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Final Chem. Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of repeating units linked together in a chain

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2
Q

Each repeating unit of polymers contains each of the following

A
  • Five carbon sugar: a ribose or deoxyribose
  • a phosphate
  • a base: either a pyrimidine or purine
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3
Q

3 pyrimidines

A

Uracil, thymine, cytosine

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4
Q

2 purines

A

Adenine, guanine

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5
Q

Enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

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6
Q

Enzyme that converts GTP to cGMP

A

Guanylate cyclase

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7
Q

Nucleotides based on adenine and guanine are involved in

A

Energy transmission (kreb and citric cycle), signal conduction, second messenger systems and replication of DNA.

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8
Q

Adenine always matches up with

A

Thymine

Two hydrogens exchanged

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9
Q

Guanine always matches up with

A

Cytosine

Three hydrogens exchanged

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10
Q

What unwinds the double helix

A

Helicase

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11
Q

Polymerase chain reaction

A

Technique mimics the natural process of replication , labs depend on PCR to provide medical and criminal data, and viral infections can be identified

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12
Q

Types of RNA

A

Ribosomal, messenger, and transfer

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13
Q

Each amino acid

A

Has at least one codon that codes for it,, some have two, three and a few have six different codons

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14
Q

What read mRNA

A

Ribosomes

Have two subunits, small and large

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15
Q

Bacteria contain

A

Extra chromosomal DNA called plasmids

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16
Q

Metabolism —>

A

Catabolism: breakdown of biomolecules
Anabolism: synthesis of biomolecules

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17
Q

During energy shortage ADP will give up energy and a phosphate group and form

A

AMP, in extreme cases AMP will give up energy and a phosphate to leave adenosine

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18
Q

Acts as carriers of chemical groups from one compound to another during enzyme reactions

A

Coenzymes

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19
Q

Many coenzymes are made from

A

Vitamins and nucleotides

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20
Q

Critical coenzyme in catabolism and functions as a carrier of a two carbon group; acyl, genes acyle CoA

A

Coenzymes A (CoA)

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21
Q

Acyl group

A

2 carbon piece derived from the breakup of carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids.

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22
Q

NAD+

A

Made from ADP and the vitamin nicotinamide

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23
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A

Made from ADP and the vitamin riboflavin

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24
Q

Pyruvate two key pathways

A

Aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism (no oxygen–gylcolysis)

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25
Three carbon piece from sugar
Pyruvate
26
Conversion of glucose to pyruvate is the gateway to
Oxidation of carbohydrates
27
Yeast
Pyruvate in the anaerobic situation, reduce NADH to NAD+ and through two enzymatic steps convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide
28
One cycle of the citric acid cycle consumes one acetyl group (two carbons) and yields
Three NADH | One FADH+
29
One cycle of citric acid cycle yields
since one glucose molecule feeds the citric cycle twice that gives a total of 20 ATP
30
3 NADH reduced to NAD+ yields
7.5 ATP
31
1 FADH2 reduced to FAD yields
1.5 ATP
32
1 GTP is equivalent to
1 ATP
33
2 NADH will provide
5 ATP
34
Glycolysis will provide
7 ATP
35
Oxidation of pyruvate
5 ATP
36
A total ATP the previous from one glucose molecule possible
32 ATP
37
Energy required to form bonds between glucose rings
UTP (uridine triphosphate)
38
Glycogen is stored in
Liver, muscles, kidneys, intestines and other organs for ready access
39
Insulin
Secreted by the B Islet cells of the pancreas in response to rising blood sugar levels
40
Glucagon
Secreted by the a islet cells in response to lower sugar levels
41
Epinephrine
Sympathetic neurotransmitter,, once soured adrenal medulla
42
Digestion of fats
Begins with emulsification with bile and the action of specialized enzymes called lipases
43
The largest lipoproteins that enter blood stream by drainage through lymph system of the gut
Chylomicrons
44
VLDL
Very low density lipoprotein | Secreted by liver and carry triglycerides
45
LDL
Low density lipoproteins | Primary transport lipoproteins for serum cholesterol
46
HDL
High density lipoproteins are the primary REVERSE transport lipoproteins for serum cholesterol
47
As the level of acetyl CoA rise,the liver converts the excess into what keystone bodies
Acetoacetate B-hydroxybutyrate Acetone
48
Amino acids cannot be stored and they are being actively used for one of the following
Structure; muscle, albumin Function; enzymes, neurotransmitters Fuel (catabolism)
49
Three outcomes for an amine group when the amino acid is catabolized or broken up
Transamination, deamination, urea formation
50
Patients with liver failure have difficulty processing proteins
They cannot make new amino acids | They cannot convert ammonia into urea
51
High levels of ammonia in blood test
Pt cannot convert ammonia to urea
52
High levels of urea tells you what
A patient is in renal failure
53
Oxygen diffuses
From the Alveoli through the capillary wall into red blood cells
54
Red blood cells ability to handle relatively large amounts of gasses is enhanced by two systems
1) hemoglobin to capture and carry oxygen and release it where it is needed 2) carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and back as needed
55
Abnormal glucose in urine
Diabetes or alimentary glycosuria
56
Abnormal protein in urine
Renal damage, nephritis, bladder infection
57
Abn ketones in urine
Diabetes, starvation, high fat diets
58
Abn pus/ luekocytes in urine
Renal or bladder infection
59
Abn hemoglobin in urine
Lysis of red blood cells
60
Bile pigments
Cirrhosis of liver, hepatitis, obstruction of common bile duct
61
Na+
Sodium | Key in nerve conduction and muscle contraction
62
K+
Potassium | Involved in energy processing and protein building
63
Ca++
Calcium | Highly protein bound and only the unbound is physiologically active
64
Mg++
Magnesium | Essential in proper neuromuscular conduction
65
Cl-
Chloride | High levels can result in acidosis
66
PO4--
Phosphate | Most critical anion in the processing and production of energy substrate
67
ph falls below 7.35
Acidosis
68
Ph above 7.45
Alkylosis
69
4 buffer systems include
Bicarbonate buffer Ammonia buffer Phosphate buffer Plasma protein
70
Respiratory control of ph
Carbon dioxide drops in blood while passing through lungs, carbonic anhydrase facilitates conversion of carbonic acid back to water and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is exhaled out of lungs, raising the pH of the blood
71
Gasses are carried into blood by
Arterial, capillary, venous
72
Three fluid containing areas
Vascular (blood) Intracellular Interstitial spaces
73
Ph ref ranges gas and blood ph
7.4-7.5
74
Chloride anion high levels suggest and low levels
Acidosis and low legal alkalosis
75
Bicarbonate anion high levels and low levels
Alkalosis | And low levels acidosis
76
BUN
Excreted through the kidneys, high levels suggestive of poor kidney function or dehydration. Low values suggest poor nutrition or poor hepatic function.
77
S Cr
Excreted through kidneys and probably best marker of renal function. Low muscle mass leads to less production of creatinine
78
Calcium
Critical for nerve conduction (as are sodium and potassium) Low levels can lead to poor cardiac, muscle or nerve conduction High levels can lead to muscle cramping, dysrrythmias and pain
79
CMP
Contains BMP results plus seven more which provides important liver function and nutritional results.
80
AST
Enzyme released from injured or dying liver cells | Liver injury
81
ALT
Enzyme released from injured dying cells, more specific to liver I just than AST.
82
ALP
Enzyme released from injured or dying liver cells and with bone disorders when unusual bone growth occurs, elevated suggests bile duct injury
83
Total | Bilirubin
Measure forms of bilirubin in blood serum. Bilirubin is processed by liver and excreted in the bile and comes out in stool.
84
Albumin
Blood serum protein providing much of osmotic pressure, keeping the water in the blood stream and not moving into tissues. Low levels can be due to liver failure and high levels of inflammation or malnutrition.
85
Globulin
Serum proteins made up of immune globulins (antibodies) low levels suggest immune problems or malnutrition
86
Total protein
Sum of albumin and globulin, expressed in ratio. Abn levels suggest immune issues including forms of lymphoma and leukemias

Chemistry (5 decks)

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