Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Paul is considered the
A
the Controversial Apostle
2
Q
What are the 2 principle sources in Paul?
A
Letters
Acts
3
Q
In Paul Acts, there are 3 missionary journeys. Where are they and who went with him?
A
- Galatia→ Barnabas
- Europe: Greece→ Silas and Timothy
- Asia Minor: Ephesus→ Timothy (+Titus)
4
Q
What are the two provinces that make up Greece and why are they important on Paul’s missionary journey?
A
- Macedonia: Philippi (cities in macedonia)
and also Thessalonica (cities in macedonia) establishes church and writes letters to them in both - Achaia: Corinth establishes church and writes letters to them
5
Q
Antioch of Syria
A
Paul’s home base→ his church is there
6
Q
Caesarea Maritima
A
ancient city on the coast of Mediterranean where Agabus, the prophet, gives Paul the warning about going to Jerusalem
7
Q
Agabus:
A
prophet gives Paul the warning
8
Q
Claudius Lysias
A
(Roman) arrests Paul→ “why do the cops arrest the guy being beaten up as opposed to the guy beating him? I’ll never understand that” this guy arrests him for disturbing the peace→arrests him and then sends him Rome
9
Q
Paul’s 3 apologies
A
1st Apology: to the Jewish crowd that rioted
2nd and 3rd apology: to Felix and Festus
10
Q
Paul appeals to Emperor ___
A
Nero
11
Q
Paul’s Journey to Rome
A
He goes here to appeal to Nero
- Shipwreck: Malta
- Rome: House Arrest
12
Q
How are the 13 Letters of Paul arranged?
A
NOT chronologically→ they are written in descending length
13
Q
The Question of Authenticity: some of these Letters are ___
A
pseudonymous
14
Q
How many letters are disputed and how many are undisputed?
A
7 Undisputed Letters (Almost all scholars agree that Paul wrote 7 of these 13 Letters)
6 Disputed Letters
15
Q
What are the Seven Undisputed Letters?
A
- Romans
- 1 Corinthians
- 2 Corinthians
- Galatians
- Philipians
- 1 Thessalonians
- Philemon
16
Q
What are the Six Disputed Letters
A
Highly Contested by scholars -2nd Thessalonians -Colossians Majority view as Pseudonymous -Epesians -The Pastoral Epistles (collection of letters that are listed below) -1st Timothy -2nd Timothy -Titus
17
Q
What are the Pastoral Epistles?
A
Part of the disputed letters (collection of letters that are listed below) -1st Timothy -2nd Timothy -Titus
18
Q
Why the 6 letters are different from the 7→ they are different in…
A
- Style
- Vocabulary
- Church Order
- Theology
19
Q
In the 7 Letters Romans and 2 Corinthians are…
A
Romans: diatribe
2 Corinthians: interlocutor
20
Q
Deutero-Pauline Letter
A
reflects Paul but not actually written by Paul (the prof says that he believes the 6 letters are Deurero-Pauline)
21
Q
Where was Paul born?
A
Tarsus of Cilicia
22
Q
What was Paul’s tribe?
A
Benjamin
23
Q
Comparisons with the 12 and Paul: Home
A
- 12 from Galileans
- Paul is from Diaspora so he is a Judean
24
Q
Comparisons with the 12 and Paul: Social Level
A
12 are manual laborers (like fisherman)
Education:
-Acts calls Peter and John Illiterate
-Paul at least went thro junior high and probably some high school→ and prof said it would be better to call high school there more college
25
Paul is depicted of a citizen of both ___ and ___
Tarsus and Rome
26
Due to Paul's Education, his Letters are written...
with a rhetorical flair
- scribal/rabbinical education
- Gamaliel
27
Paul was a ___ with strong ___
- Pharisee
| - Jewish consciousness
28
Gamaliel
- Gamaliel the Elder, or Rabban Gamaliel I, was a leading authority in the Sanhedrin in the early first century CE.
- the Jewish law teacher of Paul the Apostle
29
Why did Pre-Christian Paul persecute Christians? 2 reasons
1. His zeal for Jewish traditions: from his perspective the followers of Jesus don’t take those traditions seriously enough
2. Manner of death that Jesus died: he died a criminal on the cross, not as a warrior→ dies a cursed
- When Paul becomes a Christian he still views Jesus as a cursed man but he sees it positively
30
Why is the The Damascus Experience highly dramatic for Paul?
Paul has a highly dramatic religious experience→ he goes from a persecutor of that movement to being a member of that movement
31
What is the significance of the Damascus Experience for Paul?
1. Conversion experience: goes from enemy to member→ this makes him a Christian
2. Call: uses language from call narratives of the ancient prophets→ this is HIS call to be a Prophet
3. Commission: Apostle →he is an apostle because he's seen the risen Jesus
- All of this happens simultaneously→ becoming a Christian, Prophet, Apostle
32
In Acts, Paul has a close intimate time with the church. How many visits to the church in Acts vs Paul?
- In Acts, he will make a total of 5 visits to the church
| - In Paul, he only has 3 visits
33
In Paul’s preaching: the focus is
Death and resurrection
34
Jesus' Death according to Jews, Greeks, and Christians
- Jews: the message of a crucified was a Scandalon
- Greeks: the message of a crucified messiah was a Moiria
- Christians: he died for our sake, died so we didn’t have to Vicarious
35
Scandalon:
“scandalous” the fact that the son of God died on the cross like that is hard to explain to people
36
Moiria:
“moronic” the fact that the son of God died on the cross like that is just stupid and doesn’t make sense
37
Parousia
- 2nd coming (V-Day is like victory day)
| - The Second Coming is a Christian and Islamic belief that Jesus will return again, after his ascension to heaven
38
What are the 4 Key Positions of the Apostolic Council (48 CE)?
1. Ultra-Conservative (Rightorist) → yes you have to be circumcised+follow the entire law
2. Conservative: Circumcision+some of the law
3. Moderate: No circumcision+some of the laws
4. Radical: No circumcision+none of the law
39
What is the outcome of the 4 Key Positions of the Apostolic Council (48 CE)?
- Acts: Moderate
- Paul: Endorsement of his position
- Both Paul and Acts agree no circumcision
- Collection for Jerusalem
- symbol of the unity of Jew+Gentile in Christ
40
Paul’s Later Life (3)
1. Beginnings of Christianity in Asia Minor and Europe
2. All of his preserved letters
3. Death in Rome in the 60s
41
Where and when does Paul die?
Death in Rome in the 60s
42
What are some distinctive features of Paul’s Life+Thought
1. Single and Celibate→ most apostles were married
2. Financial Support
- Manual labor to support himself→ Tentmaker (leather worker)
3. Suffering: List of his hardships peristasis catalog
43
Peristasis:
was a four-sided porch or hallway of columns surrounding the cella in an ancient Greek peripteral temple. This allowed priests to pass round the cella in cultic processions. If such a hall of columns surrounds a patio or garden, it is called a peristyle rather than a peristasis.
44
Glossolalia
speaking in tongues
45
Paul's religious experience
1. Ecstatic speech→ Glossolalia to him it is a vibrant personal experience
2. Mystic Vision in which he is caught up into heaven
46
Paul's thoughts on Sex and Marriage
1. unmarried: stay in the state you were when you became a Christian
-Paul never mentions reproduction as a reason for marriage
-he's huge on being celibate but not just for priests but for everyone
2. Married: be sexually active
-the husband owes his spouse sexual intimacy
-the wife has authority over her husband's body
-if he refuses to be sexually intimate with her, he is defrauding her
-this is Paul’s advice/beliefs on marriage and its the opposite of what most
people in ancient world believe
-tries very hard to make Christian marriage to be an intimate
47
What are Paul's 3 conditions for marriage?
1. Mutual
2. Temporary
3. Religious Purpose (prayer)
48
What is considered evidence of the Holy Spirit (traditional vs new)?
Traditional: Ecstatic behavior (is a sign of the presence of the spirit)
New: ethical behavior (is a sign of the presence of the spirit)
49
Ecstatic behavior:
Religious ecstasy is a type of altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly reduced external awareness and expanded interior mental and spiritual awareness, frequently accompanied by visions and emotional (and sometimes physical) euphoria.
50
Enmity:
the state or feeling of being actively opposed or hostile to someone or something
51
According to Paul, the basic human condition is...
sinfulness, alienation, Enmity towards God
52
According to Paul, humans are stuck in ___ but also ___
sin, angry
53
The New Paradigm (4):
1. God acts when humans are hostile towards God
2. Basis for justification/reconciliation: Christ’s Death
3. Means for justification/reconciliation: Faith (NOT keeping the Torah/Law)
4. Model: Abraham
54
When looking at the New Paradigm, the model Abraham has 3 book chapters that support it. What are they?
- Genesis 15: Faith--> When God said your reward is that you’ll have as many kids as stars in the sky
- Genesis 17: is when Abraham was circumcision
- Genesis 22: Akedah: the binding of Issac—> this is when Abraham was justified in traditional Jewish thought
55
Akedah:
the binding of Issac at the alter by Abraham
56
Gematria:
the practice of assigning a numerical value to a name, word or phrase according to an alphanumerical cipher
57
Nero Redivivus:
The Nero Redivivus legend was a belief popular during the last part of the 1st century that the Roman emperor Nero would return after his death in 68 AD. The legend was a common belief as late as the 5th century.
58
What is The Number of the Beast?
666 (616 in Latin)
59
What are Parthians and where are they from?
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran
60
Marcion:
An early Christian theologian who developed the idea of two Gods→ Ditheism he argued that the God of Creation and the God of Jesus Christ are not the same
61
Ditheism
a belief in two gods, especially as independent and opposed principles of good and evil
62
Ebionites
- Jewish Christian sect who were vegetarians, viewed poverty as holy, believed in ritual ablutions, and rejected animal sacrifices. They existed during the early centuries of the Common Era.
- HATED Paul
63
Septuagint
= OT
| The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint, is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible
64
Christology differences within Christianity (3)
- Docetists: Jesus is Divine not human
- Ebianites: Jesus is Human not divine
- Early Catholics: Jesus is Both human and divine (but often pressed on the specifics)
65
Encratites:
sect of Christians who forbade marriage and meat→ Acts of Paul and Thecla
66
Acts of Paul and Thecla
apocryphal writing about a young woman named Thecla who hears Paul preaching and becomes a zealous convert. The message that attracts her to Paul is his teaching on chastity and celibacy. She breaks off her engagement, and she follows Paul to jail where she bribes the jailers and spends a night listening to him describe Christian doctrine. She is then sentenced to death by burning at the stake. Thecla is saved from the fire by a miraculous downpour of rain. She escapes to find Paul again, and they travel to Antioch.
67
Bithyvia-Pontus:
the name of a province of the Roman Empire on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia
68
Pliny the Younger
the Roman governor of Bithynia and Pontus wrote a letter to Emperor Trajan and asked for counsel on dealing with the early Christian community. The letter details an account of how Pliny conducted trials of suspected Christians who appeared before him as a result of anonymous accusations and asks for the Emperor's guidance on how they should be treated
69
Who answered Pliny the Younger's letter and what was the answer?
Trajan the Roman Emperor
- Christianity is too diverse to handle with a broad policy we will deal with it case by case
- Renunciation is acceptable: both get to walk away (false charge and mistake) Rome will embrace u again
70
What were the 2 Methods of the Romans when dealing with the accusations against the Christians to see if they are serious enough to take to trial
1. Interrogation
2. Tortured
- 2 deaconesses (women) are tortured first-time women are tortured
71
What are the 2 Key Guidelines in Trajan's Letter
1. No Witch Hunts
| 2. No more anonymous accusations
72
Decius
Roman Emperor
- 248→ 1000th Anniversary of the Founding of Rome
- 1st Empire-wide systematic persecution
- Recanting is no longer allowed you need a certificate that needs to be stamped by witnesses that proves you ate food Christians don’t and have to curse Jesus’ name
- Its horrific short term persecution of Christians because Decius dies after a year
73
Which emperor created the 1st Empire-wide systematic persecution of Christians?
Decius
74
The situation after Decius is organized by 3 Key Categories what are they?
1. Martyrs
2. Confessors
3. The Lapsed
75
Martyrs also means what?
witness→ “blood witness”
76
Who is Ignatius of Antioch?
Early Christian Martyr
| Apostolic Father
77
Who is Justin Martyr?
Early Christian Martyr
Middle Platonist
apologist
78
Who is Polycarp of Smyrna?
Early Christian Martyr
| Churches of Vienna+Lyons
79
Who was Blandina?
(slave girl)
Early Christian Martyr
She was bound to a stake and wild beasts were set on her. According to legend, they did not touch her.
80
Who were Peretva+Felicitas?
Perpetua had an infant son and Felicity was pregnant
Felicitas was Perpetua’s slave
Early Christian Martyrs
81
Portrayed Martyrs as ___ rather than victims
Victors and Heros
82
The Lapsed/ Laxist:
we all screw up look at Peter and he doesn’t get kicked out he becomes the leader we need to bring them back in and strengthen them so they don’t fail again
83
The Rigorist:
they crossed the line they are spiritual deserters so if God wants to forgive them cool but we won’t
84
The Compromise Solution between Laxist and Rigorist
- Cyprian of Carthage
- the solution is penance as the path to reconciliation
- length of penance the worse the sin the greater the penance
- at the end the person had to confess and the church as an essambly has to accept them back
85
Cyprian of Carthage
Created the The Compromise Solution between Laxist and Rigorist
86
True or False: The Augustus is the Leader and the Caesar is the one who replaces him?
True
87
Who was in charge in the West (2)?
Augustus: Maximimian
Caesar: Constantius Chlorus
88
Who was in charge in the east?
Augustus: Diocletian (D is roman emperor who wants to end civil wars and the only solution is to share power)
Caesar: Galerius
89
Maximimian has a son named ___
Maxentius
90
Constantius Chlorus’s wife is ___ and they have a son ___
Helena
| Constantine
91
The worst persecution pre-Neronian period is done by ___
Diocletian
92
The worst persecution pre-Neronian period is done by Diocletian. What are the 4 worst things they did?
1. Destruction of Churches
2. Confiscation of sacred books
3. Clergy is imprisoned
4. Forced sacrifice (either to the Roman gods or they must die)
93
Diocletian becomes ill and steps down (retires) and ___ moves up to become the Augustus
Galarius
94
Maximian retires and ___ becomes the Augustus
Constantius Chlorus
95
Melchizedek is found in what book?
→found in Hebrews
96
Melchizedek
a figure of importance in the biblical tradition because he was both king and priest, was connected with Jerusalem, and was revered by Abraham, who paid a tithe to him.
97
Galerius has an agonizing illness and he issues the ___ which ends the persecution
Edict of Toleration
98
Battle of Milvian Bridge
- Maxentius should have won because he has the stronger army but Constantine saw a sign in the sky and then Jesus appeared to him in a dream and he tells him to use the sign he saw in the sky when he goes into battle
- the sign involves 2 greek letters
99
What is the sign seen at the Battle of Milvian Bridge?
the Chi-Rho symbol
100
Constantine defeats ___
Licinius
101
Edict of Milan
legalizes Christianity
| the outcome of a political agreement between Constantine and Licinius
102
Where did Constantine move the capital from Rome to? What did he rename it?
Byzantium→ Constantinople (we now know this as Istanbul)
103
Julian the Apostate
is pagan at heart and tries to restore pagan→ he takes the thrown and Christians weren't alarmed cause he grew up Christian but once he takes the thrown he's pagan and he becomes an enemy of the Christians and attacks paul→ dies pretty quickly
104
Apostate:
someone who has totally abandoned or rejected their religion
105
Theodosius I
he makes Christianity the main religion of rome
106
The 3 Marys
The Virgin Mary
Mary of Bethany
Mary Magdalene
107
Theotokos:
means Mary Mother of God
108
The Virginal Conception:
Mary conceives and gives birth to Jesus→ she conceived him while she's still a virgin
-This is NOT the same as the Immaculate Conception→meaning she conceived without original sin
109
Mary of Bethany
- Sister of Martha and Lazarus
| - Anoites Jesus’ feet with Costly ointment in John 12
110
Mary Magdalene
- Magdala (Sea of Galiliee)
- Just as Peter was the leader of the male disciples, Mary Magdala is the leader of the female followers
- former demoniac (7 demons)
- She's the only woman who followed Jesus and the disciples around town
- She was exorcised by Jesus so in turn she becomes his most faithful female disciple not only following him but also funding him→ she was one of his financial patrons
111
Mary Magdalene is a witness to 4 key events
1. Witness to Crucifixion
2. Witness to where he was buried
3. Witness to the empty tomb
4. Witness to risen Jesus
112
Becomes known as the “Apostle to the apostles” because she tells them that Jesus isn’t in the tomb and has risen
Mary Magdalene
113
5 guy prominent Christians
1. Origen
- greatest biblical scholar of the early church
2. Eusebius
- 1st Church historian
3. John Chrysostom
- greatest preacher of the early church
4. Jerome
- greatest translator→ translated the Latin Vulgate
5. Augustine
- greatest theologian of the early church he wrote two important
114
Augustine
- greatest theologian of the early church he wrote two important
- Confessions: 1st great spiritual biography
- City of God
- City of God tries to solve the problem of Theodicy how do u defend God against the problem of justice
- the answer is that there is the City of God and the World City so that may fall but the city of God never will
115
A major theme of this letter is the superiority of Christ
→ Hebrews
116
2 Apolostolic fathers→ both martyrs
- Ignatius of Antioch
| - old man named Polycarp
117
Early Apologist who die
- Tertullian →not a martyr
| - Justin Martyr
118
Tertullian
has been called "the father of Latin Christianity" and "the founder of Western theology". Tertullian originated new theological concepts and advanced the development of early Church doctrine. He is perhaps most famous for being the first writer in Latin known to use the term trinity
119
Know the four seismic shifts
- Demographic (who is a Christian)
- Geographic
- Theological
- Political
