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Religion in America > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many ministers are there in America in 1775?

A

18,000 1:1500

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2
Q

How many ministers are there in 1845?

A

40,000 1:500

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3
Q

What shifts occurs in the Early Republic and Second Great Awakening

A

1) more uneducated clergy; not officially ordained
2) democratic populists- put the power in the people’s hand
3) anti-high culture

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4
Q

Compare British Methodism to American

A
  • British grounded in tradition authority and leadership

- American Methodist were revivalistic

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5
Q

Who was Lorenzo Dow?

A

Methodist minister- preaching was fiery and folksy, attack people in audience, and call them out by name. He was uneducation, did not have a seminary degree, etc.

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6
Q

What is a result of the separation of church and state?

A

The state is not sanctioning clergy, as a result ministers do not care what Jefferson and Madison think, they are going to the common folk

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7
Q

Explain the Cult of Personality

A

When there is no regulation in religion you have a chance for a cult of personality. Religious figures gained power by personality and charisma- NOT BY EDUCATION

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8
Q

What are the Signs of the democratic spirit

A

Refused tradition orthodoxies- Muddlism- God in three forms (When God talks back)
Ordinary people over elites
Elevating experience and impulse over tradition orthodxies
Enthusiasm won the day
Gospel singing
- song where you have verses 1,2,3,4 and chorus
-Sing verse 1 and then the chorus, sing verse 2 and then the chorus
- Song leader or soloist would do the verses
- The whole congregation did the chorus
Revelations embraced
The Methodist “ second act of grace”

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9
Q

Name the Unintended Consequences under democratization of American Christianity

A

New tyrannies- the oppression of the majority and populism
Will never be regulated in any way
“Attempting to erase the difference between the leaders and the followers, Americans opened door for religious demagogues”
Values of the audience shaped the message
Quest for unity caused more divisions- The Renewal Myth
People who rose because of humble origins become authoritarians

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10
Q

Name two areas that became regulated where as Religion remained unregulated

A

1) Law- the bar

2) Medicine

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11
Q

Who was Charles Finney?

A

Great 2nd GA preacher

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12
Q

What is a Protracted meeting?

A

Traveling evangelists would hold a meeting that would go for a week, two weeks, etc., this then leads to holy ghost revival meetings

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13
Q

Name the elements of Charles Finney’s preaching style

A

1) Protracted Meetings
2) Harsh Sermons
3) Naming individuals in sermons
4) Anxious Bench

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14
Q

What is a Camp meeting?

A

People would get in their wagons and ride and they would camp and there would be preaching for a week to several weeks. Everyone would be camped out listening to preaching

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15
Q

Who was Francis Asbury?

A

Methodist preacher

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16
Q

What were the lasting effects of the 2GA?

A

1) Invitation hymns
2) Hymnody- songs with choruses
3) Style of preaching became less theological and more folksy
4) Additional impulses in cultural- Transcendentalism and Romanticism
Emerson- Emphasis on self-reflection and intuition over doctrinal syllogism

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17
Q

Who were Abner Jones and Elias Smith?

A

Christain Connection in Vermont. Reacting against Calvinism and Baptists

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18
Q

Who was James O’Kelly?

A

Methodist Espiscopals form of government, ordained clergy and freedom to interpret scripture

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19
Q

Who are Thomas and Alexander Campbell?

A

They will break away and form a unity movement on the opposite side of Barton Stone

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20
Q

What were the problems with the unity movement?

A

It was traumatic when Baptist churches became DOC

21
Q

When and where did the side unite?

A

Lexington, KY 1832

22
Q

How many slaves were brought to America?

A

10- 12.5 million

23
Q

Discuss slaves at church.

A

1) They might outnumber whites
2) They were made to sit upstairs
3) Obedience was placed into catechism

24
Q

What became slave’s invisible religion?

A

Music

25
Q

What were hush habors

A

Hidden places where slaves could worship. Music was used as code to tell the location. Broken branches were used for directions. An upside-down kettle and wet blankets were used to muffle the sound. Prayers focused on freedom and suffering

26
Q

What was the importance of hush habors?

A

1) Some slaves were not allowed to worship at all- some were too far away from other slaves to worshi
2) Somes lived in such remote areas
3) Some masters said slaves did not have souls- no need to worship

27
Q

Discuss dress and slavery

A

1) Some slave owners liked for their slaves to dress up on Sundays- status symbo
2) But, for slaves, could be a moment of dignity
3) Also offered the chance to see slaves from other plantations

28
Q

Explain Christmas and Slavery

A

Might get several days off to rest
Master might make the slaves cry for christmas presents- humiliated to get present
The quiet came with a tension. Slave markets kept 01/02 as a big auction day- Harriet Jacobs’ slave narrative

29
Q

Explain Camp Meetings for Slaves

A

Revivals big across the sout- Slaves sometime had a chnce to go
There might be parties happening
Have their own services off from the whites, but whites would look in at what was going on
Limits on what they could say or do in their camp worships
Camp meetings and revivals also attended by slave traffikers- made it a dangerous place because of contacts being made at the camp meetings
Possibly for devision, fun, and worship, but also serious dangers

30
Q

Explain Weddings/Funerals under Slavery

A

Weddings- sometimes no ceremony, just told that they were married
Some were arranged by the masters
Funerals- slaves did not always get to go
When people are unable to go through the rituals of these moments it robs people of their dignity

31
Q

Explain Preaching Under Slavery

A

Visible and invisible church- if whites present, things changed
Focused on freedom
Certain stories more at the center
Slaves could not read and not allowed to learn
White person might read the Bible at the service
Children might teach them to read
Could memorize long sections of scripture
Used to that because of oral culture- force of the story is there
Many biblical stories can be memorized in outline form
Remembered all the stories and the parables
Remembered stories like Exodus as against slavery
Call and response style of preaching
Very animated sermons. Phrases repeated
Didn’t trust how whites interpreted the scripture
Master became Pharaoh

32
Q

Explain spirituals during slavery

A

1) Whites were often suspicious. Songs were used as code
2) Songs shaped identity and often had origins in Africa
3) Both personal and communal
4) Songs created a sacred time
5) One person’s sorrow or joy become possession of all

33
Q

Explain “ Lonesome Valley”

A

1) Journey motif

2) You gotta walk that lonesome valley” feel support in communal singing of these words

34
Q

What are the three parts to the movement of conversion?

A

Recognizing that you are a sinner
fear of hell and damnation
salvation

35
Q

Explain spirit possession in slave culture

A

Satan- viewed more as a trickster than evil. Sort of ornery or ignorant and likes to mess things up for people

e.g. Paul’s “thorn in the flesh”
Puts obstacles in a person’s life

Possession also took the form of an ancestor and deity possession. When this meets with Christianity it gets looked as a “ demon possession”. A way for white christians to demonize the religions of the people

36
Q

What is Eddie Glaude, Jr’s thesis?

A

African American religious life is not reducible to African American religion. African American Religion is an academic category that is interested in the political and ideological features as a reaction to and resistance to white culture and power. African American religious life was a for bonded African Americans to construct and imagine freedom. The involuntary presence of the black community in America is a distinctive methodological concern for African American religion

37
Q

According to Thurman, black Christianity embraced what?

A

The liberating power of Jesus

38
Q

How did Biblical interpretations differ for the slaves?

A

White Church spiritualized the exodus story. While African American experience has a story of literal slavery and immediately identifies as the Israelites as slave and identify white masters as Pharoh.

39
Q

How was the story of Hagar viewed for African American women, and why?

A

As a story of sexual exploitation. Hagar is a slave who is sent to the lie with Abraham as Sarah, his wife, has produced no descendants.

40
Q

How is African American religion a practice of freedom?

A

1) Opens spaces closed down by white supremacy
2) Sign of difference
3) Open-ended orientation- allows AA to imagine themselves beyond the constraints of now

41
Q

How is future orientation dangerous?

A

It promises you something later on, but you need help now

42
Q

According to Glaude, what are the three AA historical periods?

A

Early phase ( 1760- 1863)
A modern phase (1863-1980)
Contemporary phase 1980 to present

43
Q

Explain the modern phase?

A

The modern phase represents the period of the nationalization of black Christianity as the invisible institution of the slaveholding South

44
Q

According to Glaude, the Age of Reagan…

A

represents the rapid decline for certain segments of black America

45
Q

Name several declines for AA during the Age of Reagan

A

1) White flight- Christian schools
2) Prosperity Gospel
3) Rise of megachurches
4) Push to end affirmative action

46
Q

Explain Durkheim’s theory on Religion vs. Magic

A

Religion is tied into the cultural web of relationships. Magic doesn’t do that and sits outside of that system
Religion is viable as it places structure in the community. Magic has lone individuals.

47
Q

Explain “conjure”

A

It expresses a religious worldview that enabled AA to see themselves apart from white slaveholders. African-derived spiritualized that empowered its practitioners through special knowledge to garner some semblance of control over their environment. It is a performanitive and declarative force- this is what you want to happen. (e.g. put this root in your pocket and your master cannot harm you.)

48
Q

Accordingly to Frederick Douglass, why if he were to enter into slavery again, would he not want a religious master?

A

Because through a religious slave master, God sanctioned cruelty.

Religion in America (3 decks)

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