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Physiology 2 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which statement about mixing movements is correct?
    a. They promote digestion by mixing food with digestive juices.
    b. They facilitate absorption by exposing luminal contents to absorptive surfaces.
    c. They take place only in the stomach.
    d. They promote digestion by mixing food with digestive juices and facilitate absorption by exposing luminal contents to absorptive surfaces.
A

d

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2
Q
  1. Which statement concerning the intrinsic plexuses is INCORRECT?
    a. The myenteric plexus is located in the submucosa.
    b. The plexuses innervate smooth muscle cells and exocrine and endocrine gland cells.
    c. The plexuses are influenced by extrinsic nerves.
    d. The plexuses coordinate local digestive tract activity.
A

a

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3
Q
  1. Proteins are primarily digested to and absorbed as _______________
    a. amino acids
    b. cellulose
    c. fatty acids and glycerol
    d. monosaccharides
A

a

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4
Q
  1. Which statement of the Digestion of polysaccharides is not true?
    a. It is accomplished using enzymes.
    b. It utilizes hydrolysis.
    c. It utilizes dehydration.
A

c

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5
Q
  1. Which statement concerning the serosa is correct?
    a. It is the abdominal cavity containing the stomach.
    b. It is the blood supply to the stomach.
    c. It is the inner lining of the digestive tract.
    d. It is the outer connective tissue covering of the digestive tract.
A

d

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6
Q
  1. What are carbohydrates absorbed as?
    a. polysaccharides
    b. disaccharides
    c. monosaccharides
    d. amino acids
A

c

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7
Q
  1. About 9,500 ml of fluid is absorbed from the digestive tract daily. What is the ultimate source of most of this fluid?
    a. food and fluid ingested during meals
    b. stored within secretory cells of the digestive tract
    c. the plasma
    d. the accessory digestive organs
A

c

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8
Q
  1. Which statement concerning the salivary secretion is correct?
    a. It is entirely under neural control (i.e., there is no hormonal control of salivary secretion).
    b. It is a passive secretion.
    c. It is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system and inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system.
    d. It secretes hormones.
A

a

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9
Q
  1. Which statement is entirely under nervous control and has no hormonal regulatory component?
    a. salivary secretion
    b. gastric secretion
    c. pancreatic secretion
    d. liver secretion
A

a

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10
Q
  1. During the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing, how is food prevented from entering the other openings that communicate with the pharynx?
    a. elevation of the uvula, which lodges against the back of the throat
    b. closure of the nasopharyngeal sphincter
    c. the epiglottis blocking the opening between the vocal cords
    d. elevation of the larynx and closure of the vocal folds across the laryngeal opening
A

d

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11
Q
  1. Why is the gastroesophageal sphincter normally closed?
    a. to prevent air from entering the esophagus during breathing
    b. to prevent gastric contents from refluxing into the esophagus
    c. to prevent vomiting
    d. to prevent esophageal secretions leaking into the stomach
A

b

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12
Q
  1. Which factor will NOT influence the rate at which a meal will empty from the stomach?
    a. fat in the duodenum
    b. acid in the duodenum
    c. caffeine in the duodenum
    d. hypertonicity of the duodenal contents
A

c

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13
Q
  1. Which hormones act in the small intestine?
    a. secretin and cholecystokinin
    b. secretin and gastrin
    c. cholecystokinin and gastrin
    d. gastrin
A

a

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14
Q
  1. Which of the following is secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa?
    a. HCl
    b. pepsinogen
    c. both HCl and pepsinogen
    d. both HCl and intrinsic factor
A

d

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15
Q
  1. Which statement concerning the stomach acid is INCORRECT?
    a. It is neutralized in the duodenum.
    b. It is neutralized with bicarbonate.
    c. It is neutralized by solutions secreted by the G cells.
A

c

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16
Q
  1. What does the pyloric gland area of the stomach antrum secrete?
    a. Histamine
    b. Gastrin
    c. intrinsic factor
    d. somatostatin
A

b

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17
Q
  1. What does NOT occur during vomiting?
    a. The diaphragm contracts.
    b. The abdominal muscles contract.
    c. The stomach contracts.
    d. Respiration is inhibited.
A

c

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18
Q
  1. Which statement concerning cholecystokinin is INCORRECT?
    a. It is secreted by the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
    b. It stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion.
    c. It causes contraction of the gallbladder.
A

a

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19
Q
  1. Which statement is NOT a function of the liver?
    a. metabolic processing of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
    b. secretion of proteolytic digestive enzymes
    c. detoxification and/or degradation of body wastes, hormones, drugs, and foreign compounds
    d. synthesis of plasma proteins essential to the clotting process
A

b

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20
Q
  1. Which statement concerning secretin is correct?
    a. The most potent stimulus for secretin secretion is the presence of fat in the duodenum.
    b. Secretin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion.
    c. Secretin stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate.
    d. Secretin stimulates the acinar cells.
A

c

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21
Q
  1. Which statement concerning bile salts is correct?
    a. They aid fat digestion.
    b. They aid fat absorption through micelle formation.
    c. They are secreted into the bile.
    d. They aid fat digestion and absorption through micelle formation.
A

d

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22
Q
  1. Which enzyme is NOT secreted into the duodenal lumen?
    a. aminopeptidase
    b. Lipase
    c. trypsinogen
    d. procarboxypeptidase
A

a

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23
Q
  1. Where is digestion completed?
    a. stomach
    b. small intestine lumen
    c. on the brush borders of the small intestine epithelial cells
    d. Colon
A

c

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24
Q
  1. Absorption of which of the following is linked to active sodium absorption at the basolateral border of the epithelial cell?
    a. Water
    b. cholesterol
    c. galactose
    d. water and galactose
A

d

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25
Q
  1. Which substance is a product from the chemical breakdown of starch?
    a. amino acids
    b. glucose
    c. monoglycerides
    d. bile salts
A

b

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26
Q
  1. Which enzyme breaks down table sugar?
    a. maltase
    b. lactase
    c. sucrase
    d. enterokinase
A

c

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27
Q
  1. Which statement concerning chylomicrons is correct?
    a. They are aggregations of triglycerides formed within intestinal epithelial cells and covered with a layer of lipoprotein, which renders them water soluble.
    b. They are aggregations of bile salts, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids.
    c. They are small fat globules held apart by the action of bile salts.
    d. They are secreted in the succus entericus.
A

a

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28
Q
  1. What is the intestinal feature responsible for increasing the absorptive surface area the most?
    a. circular folds
    b. villi
    c. microvilli
    d. crypts
A

c

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29
Q
  1. Which statement concerning the colon is INCORRECT?
    a. Absorption of salt and water converts the colonic contents into fecal material.
    b. Colonic bacteria digest cellulose for their own growth and reproduction.
    c. When mass movements of the colon propel feces into the rectum, stimulation of the stretch receptors in the rectal wall reflexively causes contraction of the internal and external anal sphincters to prevent defecation from occurring until an opportune time.
    d. No digestive enzymes are secreted by the colon.
A

c

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30
Q
  1. Which statement concerning defecation reflex is NOT correct?
    a. It is initiated when mass movements force fecal material into the rectum, stimulating stretch receptors in the rectal wall.
    b. It involves relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum.
    c. It cannot be overridden by voluntary contraction of the external anal sphincter.
    d. a and b.
A

c

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31
Q
  1. What are the symptoms of constipation (e.g., abdominal discomfort, headache, and nausea) due to?
    a. inhibition of gastric emptying
    b. absorption of toxins of bacterial origin from the colon
    c. prolonged distention of the large intestine by the fecal mass
    d. exhaustion due to frequent straining movements in an effort to initiate the defecation reflex
A

c

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32
Q
  1. What is the major stimulus for secretion of secretin?
    a. the sight and aroma of food
    b. entry of a bolus into the esophagus
    c. distension of the stomach
    d. entry of acid chyme into the small intestine
A

d

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33
Q
  1. Which of the following nutrient molecules, when in excess quantities, can NOT be stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides?
    a. fat-soluble vitamins
    b. glucose
    c. amino acids
A

a

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34
Q

Where does glycogenesis occur?

a. liver
b. brain
c. working muscle
d. nonworking muscle

A

a

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35
Q

Which statement is INCORRECT for blood sugar levels?

a. They must remain within normal range because the brain needs a constant supply of sugar.
b. They increase in response to glucagon secretion.
c. They increase in response to glycogenesis.

A

c

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36
Q

Which statement is INCORRECT for gluconeogenesis?

a. It refers to the conversion of amino acids into glucose.
b. It results in an increase in blood glucose.
c. It is stimulated by insulin.

A

c

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37
Q

Which statement is INCORRECT for glycogenesis?

a. It results in a storage form of glucose.
b. It is stimulated by glucagon.
c. It is stimulated by insulin.

A

b

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38
Q

Which pituitary hormone increases the concentration of blood sugar?

a. glucagon
b. insulin
c. cortisol
d. growth hormone

A

d

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39
Q

What does NOT characterize the post absorptive state?

a. There is a substantial reduction in blood glucose concentration compared to the absorptive state.
b. Gluconeogenesis occurs.
c. Glucose-sparing occurs.
d. Insulin secretion is reduced.

A

a

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40
Q

Which statement is true during the absorptive state?

a. glycogenolysis is occurring.
b. fats are the primary energy source.
c. glucose is the main energy source.
d. amino acid degradation is occurring

A

c

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41
Q

Which statement concerning somatostatin is INCORRECT?

a. Somatostatin is produced by the hypothalamus.
b. Somatostatin is produced by the pancreatic D cells.
c. Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone secretion.
d. Somatostatin is released in response to a fall in blood glucose and blood amino acids.

A

d

42
Q

Secretion of which hormone is stimulated by an increase in blood glucose?

a. glucagon
b. cortisol
c. growth hormone
d. insulin

A

d

43
Q

Which statement is correct for insulin?

a. It facilitates the transport of glucose into the glucose-dependent brain cells.
b. It increases blood glucose levels to ensure adequate nourishment of the brain.
c. It promotes fat storage in the body.
d. It is stimulated by lowered blood glucose.

A

c

44
Q

Which statement is INCORRECT for insulin?

a. It promotes the insertion of additional glucose transporters in the plasma membranes of insulin-dependent cells.
b. It stimulates glycogenesis and inhibits glycogenolysis.
c. Its secretion is increased in response to a fall in blood glucose concentration.

A

a

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of insulin secretion?

a. increased GLUT-4 mobilization
b. promoting glucose uptake by neural tissue
c. inhibiting lipolysis
d. promoting glycogenesis

A

b

46
Q

Which of the following does NOT stimulate insulin secretion?

a. elevated blood amino acid concentration
b. gastrointestinal hormones
c. a fast-food hamburger
d. starvation

A

d

47
Q

Increased levels of which hormone would NOT result in increased blood fatty acid levels?

a. glucagon
b. growth hormone
c. insulin
d. epinephrine

A

c

48
Q

Which statement is correct for insulin?

a. It facilitates the entry of glucose into brain tissue.
b. It promotes glucose output by the liver.
c. It lowers blood glucose levels.
d. It facilitates the entry of glucose into brain tissue and lowers blood glucose levels.

A

c

49
Q

Which of the following does NOT characterize diabetes mellitus?

a. increased glucose utilization due to excessive glucose availability
b. polyuria due to the osmotic effect of glucose in the urine
c. acidosis due to the ketosis accompanying abnormal fat metabolism
d. polydipsia due to dehydration

A

a

50
Q

Which is NOT a result that occurs when diabetes is not treated?

a. ketoacidosis
b. dehydration
c. inactivation of gluconeogenesis

A

c

51
Q

Which of the following characterizes Type I but not Type II diabetes mellitus?

a. hyperglycemia
b. lack of insulin
c. polyuria and polydipsia
d. can usually be successfully managed by dietary control and weight reduction without the necessity of insulin injections

A

b

52
Q

Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucagon?

a. It diminishes the degradation of hepatic proteins.
b. It enhances hepatic ketogenesis.
c. It increases hepatic glucose production.
d. It is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas.

A

a

53
Q

If a patient is hyperventilating and has a blood sugar level of 800 mg/100 ml, what hormone should be injected for treatment?

a. aldosterone
b. insulin
c. glucagon
d. somatostatin

A

b

54
Q

What is NOT a cause of coma (severely depressed CNS activity)?

a. untreated hyperthyroidism.
b. untreated diabetes mellitus.
c. insulin excess.

A

a

55
Q

What does the nervous manifestations occurring in diabetes mellitus result in?

a. arise as a result of depression of the brain due to acidosis produced by excessive fat metabolism and ketone accumulation.
b. arise as a result of starvation of the brain tissue due to the inability of glucose to gain entry to the brain cells in the absence of insulin.
c. occur early in the course of the disease before other symptoms become obvious.

A

a

56
Q

Which statement is NOT true of untreated diabetes mellitus?

a. It results in increased urinary excretion of glucose.
b. It results in metabolic acidosis.
c. It results in dehydration.
d. It results in decreased levels of fatty acids in the blood.

A

d

57
Q

What do the symptoms of insulin excess result from?

a. the effects of acidosis on the nervous system
b. excessive glucose utilization by the brain
c. reduced availability of glucose for the brain as a result of hypoglycemia
d. excessive protein breakdown

A

c

58
Q
  1. What occurs in reactive hypoglycemia?
    a. Too much glucose is transferred into the brain cells by an insulin excess.
    b. The brain cells do not receive an adequate supply of glucose, leading to symptoms of depressed CNS activity.
    c. An insulin deficiency exists.
    d. A glucagon excess exists.
A

b

59
Q

Which of the following hormones does NOT increase membrane transport of amino acids into body cells?

a. cortisol
b. growth hormone
c. insulin

A

a

60
Q

Which hormone does NOT oppose the effects of insulin?

a. aldosterone
b. glucagon
c. epinephrine

A

a

61
Q

Which statement is correct for glucagon?

a. It is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
b. It is secreted in response to a fall in blood glucose.
c. It is, in general, antagonistic to all other hormones in terms of metabolic effects.
d. It increases fat stores by inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes triglyceride breakdown.

A

b

62
Q

Which hormone does NOT increase blood glucose?

a. growth hormone
b. cortisol
c. insulin

A

c

63
Q

What is an effect of glucagon?

a. decreased blood glucose levels
b. increased breakdown of fats
c. increased glycogenesis in the liver
d. increased amino acid uptake by cells

A

b

64
Q

Which hormone influences increased protein degradation?

a. insulin
b. glucagon
c. epinephrine
d. cortisol

A

d

65
Q

Which structure below secretes male sex hormone?

a. seminal vesicles
b. prostate gland
c. Sertoli cells
d. interstitial cells

A

d

66
Q

What is a female accessory sex organ?

a. bulbourethral gland
b. clitoris
c. labia minora
d. ovary

A

b

67
Q

Which hormone is NOT responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sexual characteristics?

a. testosterone
b. estrogen
c. progesterone

A

c

68
Q

Which statement concerning sex differentiation is INCORRECT?

a. A Y chromosome stimulates production of H-Y antigen by primitive gonadal cells.
b. Ovaries must be present for feminization of the reproductive tract and external genitalia to occur.
c. Secretion of testosterone and Müllerian-inhibiting factor by the fetal testes induces development of the reproductive tract and external genitalia along male lines.
d. Early in development, embryos of both sexes have the same indifferent reproductive tissues capable of differentiating into either a male or female reproductive system depending respectively on the presence or absence of masculinizing factors.

A

b

69
Q

Which statement concerning testosterone is INCORRECT?

a. Its secretion is stimulated by LH.
b. It is secreted by the seminiferous tubules.
c. It stimulates spermatogenesis.
d. It promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate.

A

b

70
Q

Why are the testes located outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotal sac?

a. to permit spermatogenesis
b. to protect the gonads against injury
c. to permit testosterone secretion
d. to maintain the testes at a higher than normal body temperature for normal testicular function

A

a

71
Q

Which of the following female structures has a similar tissue composition as the penis?

a. cervical canal
b. clitoris
c. fallopian tube
d. labia majora

A

b

72
Q

What is NOT a function of the Sertoli cells?

a. secreting seminiferous tubule fluid
b. phagocytizing cytoplasm extruded from developing sperm and destroying defective sperm
c. secreting melatonin
d. secreting inhibin

A

c

73
Q

A reduction in the secretion of what hormone may serve as the trigger for the onset of puberty?

a. inhibin
b. melatonin
c. adrenal androgens
d. gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

b

74
Q

Which statement is correct for the seminal vesicles?

a. They store sperm prior to ejaculation.
b. They supply fructose to be utilized by the sperm for energy.
c. They secrete FSH.
d. They play a primary role in lubricating the urethra.

A

b

75
Q

Which is the correct sequence of the structures sperm travels through prior to ejaculation?

a. ductus deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra
b. urethra, ductus deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct
c. epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
d. epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

A

c

76
Q

GnRH is secreted from the _____ and stimulates _____ secretion.

a. anterior pituitary, FSH
b. anterior pituitary, ADH
c. posterior pituitary, FSH
d. posterior pituitary, LH

A

a

77
Q

What is LH NOT responsible for?

a. reinitiation of meiosis in the oocytes of developing follicles
b. promoting estrogen synthesis by the follicular cells
c. triggering ovulation

A

b

78
Q

Which of the following does NOT occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

a. the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
b. the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle
c. estrogen secretion
d. progesterone secretion

A

d

79
Q

Which statement concerning control of ovarian hormone secretion is INCORRECT?

a. Low levels of estrogen inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in negative-feedback fashion.
b. Under the influence of estrogen from developing follicles, FSH and LH secretion both continue to decline throughout the follicular phase.
c. Both estrogen and progesterone are required to completely inhibit tonic LH secretion.
d. A high level of estrogen stimulates LH secretion and initiates the LH surge.

A

b

80
Q

Which of the following hormones causes the endometrial glands to fill with glycogen and endometrial blood vessels to become more numerous?

a. estrogen
b. progesterone
c. FSH
d. LH

A

b

81
Q

During fertilization, sperm bind to specific receptor sites on the surface of what?

a. zona pellucida
b. corona radiata
c. plasma membrane of the ovum
d. polar body

A

a

82
Q

When does implantation normally occur?

a. in the oviduct.
b. about three days after fertilization.
c. during the secretory, or progestational, phase.
d. about three days before fertilization

A

c

83
Q

Which statement is correct for human chorionic gonadotropin?

a. It is secreted by the corpus luteum of pregnancy.
b. Human chorionic gonadotropin in the urine is the basis of pregnancy diagnosis tests.
c. It stimulates placental secretion of estrogen and progesterone.
d. It continues to secrete throughout the pregnancy.

A

b

84
Q

Which statement concerning human chorionic gonadotropin is INCORRECT?

a. It is secreted by the placenta.
b. It maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy.
c. It is secreted by the corpus luteum of pregnancy.
d. The presence of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine is the basis of pregnancy diagnosis tests.

A

c

85
Q

What does NOT stimulate uterine contractions?

a. oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
b. prostaglandin from the decidua
c. progesterone from the placenta

A

c

86
Q

Which statement concerning progesterone is correct?

a. It exerts a strong inhibitory influence on the uterine musculature.
b. It is responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.
c. It promotes duct development in the breasts.
d. High levels of progesterone initiate the onset of labour.

A

a

87
Q

Which factor does NOT contribute to parturition?

a. The increasing ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secretion by the fetal pituitary causes the fetal adrenal glands to secrete more cortisol, which diffuses into the maternal circulation.
b. Cortisol increases oxytocin and progesterone secretion, increasing plasma progesterone levels.
c. The uterus stretches as the pregnancy progresses, initiating nerve impulses that stimulate oxytocin secretion from the posterior pituitary lobe.
d. The number of oxytocin receptors on uterine muscle fibres increases, causing the uterus to become more sensitive to the effects of oxytocin.

A

b

88
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes hormones containing iodine?

a. adrenal cortex
b. adrenal medulla
c. pancreas
d. thyroid

A

d

89
Q

Which statement concerning thyroid hormones is correct?

a. They regulate basal metabolic rate.
b. They are released from the thyroid gland immediately after synthesis.
c. They contain chromium and zinc as structural cofactors.
d. They are tropic.

A

a

90
Q

Which biochemical event does NOT take place during thyroid hormone synthesis?

a. One monoiodotyrosine molecule combines with one diiodotyrosine molecule to form one tri-iodothyronine molecule.
b. Two iodine molecules combine with one tyrosine molecule to form one diiodotyrosine molecule.
c. Two diiodotyrosine molecules combine to form one molecule of thyroxine.
d. Four iodine molecules combine with one tyrosine molecule to form one tetraiodothyronine molecule.

A

d

91
Q

Which statement concerning thyroxin is CORRECT?

a. It is formed by coupling one MIT and one DIT within the colloid.
b. It is produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland.
c. It exerts a calorigenic effect.
d. It inhibits thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in negative-feedback fashion.

A

c

92
Q

What does NOT happen during thyroid hormone secretion?

a. The follicular cells phagocytize a piece of colloid.
b. T4 and T3 are split off thyroglobulin by lysosomal enzymes within the follicular cell and subsequently diffuse out of the cell into the blood.
c. T4 and T3 are secreted by exocytosis of the colloid that has been internalized by the follicular cells.
d. a and b

A

c

93
Q

What happens to most of the secreted T4?

a. It is phagocytized by target tissues.
b. It is converted into T3 after being peripherally stripped of one of its I atoms.
c. It is the major biologically active form of thyroid hormone at the cellular level.
d. It is split to form two DIT molecules, which are excreted in the urine.

A

b

94
Q

Which of the following is NOT an effect of thyroid hormone?

a. increased metabolic rate
b. increased tissue responsiveness to catecholamines
c. increased absorption of iodine from the digestive tract into the blood
d. normal growth

A

c

95
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of thyroid hormone?

a. It increases the overall metabolic rate.
b. It exerts a calorigenic effect.
c. It binds to receptors on the surface of all body cells.
d. It enhances glycogenolysis and lipolysis.

A

c

96
Q

Hyperthyroidism can be due to all of the following EXCEPT ______________

a. too much TRH
b. too much TSH
c. lack of iodine
d. too much T4 or T3

A

c

97
Q

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Graves’ disease?

a. It is a symptom is exophthalmos.
b. It is an autoimmune disease.
c. It is caused by a goiter.
d. There is an elevated basal metabolic rate.

A

c

98
Q

Hypothyroidism may not occur when?

a. occur secondarily to posterior pituitary failure.
b. occur due to inadequate dietary supply of iodine.
c. be due to failure of the thyroid gland itself.

A

a

99
Q

What is associated with hyperthyroidism?

a. poor resistance to cold
b. myxedema
c. slow speech, poor memory
d. exophthalmos

A

d

100
Q

A woman is found to have the following symptoms: a large goiter, muscle weakness, excessively emotional and irritable disposition, extreme weight loss, a constant feeling of being too warm in normal-temperature rooms, and bulging eyes. What is the provisional diagnosis?

a. myxedema
b. Cushing’s disease
c. Conn’s syndrome
d. Graves’ disease

A

d

Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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