FINAL CMB

Question 1

These are the organelles that convert energy to forms that
cells can use for work.

Answer 1

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 2

are semiautonomous organelles

Answer 2

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 3

Catabolic pathways and redox reaction end and by product:

Answer 3

End product: ATP
By product: CO2 and H2O

Question 4

Meaning
 LEORA
 GEROA

Answer 4

Loss of electron; Reducing agent
Gain of electron; Oxidizing agent

Question 5

Glycolysis literally means

Answer 5

sugar splitting

Question 6

The process by which, six-carbon sugar glucose is broken down into two three-carbon sugars called pyruvate (an ionized form of pyruvic acid).

Answer 6

Glycolysis

Question 7

Glycolysis occurs in

Answer 7

Cytosol

Question 8

ATP is formed by

Answer 8

substrate-level phosphorylatio

Question 9

The net energy production from glycolysis is

Answer 9

2 ATP + 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate per glucose molecule

Question 10

is the end-product of glycolysis, is
derived from additional sources in the cellular
cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux

Answer 10

Pyruvate

Question 11

also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, is an important cell’s metabolic hub.

Answer 11

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle,

Question 12

in 1937 was able to present a complete
picture of an important part of metabolism—the citric acid cycle

Answer 12

Hans Krebs

Question 13

citric acid occurs in the

Answer 13

mitochondrial matrix

Question 14

A dense solution that surrounds
the mitochondria crests: in addition to water, the matrix contains all the enzymes necessary for the biochemical
reactions of the cycle, coenzymes, and phosphates

Answer 14

mitochondrial matrix

Question 15

The electron transport chain is in the … of the mitochondrion

Answer 15

cristae

Question 16

Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including

Answer 16

cytochromes

Question 17

is the process by which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion (H+) gradient across a membrane is utilized to drive
cellular activities such as ATP production (from the Greek osmos, push).

Answer 17

Chemiosmosis

Question 18

The resulting H+ gradient is referred to as a?

Answer 18

proton-motive force,

Question 19

1 glucose yields about? (depending on which e- carriers used)

Answer 19

26-28 net ATP

Question 20

The three main department of this metabolic enterprise:

Answer 20

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric Acid cycle

Question 21

A very ancient process

Answer 21

Glycolysis

Question 22

Small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required.

Answer 22

Anabolic

Question 23

Large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released.

Answer 23

Catabolic

Question 24

are thought to have become a part
of certain eukaryotic cells in much the same way as mitochondria were incorporated into all eukaryotic cells

Answer 24

Chloroplast

Question 25

first eukaryotic cell was

Answer 25

amoeba-like cell

Question 26

New chloroplast are formed through?

Answer 26

binary fission or splitting

Question 27

Structure of chloroplast is similar to cyanobacteria; both have

Answer 27

double membranes, circular DNA ribosomes thylakoids.

Question 28

Cyan = cyanin

Answer 28

means aqua colored

Question 29

All cyanobacteria are

Answer 29

photosynthetic bacteria

Question 30

khloros means plates means

Answer 30

green formed

Question 31

Essential for the growth and survival of plants and photosynthetic algae and Part of the plant and algal cells that carry photosynthesis

Answer 31

Chloroplast

Question 32

This plant Obtains nutrient from other plants and Lost the genes coding for the development of the chloroplast

Answer 32

Rafflesia

Question 33

Plant cells contain structures known as ___ which are absent in animal cells

Answer 33

plastids

Question 34

are double-membraned cell organelles that play a primary role in the manufacturing and storing of food

Answer 34

Plastids

Question 35

, are the color plastids, found in all flowers, and fruits and are mainly responsible for their distinctive colors.

Answer 35

Chromoplast

Question 36

, are green-colored plastids, which comprise green-colored pigments within the plant cell and are called chlorophyll.

Answer 36

Chloroplasts

Question 37

, are colorless plastids and are mainly used for the storage of starch, lipids and proteins within the plant cell.

Answer 37

Leucoplast

Question 38

A round, oval, or disk-shaped body that is involved in the synthesis and storage of foodstuffs

Answer 38

Chloroplast

Question 39

ts important roles are in signal transduction, protein import, lipid biosynthesis and remodeling, exchange of ions and numerous metabolites, plastid division, movement, and host defense

Answer 39

Outer membrane

Question 40

The space between inner and outer membranes. The ____ is the region between the inner membrane and outer membranes of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. Its main function is nucleotide phosphorylation

Answer 40

Intermembrane space

Question 41

The ___ separates the stroma from the intermembrane space. It fills the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP the inner membrane is impermeable to ions and metabolites, which are therefore able to enter chloroplast inly via specific membrane transporters.

Answer 41

inner membrane

Question 42

– it is the site for the process of light dependent reactions of the photosynthesis process. ___ are disc- shaped and collect protons from a light source

Answer 42

Thylakoids

Question 43

– it increase the efficiency of photosynthesis by keeping grana at a distance so that they do not clutter together. They are also known as stroma thylakoids. They ensure maximum energy from sunlight is captured in photosynthesis.

Answer 43

Stroma lamella

Question 44

– it is a colorless, alkaline, aqueous, protein rich the fluid present within the inner membrane of the chloroplast present surrounding the grana.

Answer 44

Stroma

Question 45

– considered as a basic units of chloroplast. ___ are stacks of membranebounded, flattened discoid sacs called thylakoids containing the molecules of chlorophyll.

Answer 45

Granum

Question 46

– the thylakoid lumen is a continuous aqueous phase enclosed by the thylakoid membrane

Answer 46

Lumen

Question 47

LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE PERFORMED IN

Answer 47

GRANUM

Question 48

DARK REACTIONS ARE PERFORMED IN THE

Answer 48

STROMA

Question 49

In plants, photosynthesis generally takes place in leaves, which consist of several layers of cells:

Answer 49

The epidermis The mesophyll Veins

Question 50

– a thin layer a top the epidermis Function: to reduce/prevent water loss from the leaf

Answer 50

Waxy cuticle

Question 51

– is involved in photosynthesis by allowing sunlight to penetrate through its layer. - Cell contains no chloroplast Function: prevent water from getting out and stopping unwanted substances/organisms to getting in.

Answer 51

The Upper Epidermis

Question 52

The ___ is the primary location of Photosynthesis in the plant.

Answer 52

Mesophyll

Question 53

– where photosynthesis mostly occur.

Answer 53

Palisade Mesophyll

Question 54

– its cells are not as closely packed as the cells in the palisade mesophyll layer.

Answer 54

Spongy Mesophyll Layer

Question 55

– is the bottom layer of the leaf and is a one cell thick.

Answer 55

Lower Epidermis

Question 56

allow gases to diffuse in and out of the leaves

Answer 56

stomata

Question 57

2 highly specialized epidermis cells, called

Answer 57

guard cells

Question 58

provide the transport of materials in the leaf. Carries water, minerals, and food through the leaf and the rest of the plant.

Answer 58

Veins

Question 59

 It is an organic molecule that absorbs light  It is found in the chloroplast of the plant cell.  In plants, it gives the leaves, flowers and fruits their colors.

Answer 59

Pigments

Question 60

are the main photosynthetic pigments in plants.

Answer 60

Chlorophyll a and b

Question 61

plays a crucial role in converting light energy to chemical energy.

Answer 61

Chlorophyll a

Question 62

is present in plants, green algae and some cyanobacteria

Answer 62

Chlorophyll b

Question 63

is found in diatoms, dinoflagellates and brown algae

Answer 63

Chlorophyll c

Question 64

is present only in red algae

Answer 64

Chlorophyll d

Question 65

 It gives plants yellow, red or orange pigment  It is known as accessory pigment.

Answer 65

Carotenoids

Question 66

 It is found in the vacuole of plant cell

Answer 66

Flavonoids

Question 67

Most common flavonoids: (gives red pigment)

Answer 67

Anthocyanin

Question 68

Thisis found in petals, fruits, stems, and leaves

Answer 68

Anthocyanin

Question 69

Also known as dark independent reaction

Answer 69

Calvin cycle

Question 70

Calvin cycle isdivided into three main stages:

Answer 70

Carbon fixation Reduction Regeneration

Question 71

Three factors can limit the rate of photosynthesis:

Answer 71

light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration temperature.