Final Exam

Question 1

14 century the age of calamity and upheaval: 3 major calamities and their results:

Answer 1

Black Death: over 30% of Europe died spread by fleas and rodents carrying fleas. Causes rivaling claims of the pope and loosing of authority of the catholic church and class system because so many died. causes VVV
^ Babylonian Captivity of the pope and Great Schism rival pope’s claim to papacy/authority. Pope is persecuted.
100 Years War: between France and England causing chaos

Question 2

Proto Renaissance: art

Answer 2

look for combination of medieval style and Renaissance, tempera, fresco
mixture realism progresses throughout.
tempera: painting with egg yolk
foreshadows renaissance style (return of greek and roman styles) look for transitional features in each piece)

Question 3

Proto Renaissance: artists

Answer 3

Pisano: crowded greco-roman features
Cimabue: used tempera technique greco roman features
Duccio: ???
Giotto—4 techniques to provide realism: father of western of western painting realism including 3D space, volume(taking up space), movement, and human expression were his goals
Lorenzetti Brothers: trying to do realism like Giotto
Martini—International Style: pushes back against realism style, he founded International style favors gothic grace, lives, splendid detail and favored he sophistication os French courts/ aristocracy. Contrasting style to realism.
Sluter: ???
Limbourg Brothers: ???

Question 4

Late Gothic style architecture: Secular and sacred examples.

Answer 4

Florence Duomo: sacred
Milan Duomo: sacred
Palazzo Publico: secular

Question 5

Late gothic style architecture: Late sacred Gothic Italian differences.

Answer 5

1. no flying buttresses
2. solid wall, few windows
3. clear not stained glass
4. colorful stones and mosaics on outside
5. classical elements of horizontal lines, geometric shapes, and pediments

Question 6

Ars Nova music of the 14th century

Answer 6

Characteristics:
- composers no longer servants of the church
- duple time introduced 2/4
- 1st to compose the complete polyphonic setting of mass ordinary
- arts nova means the new arts
- official split between sacred and secular track 11a secular ballad (more balance and symmetry then iso rhythm)
Iso Rhythms: elaborate rhythmic devices(kinda crazy) track 13
Machaut only composer to know
Messe de Notre Dame: means the mass of our lady track 12

Question 7

Chaucer’s use of characterization, irony, tone, and satire in Canterbury Tales. Types of characters.

Answer 7

Characterization using:
1) Irony: Analyze Characterization. Chaucer uses physical details to help develop his character. Describe how the outward appearance reflects the inner personality.
2) Identify Irony. Much of the humor is based on irony, the discrepancy between what appears to be true and what is actually true.
3) Interpret Tone. Tone is the attitude Chaucer takes toward each character such as serious, playful, admiring, mocking, or objective.
4) Satire: Poking fun at customs and behaviors with the intent to improve society.
Types of characters:
holy and sacred evil and inconsiderate
hypocrites
greedy and giving
READ ABOUT IT

Question 8

Canterbury Tales: Comparisons with Dante’s Divine Comedy

Answer 8

• written in native language instead of language of authority
• journey/pilgrimage earthly to see relics like Dante’s pilgrimage through heaven hell and earth.
• represented common man broad range of humans

Question 9

Christine de Pisan:

Answer 9

1st female professional writer in the West
extremely popular during her life
wrote over 15 books, prayers, and psalms
combats misogynist writing
wrote self help for women
retired to a convent(very religious)
Wrote The Treasury of the City of Ladies: helped empower women and humanize them, pointed out injustices against and beauty within women.
see student ppt slides of examples form this text.

Question 10

Early Renaissance: Humanism

Answer 10

optimistic view that humans can be perfected through education and then improve society.

Question 11

Early Renaissance: 4 points of Renaissance thought

Answer 11

• Emphasis on man
• Tendency to express uniqueness of the individual
• Fundamental Classicism—elegance, neatness, and clarity of style
• Revives philosophy of ancient Greco Roman thinkers

Question 12

Petrarch Role and Themes and Purposes

Answer 12

Example of a transitional figure into the Renaissance.
Brought together World of Christian and Classical.
-interest in self, writing for fame or glory, praise of women as a perfection of beauty, sensory, concentrates on physical beauty, longing for the unattainable, tension of heavenly goals and worldly fame.

Transition into the Renaisssance
o Interest in self
o Writes for personal fame and glory
o Tension for desire of heavenly goals and worldly fame
o Praise of woman as perfection of human beauty>especially in the sonnets, physical beauty
o Sensory: concentrates on physical beauty
o Longing for the unattainable> he only sees Laura, never any physical interactions with her
- Given title of first poet laureate since antiquity
- “Ascent of Mt. Ventoux”

Question 13

“Ascent of Mt. Ventoux” in Il Canzoniere by Petrarch

Answer 13

366 poems
includes the common themes of Petrarch
influence of Laura she is likened to Christ
compare to Dante’s heavenly descriptions of Beatrice
Petrarchan sonnet

Question 14

Petrarchan sonnet, octave and sestet:

Answer 14

octave and sestet or 8 lines and 6 lines (abba abba) (cde cde)

Question 15

Contributing factors to the Renaissance

Answer 15

Why in Florence?IIIIIIIII
Aldine Press: print press and paper making in Venice
Banco: counter or table where money is exchanged built from European Banking System
Florin: the standard coin in Europe
Medici’s patronage: Medici family wealthy bankers contributed to education, art, and Greco-roman philosophy.

Question 16

Naturalism. How to create 3D illusion:

Answer 16

Depicting the world as we see it naturalism 3d on 2d
Capture the visual phenomenon through illusion.
- aerial perspective landscape used to show space, atmosphere figures or shapes in background are cooler colors and fuzzier
- foreshortening: depicting a person or object to take up space on a 2d art piece.
Linear perspective:created by vvvvvvv
- Vanishing point: Point on the horizon line where all lines come together
- Horizon line: best @ eye level, things get smaller as they move back in the space of the painting
- Orthagonals: the diagonal lines that meet at the vanishing point

Question 17

Florentine (Early) Renaissance Characteristics

Answer 17

• clarity of line
• mathematically precise perspective
• uncluttered arrangements
• close observation of real people (physical, emotional, tell a story)
• concerns for psychological state

Question 18

Competition for the Florentine baptistery between Brunelleschi and Ghiberti

Answer 18

Ghilberti won
he had a better spacing
not too busy
showed most important part of piece clearly
included landscape to show space and add perspective
triangle composition

Question 19

Florence Duomo dome:

Answer 19

Brunelleschi video:

• dome on drum construction made drum or walls extending from the imperfect octagonal base of the dome before dome structure begins
• herringbone pattern: brick pattern helped to stabilize structure and distribute weight
• brick: lighter than stone and used instead. to help weight bearing
• double shell: made two layers to the dome distributed weight allowed for extra support within and climbing up to the lantern.
• ribs: helped hold weight and structure of dome together, support.
• lantern top: nice detail common in renaissance

Question 20

Examples of humanism and Greco-Roman influence and techniques in art work from art id list:

Answer 20

Masaccio: Holy trinity
Van Eyck: Arnolfini wedding 
Donatello: David and Goliath
Fra Angelico: Annunciation
Botticelli: Adoration of Magi
-triangular composition
-symbols
-illusions
-sense of space and people taking space up
-humanism
-hellenic calm face
-almond eyes
-ideal form
etc.

Question 21

ER: Leonardo da Vinci—

Answer 21

Renaissance Man: many talents
Last Supper painting:
-radial symmetry
-fresco: painted after plaster dried with. milk medium, failed and began to peel and crack before he even finished painting it, lost many details
Got in trouble with the law for studying anatomy in depth. A true Renaissance man- one who excels in a lot of areas. Only 12 of his paintings are still in existence. He painted in a sfumato style, it looks smokey because of the way he blends his lights and darks. He used religion, math, radial symmetry, realism, naturalism, and groups people in 3s- the last supper.

Question 22

Humanism EARLY RENAISSANCE

Answer 22

optimistic view that humans can be perfected through education and then improve society

Question 23

ER: Pico della Mirandola

Answer 23

humanist, optimism/ego, companion to Ficino, Friend of Lorenzo Medici. He felt like he knew everything.
All learning should be synthesized to basic truths:
He wrote 900 theses that encapsulated all human learning and understanding. When he was 20.
human nature has no limits not flawed by original sin by nature

Question 24

ER: Erasmus

Answer 24

Christian humanist
Wrote Praise of Folly which was playful and intellectual not anti religion
challenged perspectives concerned with corruption of catholic church
Praise of the Folly means Praise of More meant for Thomas More his friend
devout christian
avoided medieval curious about classical thought patterns
Erasmus The Praise of Folly (Encomium Moriae)”To speak briefly, all Christian religion seems to have a kind of alliance with folly and in no respect to have any accord with wisdom. Of which if you expect proofs, consider first that boys, old men, women, and fools are more delighted with religious and sacred things than others, and to that purpose are ever next the altars; and this they do by mere impulse of nature”
The Christian fool

Question 25

ER: Fra Savonarola

Answer 25

Thought art was disgracing Christ and Mary because the art was very fancy and gaudy.

Question 26

FicinoER:

Answer 26

priest and platonic scholar, revives platonism Wrote “Platonic Love”
Theologica Platonica= his work
his friend founded the platonic academy and translated all of plato’s works into latin.

Question 27

Why did the renaissance begin in Florence?

Answer 27

Eastern Rome was conquered by the Ottomans. The Eastern Romans were more advanced and fled to Italy when Constantinople fell.

Question 28

ER: Machiavelli

Answer 28

1st secular philosopher
humanist diplomat exiled from Florence
rejected christianity and loved ancient ROME
wrote The Prince first purely secular political theory
-at first purely a secular study of political theory
- pragmatic use of power for state management
- balance, view of human nature
pragmatic realism
ends justify the means
concrete examples from history included

Question 29

ER: Catiglione

Answer 29

aristocrat
intellect
writer who serves in diplomatic corps of Milan, Mantua and Urbino
wrote The Book of the Courtier: examines the well rounded individual. Essential ingredient of Grace
-sprezzatura: effortless mastery of accomplishments, the renaissance man should be talented in many areas and make it look easy

Question 30

Michelangelo:

Answer 30

renaissance man many talents

Elements of Neoplatonism, Sculptures, Early Renaissance to High Renaissance

Greatly influenced by the Medici family. fascinated by neo-Platonism- the ideal form. facial expressions are calm and beautiful. He felt that the forms were always inside the marble, he just released them from it, used Plato’s eternal form. His sculptures had Terribilita, were very powerful and striking. There was a lot of tension between Christian and Classical in his work. He painted, sculpted, studied science, wrote poetry, and designed architecture.

Question 31

Shift to Rome, Catholic Church patronage

Answer 31

commissioning artists like Michelangelo sculpture, architecture, painting, songVery powerful, loved the arts.
Pope Julius: Patron to many, especially Michelangelo. He made him paint the Sistine chapel.

Question 32

Renaissance Music Characteristics and terms:

Answer 32

• choral polyphony: most important innovation, medieval choruses only used for solo parts. the idea of a family blending equally balanced voices is new for the renaissance.
• Imitative counterpoint: all voice share equally on the musical material. A short them is passed from voice to voice in the song.
• chanson, chanson Mass: from secular chanson (familiar folk tune) church and secular come together
• declamation: match emotion of lyrics with expressive qualities of music
• frottola: setting of humorous or amorous poem for 3-4 parts, simple folk quality, nonsense syllables
• homophonic hymn: melody plus supporting harmony
• Renaissance motet: balance, order, overlapping voices, symmetry, declamation, imitative counterpoint

Question 33

Tracks 14-19

Answer 33

14: renaissance motet
15: frottola
16: declamation
17: cantus firmus secular song that becomes 18VV
18: secular mass chanson mass
19: homophonic hymn

Question 34

Renaissance Music composers and individual traits:

Answer 34

• Dufay: one of the first to replace cantus firmus (church songs) with a secular melody. :Chanson mass and homophonic hymn
• Des Perez: strongest application of immitative counterpoint, choral polyphony, and declamation. sistine choir. :renaissance motet and frottola
• Palestrina: “Father of Catholic Music” directed all music for the vatican
  —Pope Marcellus Mass track 20 rejects secular cantus firmus: great examples of expanded space: though choral polyphony

Question 35

Organization of Sistine Chapel Ceiling and symbolism:

Answer 35

Michaelangelo commisioned to paint it by pope julius
Christian and Classical:
-Christian:
3 trinity and biblical references
lowest 8 border triangles all old testament stories
middle 12 rectangles all old testament prophets
highest 9 central rectangles creation from Genesis and Noah
-Classical:
3 parts of society in Plato’s republic
lowest 8 border triangles: appetites of huamnity base nature
middle 12 rectangles: sibyls (means will) or classical seers our passion and motivation.
highest 9 rectangles: intellect ignudi classical angels

Question 36

Sistine chapel: Last Judgment symbolism and history.

Answer 36

The Last Judgment
It is a depiction of the Second Coming of Christ and the final and eternal judgment by God of all humanity.
not so perfect forms
cross, sponge, crown of thorns
swirling motion, small head, cardinal catholic leader in the bottom right corner because Michelangelo was peeved at him
separation of light and dark plato believed the closest thing in our world to the ideal form is light

Question 37

Sistine Chapel: Techniques and cleaning the fresco.

Answer 37

Technique: fresco painting, method of painting water-based pigments on freshly applied plaster, usually on wall surfaces. The colors, which are made by grinding dry-powder pigments in pure water, dry and set with the plaster to become a permanent part of the wall.
Cleaning: With distilled water and weak dissolvents they took away the grime from Michelangelo’s frescoes. They stripped them right down to the bone.
They did a really thorough job. It took them longer to clean the frescoes than it took Michelangelo to paint them.

Question 38

Palace of the Senate architectural terms

Answer 38

clock tower: tower with clock
balustrade: across bannister on top of roof
overhanging cornice: right below ^ juts out from the roof line
sting course: row of masonry dark bricks dividing upper and lower levels
pillasters: flattened columns white vertical “pillars”
ornamental pediment: triangle or half circle ornaments above doors and windows

Question 39

St. Peter’s Dome and symbolism

Answer 39

by Michelangelo
large dome on st. peter’s basillica likened to bruneschelli’s dome
dome on drum technique
symbolism: respresents the heavens at 300 ft in height

Question 40

Raphael

Answer 40

New representation of Madonna and Christ: human warmth and divinity together, natural, soft, graceful forms.
pyramidal configuration: Triangular focus or composition in paintings
tempera: egg paint
oil: greater textures and colors
fresco: paint on wet plastered walls

Question 41

School of Athens—

Answer 41

art piece inspired by Plato and Aristotle
The two thinkers in the very center, Aristotle (on the right) and Plato (on the left, pointing up)
Plato points up because in his philosophy the changing world that we see around us is just a shadow of a higher, truer reality that is eternal and unchanging (and include things like goodness and beauty). For Plato, this otherworldly reality is the ultimate reality, and the seat of all truth, beauty, justice, and wisdom. Plato holds his book called the Timaeus.
many other philosophers and thinkers within the painting.
arches statues contraposto
Classical humanist elements and contemporary figures.

Question 42

Venetian Renaissance in Venice: Art 1

Answer 42

more Secular: cosmopolitan, and Eastern influence (from traders traveling to eastern Italy).
Emphasizes nature and landscapes often creating a mood
Different areas of focus than Southern Renaissance.

Question 43

Venetian Renaissance in Venice: Art 2

Answer 43

uses oils for great texture, vivid color, chiaroscuro (dramatic light and shadow) foreshadows baroque style
complex composition: moves diagonally and progresses from the foreground to middle to background.
diagonal lines

Question 44

Venetian Renaissance art 3

Answer 44

Individual characteristics of

• Giorgione: flesh in oil paint shadow showing off body. Giorgione introduced a style of painting that emphasised light and colour rather than the Florentine tradition of the shapes of objects and figures. Rather than relying on preliminary drawings, Giorgione adjusted his composition directly on the work surface.
• Veronese: the ast supper lots going on many more individuals than just christ and the 12 Known as a supreme colorist, and after an early period with Mannerism, Paolo Veronese developed a naturalist style of painting, influenced by Titian.
• Titian: He was known for his deft use of color and for his appealing renderings of the human form
• Tintoretto: The last supper dark with three lights One of Tintoretto’s greatest achievements and what he remains the most famous for, is his treatment of light.