Exam 1

Question 1

Hieroglyphics

Answer 1

egyptian form of writing

Question 2

What are the 6 elements of tragedy:

Answer 2

1 Plot:I here mean the arrangement of the incidents everything hangs from it
Character:I mean that in virtue of which we ascribe certain qualities to the agents, is that which reveals moral purpose, showing what kind of things a man chooses or avoids. Speeches, therefore
Diction:the expression of the meaning in words; and its essence is the same both in verse and prose
Thought:is found where something is proved to be, or not to be, or a general maxim is enunciated.
6 Spectacle:has, indeed, an emotional attraction of its own, but, of all the parts, it is the least artistic, and connected least with the art of poetry. For the power of Tragedy, we may be sure, is felt even apart from representation and actors. Besides, the production of spectacular effects depends more on the art of the stage machinist than on that of the poet.
Song:I mean language into which rhythm, ‘harmony,’ and song enter. By ‘the several kinds in separate parts,’ I mean that some parts are rendered through the medium of verse alone, others again with the aid of song.
Catharsis: a purification or purging of unwanted emotions from spectator therapeutic effect
Complex plot with beginning, middle , and end
Reversal: start with hero that will fall for some reason
Recognition: moment when the hero realizes their fate
Tragic hero: hamartia: is the tragic flaw or mistake (typically something done in excess to a fault)

Question 3

General ideas I need to know about Oedipus

Answer 3

written during the time of pericles

• plague in play, there is a real plague going on
• perfect tragedy all in 24 hrs
• myth already known sophocles writes it down
• first in trilogy of Oedipus, Antigone, then second Oedipus

Question 4

Themes of Oedipus

Answer 4

Themes:

• hubris(pride): thinking he can’t be wrong
• exploration of fate: so scared of fate and the fall of their own pride that they do too much to avoid it causing it to occur. They fear it and try to control it when it takes back over them they are in despair.
• Role of gods:He can’t believe the truth because of his view of impossibility
• motif of blindness:blindness is bliss, escape

Pride and rashness his hamartia: pride, rashness, over curiosity, trying to combat fate, just worship me the gods are wrong.
exploration of fate, role of the gods, and the motif of blindness

Question 5

Characters in Oedipus

Answer 5

Oedipus: main guy
Laius: king and father Oedipus kills
Tiresias: blind Oracle
Creon: Leader who steps in after Oedipus falls
Apollo: God who actively intervenes with Oedipus’ fate by having oracles tell him about it from a young age(causes these fates to come to pass)

Question 6

Plato’s philosophies

Answer 6

Plato 428-347 BCE.
Influenced by Socrates and Dualists. School—Academy.
​​Reality—theory of Forms: consists of pure (ideal forms/ideas.) ex: chair form not the chair
Remember from previous existence.
Adding material results in the shadow of reality: concept of chairness vs. material chair
Allegory of the Cave
Doctrine of ethos—Character. 2 competing absolute forces.
Good vs. bad, light vs. dark
Political theory of ideal society—the Republic. Achieve balance.
Power of music. Mathematical.

Question 7

Aristotle’s philosophies

Answer 7

Aristotle 384-322 BCE. Influenced by Plato and natural scientist father. School—Lyceum. Reality must include pure forms and the material. Natural form the way things are from his father.
Process of dynamic change with complex climb to ultimate perfection—Unmoved mover.
Ethics—Life of virtue obtained by “Golden Mean.” Balance.
Virtues are relative means, not absolutes.
abstain>temperatecourage
Poetics is highest art form

Question 8

How did Greek theater originate and what are some of the unique conventions of this theater?

Answer 8

Greek theater originated as a part of a large celebration/gathering enacting poems of tragedy and comedy.
Unique conventions:
-they wore masks to change characters often, and because it was a part of their religious ceremony of performing plays
- Began at festival of Dionysus in athens 534 bc
-Trilogy of tragedy then satyr
- only 3 males at most were talking actors so they had to often switch between characters
- the chorus played a political role of reacting to what the higher ups said, representing the vast majority of people watching(the horus was the most relatable and mccain event of any performance)
- performing was a form of worship of the gods not just to entertain
- capitalism of vases and other pieces of that time sold at events for memorabilia
- outdoor arena circular carved on side of hill
- stage is orchestra, skene is the scenery behind it
-2 times a year at harvest
- starts religious ends with competition and seeking for glory attended by most in athens
- musical element and choreographed movement
- much of the action happens off stage a messenger comes on stage to tell us
- deus ex machina: idea god in a machine god comes in and saves the day or brings fate to pass they are the overruling force of the story

Question 9

6 Basic ingredients of Ancient Civilizations:

Answer 9

Some form of urban life with permanent dwellings/cities
System of government
Distinct social class, based on wealth, occupation
Tools and specialized skills for production
Written communication
Shared system of religious beliefs

Question 10

Conceptual vs. Realistic art:

Answer 10

conceptual is based on imagined forms and/or creatures based on the concept of an object or animal. Realism is based on anatomy and true shape and form.

Question 11

Characteristics of Ancient Egypt—geography, hieroglyphics, polytheism, pharaoh, theocracy, canon of forms, symbolic art, Changes during Amarna Period:

Answer 11

geography: cut off from other civilizations which acted as an isolator and protector for their civilization creating stability. Polytheism: worshipped multiple gods and believed in an afterlife which created hope for a continuation of good life for the ka(soul). Pharaoh: is a god king and is worshipped as well as revered and obeyed(rules by ethics). This makes ancient Egypt a theocratic government. The egyptians hieroglyphics followed a very specific canon of form where the head is turned to the side(profiles were considered the easiest way to identify someone), there torso was facing forward so their size could be gauged, and there legs and feet were facing the side to show movement and energy in a direction. Much of their art is symbolic:
Great sphinx symbolizes power, invincibility, and strength through it’s ginormous lion man form
Akhenaton incorporates the sun god greatly in his stature to signify the change from polytheism to monotheism during his time as pharaoh. THE AMARNA PERIOD
The Amarna period upset many because of the switch to only worshipping the sun god. The pharaoh even changes his name to incorporate the sun god’s name. *amenhotep-> akhenaten. The art style changed tremendously during this period from conceptual to more realistic figures adding natural curves and more dimension to what used to be very angular hieroglyphic figures.
Nefertiti created during this period more realistic facial features.

Question 12

Mesopotamian geography and characteristics—cuneiform:

Answer 12

geography:between the Tigris and Euphrates river in the fertile crescent. Governed by the power of priests nor a divinity. Conceptual art ex: winged bulls. Realistic art of lion hunts gives insight that they were not poor artists back then; they just often did not make realistic art. Polytheistic similar to the Greek gods. Hammurabi made the first law code in Cuneiform- first system of writing

Question 13

Aegean civilizations: Minoan

Answer 13

Minoans: south island isolated by ocean creating little need for energy to be put into defense measures. That left the opportunity for growth in art, beautification, and entertainment. Their architectural remains (palace at knossos) show how much time and energy was spent on making their city beautiful and how little worries they had.

Question 14

Aegean civilizations: Mycenaean

Answer 14

Mycenaeans: west mainland. Main focus was war, self defense, and survival. Their architectural remains in contrast to the minoans show us how little time they had to embellish. Their fortress of a city was built for the bare necessities of surviving.

Question 15

Myths as sacred text and their 4 functions.:

Answer 15

Exemplary story they model behavior
Reveals will and background story of supernatural beings(gods)
Makes the world more understandable and answers big questions
Provides a basis for ritual: the reenactment of a myth

Question 16

GREECE Archaic Period art

Answer 16

Archaic smile, almond eyes, unrealistic hair

Question 17

GREECE Archaic Period Politics

Answer 17

Tyrants(didn’t have the negative connotation they do now) were very powerful leaders who fought for his power.
Draco early forms of representative government- Draco made the 1st code of laws (like Hammurabi in Mesopotamia) harsh code. During his tyranny there was evidence of the first legislative and executive branches( voting occurs within certain neighborhoods)

Question 18

Archaic Period: Kouros:

Answer 18

is a male youth (usually depicted in nude and idealistic form)

Question 19

Archaic Period: kore:

Answer 19

is a female youth (always depicted in clothing). Both of these are depicted with art throughout the archaic era.

Question 20

GREECE Archaic Philosophy: Presocratics groups/ beliefs and representatives:

Answer 20

Materialists—Thales. Water is the first basic element of which the universe is composed. Expands to fire, earth, and air.
Dualists—Heraclitus. Believed in existence of 2 separate universes: changing world around us and a perfect, ideal world.
Atomists—Leucippus. Ultimate unchanging reality composed of atoms. Initially inspires quantum mechanics, but metaphysical instead of scientific.
Pythagoras—most influential Archaic philosopher. Numbers are the essence of all living things. Music of the spheres—harmony in nature.
Earth revolves around the sun.
Sexual equality—followers to live pure, moral, lives.
Transmigration of the souls.(reincarnation similar idea)

Question 21

Persian Wars occur during the __ Period

Answer 21

Archaic Greek
Persia is the superpower at the time
the greeks kept losing because they were divided against themselves
finally unified in Delian league and won in the Battle of Marathon
End of wars results in the golden age during the hellenic period

Question 22

Who was the first democratically elected leader in GREECE? During what period?

Answer 22

Pericles

Hellenic

Question 23

GREECE Hellenic Period Art:

Answer 23

Characteristics of art:
Combination of realism and ideal forms: Realistic bodies incorporating veins, muscles, curves, serene faces, but in an idealistic cannon of warrior or athlete
Contrapposto: Leaning stance with one leg bent and weight shifted. Shows their ability to portray the natural movement of the body.
Canons of proportion:
First- warrior, swarthy big and strong
Second- athletic, lean, swimmer build
Mediums:
Marble: white, fragile, more preserved
Bronze: sturdier, rare bc most of it was melted down for other uses by later civilizations
“Man is the measure of all things” that is why they were the focus of the greek art during this period

Question 24

Hellenic Period Architecture

Answer 24

Architecture:
Doric:
male form
Height is 7x the diameter symbolizes men are bigger and have bigger feet.
Plain capital
Frieze includes triglyph and metope
Ionic:
Female form
Volutes above capital signifying fancier hair styles
Height is 10x the diameter symbolizes slender form and smaller feet in women
Plain frieze

Question 25

Hellenic Period Architecture vocabulary:

Answer 25

practice labeling
Stylobate: plain rectangle beneath columns
Base: small rectangular under column
Capital: top part of capital sometimes including detailed engravings
Volute: swirly detail on ionic columns above capital
Architrave: rectangle on top of column
Frieze: large rectangular open space above columns
Triglyph:3 column detail sometimes on doric column frieze
Metope: sculpture detail in frieze of doric column structures
Cornice: triangular roof line outlining pediment
Pediment: triangular space within the cornice often sculpted in human forms
Fluting: grooves on columns giving texture, makes them look living breathing

Question 26

Parthenon Symbolism:

Answer 26

Dedication to Athena

Question 27

Parthenon points of entasis:

Answer 27

Floor raised in middle to create the illusion it is straight
All columns are slightly tilted toward the building instead of straight up
Corner columns are closer than others

Question 28

points of entasis

Answer 28

optical illusions that make something imperfect, but look even more perfect because of it, only adjusted by a few inches

Question 29

Who is Lord Elgin and What did he do?

Answer 29

a british conqueror who purchased many pieces of the parthenon and brought them to Britain(now in a museum). Controversial because they were better preserved and kept together by this, but now they no longer belong to the Greeks.

Question 30

What is a Relief sculpture

Answer 30

a sculpture used in architecture attached to a slab.

Question 31

What is a sculpture in the round?

Answer 31

a sculpture that is carved all around and can be viewed from any angle

Question 32

What kind of building is the Erechtheum?

Answer 32

Erechtheum (temple)

Question 33

Erechtheum: What was contained in the porch of maidens? What kind of columns were used on this temple?

Answer 33

The Porch of Maidens contained caryatids which are columns sculpted in the form of women. None were ever made in the shape of men. Fits in with the ionic order of other columns in the temple.

Question 34

What happened at the Battle of Marathon

Answer 34

final Greek victory in Persian wars which they were mostly losing in.
led to Hellenic period

Question 35

What is the Golden Age and when did it occur?

Answer 35

during the Hellenic period. Arts flourish because of new pride and wealth from victory.

Question 36

How did the Peloponnesian War start and how did it affect Greece?

Answer 36

started from abuse of power by delian league. Between Athens and Sparta and weakened Greeks again.

Question 37

Hellenize

Answer 37

to spread greek culture

Question 38

Hellenistic Period significance of Alexander the Great

Answer 38

Alexander the great was infatuated with Greek culture in comparison to his own (Macedonian) culture so he decides to spread Greek culture. Macedonia conquered after Greece was weak from the Peloponnesian war. so he rules Greece now and wants to expand

Question 39

Hellenistic Period things to know general

Answer 39

Enormous expansion
Decline of polis and emphasis on individual
Increased trade contact, dissemination of ideas
Koine dialect of Athens universal language Powerful language
Period of turmoil and change

Question 40

Hellenistic Period Art:

Answer 40

Art:
Women doing more, more dynamic characters
Emotions-suffering, tension, stress(greater realism lacking in the hellenic)
Theatrical action- bold movements
Extremes of ages(more realistic more representation in art)
Evokes a sense of space- appear to take up much more space, now a human form not a column
Corinthian order( of pillar)-decorative acanthus leaves large scale

Question 41

The Iliad Characters

Answer 41

Priam: Hector’s dad comes to plead for his body to Achilles
Patroclus:achilles friend zeus’ son
Agamemnon:Achilles enemy and friend who took his woman prize from him instilling anger and
Achilles resistance to fighting in the war.
Hephaestus god of forge father of shield
Thetis: Achilles’ goddess mother asks^ him to make the shield for achilles
Zeus:God of thunder main ruler god in story, dad to Patroclus from mortal woman, husband to Hera
Hera: Zeus’ goddess wife
Andromache:
Paris:abducted greek queen goddess Helen starting the trojan war
Helen:queen abducted to start trojan war, decided most beautiful goddess at god party
Hector: fought achilles and lost at the end fought for troy, beloved by gods

Question 42

(Archaic Period)Homer’s Iliad, 6 Epic Literary Conventions—

Answer 42

en medias res: in the middle of things in this story the trojan war
Epithets: descriptions or adjectives linked to characters ex: Hector breaker of horses
Homeric simile: long stretched out simile ex: the Iliad book 8. 640-654
Hubris = pride
Hector( social responsibility, valiant/fearful, pride) vs. Achilles(pride, individual, stubborn, emotionally driven): Main conflict of this epic represents Greece vs. troy both have traits that make them human and good. Teaches us the value of both characters to the integrity of fate.

Question 43

Joseph Campbell and Star Wars—hero qualities don’t need to know them all just know they are similar hero qualities

Answer 43

call to adventure
refusal to call
supernatural aid
crossing the first threshhold
belly of the whale
road of trials
meeting twith goddess
temptation away from path
atonement with father
becoming god like
the ultimate boon(victory)

Question 44

mespotamian art

Answer 44

conceptual and realistic art(lion hunts)

Question 45

Gilgamesh

Answer 45

oldest known western epic. Mesopotamia king
flood myth related to Noah’s ark
similarities:
- dimentions of ships
- birds
Mesopotamians: What do these differences tell us about Greek culture
- concerned with world around them
- call rainbow a necklace
- scared when flood started
- god’s loved meat being sacrificed on altar like flies
- god’s are human like not perfect or all knowing but very powerful

Question 46

Etruscan characteristics that remain uniquely Etruscan

Answer 46

highly spiritual polytheism
concerned with aftlerife
equal treatment of women
artistic features:
- similar to archaic
- more movement or energy
- desired immediate not philosophical impact
- less interested in correct proportions

Question 47

Etruscan qualities that influence Rome

Answer 47

street plans
city infrastructure
triumphal processions
chariot races
gladiatorial combat
arch
realistic portraiture
2 name system

Question 48

necropolis

Answer 48

city of the dead Etruscan cities of tombs that tell us everything about their civilizations

Question 49

Legends of Rome’s Founding—Romulus and Remus,

Answer 49

divine father(Mars)
royal mother: evil uncle wants to kill her twin children so he can be ruler. She sends them in a basket across a river where a wolf (lupa) finds them and raises them in the country as strong hard working boys
barriers
raised by lupa
oracle of destiny: tells them only one will be a ruler Romulus kill Remus and rules

Question 50

Legends of Rome’s Founding—Aeneas

Answer 50

divine mother(Venus)
leader(hero soldier)
guided by the gods
barriers
oracle of destiny told to leave city of Troy to fulfill destiny elsewhere

Question 51

What do the Legends of Rome’s Founding tell us about the Roman’s beliefs of themselves?

Answer 51

their great success is divinely appointed and supported

their early beginning comes from power and purity they won power

Question 52

Roman Republic: Political history

Answer 52

patricians 10% high class of aristocrats, absentees, and landlords
plebeians90% lower class of hardworking farmers on their^ land.
This results in poor economics, debt slavery, welfare system
branches of government,: executive and legislative(patricians only) and army (anyone)
Punic Wars,(during Roman republic) vs. Carthage where Julias Caesar rose to power

Question 53

Julias Caesar political history

Answer 53

patrician
entered army to make friends with other 90%
1st triumvirate transition of power
wins civil war agains rival
declares himself dictator for life w/ backing from army
rules for just over two years and is assasinated

Question 54

Octavian political history ROME

Answer 54

2nd triumvirate
caesar’s adopted son
final battle for power between Mark Antony and Octavian at Battle of Actium Octavian wins
changes his name to Caesar Augustus(emperor Augustus, revered one)
rules 40 yrs through the golden age of Rome, pax Romana Roman Peace
keeps senate but is really in charge of every decision
Propoganda art

Question 55

4 major contributions in Roman Art:

Answer 55

propaganda in art,: especially in the golden age, idealized physical form of leader, to persuade and teach a message, portraying plenty, harmony, prosperity, strong athletic bodies no matter what age in emperors, god like portrayal. power.
equestrian statues: Romans start this trend, war, power, leadership, powerful animal someone to look up to
versatility of arch: got from Etruscans used always for purpose not beauty and triumphal arches built at place of victory, symbol of power. Symbol of yoke that requires animal’s subjugation
symbolism in art: power purpose battle victory etc.
connections with Greek and Etruscan art: similar structure in architecture and statues. Always built with purpose in contrast to Greeks. Less grand temples than Greeks

Question 56

Pantheon

Answer 56

Roman temple one of the only grand ones.
built with oculus hole to outside on top of dome
coffers(indents in ceiling) used for design and to lessen wight of giant dome
start to use forms of concrete,
Constantine built under him as an emperor
now a christian church with saint statues:Christianity

Question 57

Arete

Answer 57

Greek concept that excellence is what we strive for

Question 58

polis

Answer 58

the ideal form of a city state in Greece

Question 59

Which came first black or red vases and what did they look like?
What age?

Answer 59

Black figured vases develop into red figured vases. Geometric design prominent.

black: figures are black
red: figures are red

Question 60

Overall characteristics of Greek art, culture, politics, and rapid development

Answer 60

Traders—constant interaction with other cultures.
Rapid development
Diligence in the pursuit of excellence—arête
Interest in observing world around them
Constant attempt to perfect the human form
Polis—Greek City state
Geometric Age: 1000-700 BCE
Black figured vases develop into red figured vases. Geometric design prominent.
Archaic Age: 600-480
Interest in the human form and statues
Rulers—tyrants. Draco—first code of laws.
Beginning of legislative and executive branches—voting within neighborhoods.

Question 61

What are the accusations against Socrates in Plato’s Apology and how does Socrates respond to the accusations?

Answer 61

first, that he does not believe in the gods, but rather teaches purely physical explanations for heavenly and earthly phenomena;
second, that he teaches how to make a weaker argument overcome a stronger argument by means of clever rhetoric

he tries to provide physical explanations for matters that are normally considered to be the workings of the gods.

Socrates denies ever having charged anyone for engaging in conversation with him. He ridicules such behavior, saying that a sophist will persuade young men “to leave the company of their fellow citizens, with any of whom they can associate for nothing, attach themselves to him, pay money for the privilege, and be grateful into the bargain” (19e-20a). These sophists claim to teach their students about virtue and how to become better citizens, and Socrates concedes that such teaching may well be worth a great fee, but that he himself lacks any skill in teaching these matters.

Question 62

What does Socrates feel is his responsibility to the Athenians?

Answer 62

Socrates considered his service to Athens as a “good” because through his philosophy, he taught others to challenge the social norm and practice divergent ways of thinking.

Question 63

Who wins the argument in the apology

Answer 63

Socrates

Question 64

Aeneid—Virgil, themes and purposes,

Answer 64

furor rage if war and personal interest
pietas: moral duty to gods and family
use of Homer’s epic conventions, new hero, comparison of shields with Iliad represents differences between Greece and Rome
Greece: philosophy ideals war vs, peace aephaestus (god of forge, olympics, arete(dilligence in pursuit of excellence, beauty, etc.)
Rome: hisory lesson told, battle of actium, “vulcan” god of forge, Ludi(their form of games crazzzzy), about who is alive and who is dead

Shows how differently their two civilizations worked

Question 65

Characters from the Aeneid

Answer 65

Aeneas: main hero son of Venus, furor countenance but obeys duty to gods and family
Venus: god mother of Aeneas
Anchises: Father of Aeneas
Creusa: Aeneas’ wife who dies escaping Troy but reminds him to follow his fate as a spirit, mother to Ascanius
Ascanius (Iulus): Aeneas’ son
Pallas: Friend of Aeneas like Patrocolus to Achilles
Dido: Queen of island Aeneas visits, kills herself when he leaves
Turnus: Foe in final battle for Aeneas he kills Pallas without mercy

Question 66

Roman philosophies: Epicureanism

Answer 66

Lucretius found
tranquility: pleasure of mind is the ultimate goal
live to avoid fear. so they don’t believe in death, or fearing gods, afterlife
evolves into christian sanctuary of the monastery