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FINAL CMB > FINAL CMB > Flashcards

FINAL CMB Flashcards

1
Q

These are the organelles that convert energy to forms that
cells can use for work.

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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2
Q

are semiautonomous organelles

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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3
Q

Catabolic pathways and redox reaction end and by product:

A

End product: ATP
By product: CO2 and H2O

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4
Q

Meaning
 LEORA
 GEROA

A

Loss of electron; Reducing agent
Gain of electron; Oxidizing agent

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5
Q

Glycolysis literally means

A

sugar splitting

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6
Q

The process by which, six-carbon sugar glucose is broken down into two three-carbon sugars called pyruvate (an ionized form of pyruvic acid).

A

Glycolysis

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7
Q

Glycolysis occurs in

A

Cytosol

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8
Q

ATP is formed by

A

substrate-level phosphorylatio

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9
Q

The net energy production from glycolysis is

A

2 ATP + 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate per glucose molecule

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10
Q

is the end-product of glycolysis, is
derived from additional sources in the cellular
cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux

A

Pyruvate

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11
Q

also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, is an important cell’s metabolic hub.

A

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle,

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12
Q

in 1937 was able to present a complete
picture of an important part of metabolism—the citric acid cycle

A

Hans Krebs

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13
Q

citric acid occurs in the

A

mitochondrial matrix

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14
Q

A dense solution that surrounds
the mitochondria crests: in addition to water, the matrix contains all the enzymes necessary for the biochemical
reactions of the cycle, coenzymes, and phosphates

A

mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

The electron transport chain is in the … of the mitochondrion

A

cristae

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16
Q

Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including

A

cytochromes

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17
Q

is the process by which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion (H+) gradient across a membrane is utilized to drive
cellular activities such as ATP production (from the Greek osmos, push).

A

Chemiosmosis

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18
Q

The resulting H+ gradient is referred to as a?

A

proton-motive force,

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19
Q

1 glucose yields about? (depending on which e- carriers used)

A

26-28 net ATP

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20
Q

The three main department of this metabolic enterprise:

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric Acid cycle

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21
Q

A very ancient process

A

Glycolysis

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22
Q

Small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required.

A

Anabolic

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23
Q

Large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released.

A

Catabolic

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24
Q

are thought to have become a part
of certain eukaryotic cells in much the same way as mitochondria were incorporated into all eukaryotic cells

A

Chloroplast

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25
Q

first eukaryotic cell was

A

amoeba-like cell

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26
Q

New chloroplast are formed through?

A

binary fission or splitting

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27
Q

Structure of chloroplast is similar to
cyanobacteria; both have

A

double membranes,
circular DNA
ribosomes
thylakoids.

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28
Q

Cyan = cyanin

A

means aqua colored

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29
Q

All cyanobacteria are

A

photosynthetic bacteria

30
Q

khloros means
plates means

A

green
formed

31
Q

Essential for the growth and survival of plants and photosynthetic algae and Part of the plant and algal cells that carry
photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

32
Q

This plant Obtains nutrient from
other plants
and Lost the genes coding
for the development of the chloroplast

A

Rafflesia

33
Q

Plant cells contain structures known as
___ which are absent in animal cells

A

plastids

34
Q

are double-membraned cell organelles that play a primary role in the manufacturing and storing of food

A

Plastids

35
Q

, are the color plastids, found in all
flowers, and fruits and are mainly responsible for their distinctive colors.

A

Chromoplast

36
Q

, are green-colored plastids, which
comprise green-colored pigments within the plant cell and are called chlorophyll.

A

Chloroplasts

37
Q

, are colorless plastids and are mainly
used for the storage of starch, lipids and proteins within the plant cell.

A

Leucoplast

38
Q

A round, oval, or disk-shaped body that is involved in the synthesis and storage of foodstuffs

A

Chloroplast

39
Q

ts important roles are in signal transduction, protein import, lipid biosynthesis and remodeling, exchange of ions and numerous metabolites, plastid division, movement, and
host defense

A

Outer membrane

40
Q

The space between inner and outer membranes.
The ____ is the region between the inner membrane and outer membranes of a
mitochondrion or a chloroplast. Its main function
is nucleotide phosphorylation

A

Intermembrane space

41
Q

The ___ separates the stroma from
the intermembrane space. It fills the role of the
inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP the inner membrane is impermeable to ions and metabolites, which are therefore able to enter chloroplast inly via specific membrane
transporters.

A

inner membrane

42
Q

– it is the site for the process of light
dependent reactions of the photosynthesis process. ___ are disc- shaped and collect protons from a light source

A

Thylakoids

43
Q

– it increase the efficiency of
photosynthesis by keeping grana at a distance so that they do not clutter together. They are also known as stroma thylakoids. They ensure maximum energy from sunlight is captured in
photosynthesis.

A

Stroma lamella

44
Q

– it is a colorless, alkaline, aqueous,
protein rich the fluid present within the inner membrane of the chloroplast present surrounding the grana.

A

Stroma

45
Q

– considered as a basic units of
chloroplast. ___ are stacks of membranebounded, flattened discoid sacs called thylakoids containing the molecules of chlorophyll.

A

Granum

46
Q

– the thylakoid lumen is a continuous
aqueous phase enclosed by the thylakoid membrane

A

Lumen

47
Q

LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE PERFORMED IN

A

GRANUM

48
Q

DARK REACTIONS ARE PERFORMED IN THE

A

STROMA

49
Q

In plants, photosynthesis generally takes place in leaves, which consist of several layers of cells:

A

The epidermis
The mesophyll
Veins

50
Q

– a thin layer a top the epidermis
Function: to reduce/prevent water loss from the leaf

A

Waxy cuticle

51
Q

– is involved in photosynthesis by allowing sunlight to penetrate through its layer.
- Cell contains no chloroplast
Function: prevent water from getting out and stopping unwanted substances/organisms to getting in.

A

The Upper Epidermis

52
Q

The ___ is the primary location of
Photosynthesis in the plant.

A

Mesophyll

53
Q

– where photosynthesis mostly occur.

A

Palisade Mesophyll

54
Q

– its cells are not as closely packed as the cells in the palisade mesophyll layer.

A

Spongy Mesophyll Layer

55
Q

– is the bottom layer of the leaf
and is a one cell thick.

A

Lower Epidermis

56
Q

allow gases to diffuse in and out of
the leaves

A

stomata

57
Q

2 highly specialized epidermis cells, called

A

guard cells

58
Q

provide the transport of materials in the
leaf.
Carries water, minerals, and food
through the leaf and the rest of the plant.

A

Veins

59
Q

 It is an organic molecule that absorbs
light
 It is found in the chloroplast of the plant cell.
 In plants, it gives the leaves, flowers and
fruits their colors.

A

Pigments

60
Q

are the main
photosynthetic pigments in plants.

A

Chlorophyll a and b

61
Q

plays a crucial role in converting light energy to chemical energy.

A

Chlorophyll a

62
Q

is present in plants, green algae and some cyanobacteria

A

Chlorophyll b

63
Q

is found in diatoms, dinoflagellates and brown algae

A

Chlorophyll c

64
Q

is present only in red algae

A

Chlorophyll d

65
Q

 It gives plants yellow, red or orange
pigment
 It is known as accessory pigment.

A

Carotenoids

66
Q

 It is found in the vacuole of plant cell

A

Flavonoids

67
Q

Most common flavonoids:
(gives red pigment)

A

Anthocyanin

68
Q

Thisis found in petals, fruits, stems, and leaves

A

Anthocyanin

69
Q

Also known as dark independent reaction

A

Calvin cycle

70
Q

Calvin cycle isdivided into three main stages:

A

Carbon fixation

Reduction

Regeneration

71
Q

Three factors can limit the rate of
photosynthesis:

A

light intensity,
carbon dioxide concentration temperature.

FINAL CMB (3 decks)

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