Final exam

Question 1

Self- Concept

Answer 1

Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.

Question 2

Self definition

Answer 2

Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself.

Question 3

Self representation

Answer 3

first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms

Question 4

Real self

Answer 4

Self one actually is.

Question 5

ideal self

Answer 5

self one would like to be.

Question 6

Self esteem

Answer 6

Judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth.

Question 7

initiative versus guilt

Answer 7

Erikson’s third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out.

Question 8

Discipline

Answer 8

Methods of molding children’s character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior.

Question 9

corporal punishment

Answer 9

Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior.

Question 10

psychological aggression

Answer 10

Verbal attack that may result in psychological harm.

Question 11

inductive technique

Answer 11

Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness.

Question 12

power assertion

Answer 12

Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.

Question 13

withdrawal of love

Answer 13

Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.

Question 14

authoritarian parenting

Answer 14

Parenting style emphasizing control and obedience. hildren tend to be more discontented, withdrawn, and distrustful.

Question 15

permissive parenting

Answer 15

Parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation. preschool children tend to be immature—the least self-controlled and the least exploratory.

Question 16

authoritative parenting

Answer 16

Parenting style blending warmth and respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values. tend to be the most self-reliant, self-controlled, self-assertive, exploratory, and content.

Question 17

Optimal parenting Chinese families

Answer 17

Chinese culture, with its emphasis on respect for elders, stresses adults’ responsibility to maintain the social order by teaching children socially proper behavior. this obligation is carried out through firm and just control and governance of the child, and even by physical punishment if necessary

Question 18

functional play

Answer 18

Lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements; also called locomotor play.

Question 19

constructive play

Answer 19

Second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something; also called object play.

Question 20

Dramatic play

Answer 20

Play involving imaginary people or situations; also called fantasy play, pretend play, or imaginative play.

Question 21

Formal game with rules

Answer 21

Organized games with known procedures and penalties. games like palace.

Question 22

Unoccupied behavior

Answer 22

The child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest.

Question 23

Onlooker behavior

Answer 23

The child spends most of the time watching other children play.

Question 24

Solitary independent play

Answer 24

The child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and makes no effort to get close to them.

Question 25

Parallel play

Answer 25

Plays with the same toys as the other children but not in the same manner.

Question 26

Associative play

Answer 26

Child plays and associates themselves with the other children.

Question 27

Cooperative or organized supplementary play

Answer 27

The child plays in a group organized for some goal to make something, play a formal game, or dramatize a situation.

Question 28

Acute medical condition

Answer 28

Occasional illnesses that last a short time.

Question 29

Chronic medical conditions

Answer 29

Long-lasting or recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, and/or emotional conditions that require special health services.

Question 30

Asthma

Answer 30

A chronic respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing.

Question 31

diabetes

Answer 31

One of the most common diseases of childhood. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffectve insulin action, or both.

Question 32

Hypertension

Answer 32

High blood pressure.

Question 33

stuttering

Answer 33

Involuntary, frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables

Question 34

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Answer 34

Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance.

Question 35

conduct disorder (CD)

Answer 35

Repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others.

Question 36

School phobia

Answer 36

Fear of going to school due to a teacher or a bully.

Question 37

separation anxiety disorder

Answer 37

Fear of being separated from people or places that a person is attached to.

Question 38

Social phobia

Answer 38

fear of being in a social setting

Question 39

general anxiety disorder

Answer 39

anxiety not focused on one target

Question 40

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 40

Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors

Question 41

Childhood depression

Answer 41

Mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide.