not because you are coerced to do it
4) No one can be forced to participate in a religious institution and nobody should be punished for non-participation

146
Q

Name the parts covered under the 1st Amendment.

A 
Speech
Religion
Press
Peaceable assembly
petition the government for the redress of grievances
147
Q

When did Jefferson write the letter to the Danbury Baptists?

A

1802

148
Q

What is the letter to the Danbury Baptists famous for?

A

The line regarding separation of church and state

149
Q

Explain Thomas Jefferson’s view on religion

A

1) He believed that God’s creative act is a free mind.
2) Hated theological doctrine
3) Edited his own Bible
4) Focused on moral aspects

150
Q

By the end of the American Revolution, how many people on average went to church?

A

1 in 10

151
Q

Who had a Puritan father, did not like the idea of hell, and was utilitarian?

A

Ben Franklin

152
Q

What is Dr. Broadwater’s thesis?

A

Founders are not so much against religion and the state, but they were absolutely against institutionalized church and state

153
Q

Why was levitical law liberal at the time?

A

It allowed for civil marriages and other denominational marriages to be recognized

154
Q

What was the consensus of religion after the Revolutionary War?

A

The difference was in theology, but with regard to behaviour, there was consensus

155
Q

What were the forces at worth during the time of Luther?

A

1) The Avignon papacy and then the Great Papal Schism
2) John Hus has started to question the church a hundred years prior, but was unsuccessful due to the lack of a powerful political backer
3) The 100 Years War
4) Rise of nationalism and the individual state
5) The printing press- allowed Luther to print materials cheaply.

156
Q

When was the 30 Years War

A

1618-1648

157
Q

When was the 100 Years War

A

1337 – 1453

Religion in America (3 decks)

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