Final exam Flashcards
Self- Concept
Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.
Self definition
Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself.
Self representation
first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms
Real self
Self one actually is.
ideal self
self one would like to be.
Self esteem
Judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth.
initiative versus guilt
Erikson’s third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out.
Discipline
Methods of molding children’s character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior.
corporal punishment
Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior.
psychological aggression
Verbal attack that may result in psychological harm.
inductive technique
Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness.
power assertion
Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.
withdrawal of love
Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.
authoritarian parenting
Parenting style emphasizing control and obedience. hildren tend to be more discontented, withdrawn, and distrustful.
permissive parenting
Parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation. preschool children tend to be immature—the least self-controlled and the least exploratory.
authoritative parenting
Parenting style blending warmth and respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values. tend to be the most self-reliant, self-controlled, self-assertive, exploratory, and content.
Optimal parenting Chinese families
Chinese culture, with its emphasis on respect for elders, stresses adults’ responsibility to maintain the social order by teaching children socially proper behavior. this obligation is carried out through firm and just control and governance of the child, and even by physical punishment if necessary
functional play
Lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements; also called locomotor play.
constructive play
Second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something; also called object play.
Dramatic play
Play involving imaginary people or situations; also called fantasy play, pretend play, or imaginative play.
Formal game with rules
Organized games with known procedures and penalties. games like palace.
Unoccupied behavior
The child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest.
Onlooker behavior
The child spends most of the time watching other children play.
Solitary independent play
The child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and makes no effort to get close to them.
Parallel play
Plays with the same toys as the other children but not in the same manner.
Associative play
Child plays and associates themselves with the other children.
Cooperative or organized supplementary play
The child plays in a group organized for some goal to make something, play a formal game, or dramatize a situation.
Acute medical condition
Occasional illnesses that last a short time.
Chronic medical conditions
Long-lasting or recurrent physical, developmental, behavioral, and/or emotional conditions that require special health services.
Asthma
A chronic respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing.
diabetes
One of the most common diseases of childhood. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffectve insulin action, or both.
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
stuttering
Involuntary, frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance.
conduct disorder (CD)
Repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others.
School phobia
Fear of going to school due to a teacher or a bully.
separation anxiety disorder
Fear of being separated from people or places that a person is attached to.
Social phobia
fear of being in a social setting
general anxiety disorder
anxiety not focused on one target
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors
Childhood depression
Mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide.
