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Chemistry > Final Chem. > Flashcards

Final Chem. Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of repeating units linked together in a chain

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2
Q

Each repeating unit of polymers contains each of the following

A
  • Five carbon sugar: a ribose or deoxyribose
  • a phosphate
  • a base: either a pyrimidine or purine
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3
Q

3 pyrimidines

A

Uracil, thymine, cytosine

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4
Q

2 purines

A

Adenine, guanine

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5
Q

Enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

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6
Q

Enzyme that converts GTP to cGMP

A

Guanylate cyclase

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7
Q

Nucleotides based on adenine and guanine are involved in

A

Energy transmission (kreb and citric cycle), signal conduction, second messenger systems and replication of DNA.

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8
Q

Adenine always matches up with

A

Thymine

Two hydrogens exchanged

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9
Q

Guanine always matches up with

A

Cytosine

Three hydrogens exchanged

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10
Q

What unwinds the double helix

A

Helicase

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11
Q

Polymerase chain reaction

A

Technique mimics the natural process of replication , labs depend on PCR to provide medical and criminal data, and viral infections can be identified

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12
Q

Types of RNA

A

Ribosomal, messenger, and transfer

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13
Q

Each amino acid

A

Has at least one codon that codes for it,, some have two, three and a few have six different codons

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14
Q

What read mRNA

A

Ribosomes

Have two subunits, small and large

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15
Q

Bacteria contain

A

Extra chromosomal DNA called plasmids

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16
Q

Metabolism —>

A

Catabolism: breakdown of biomolecules
Anabolism: synthesis of biomolecules

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17
Q

During energy shortage ADP will give up energy and a phosphate group and form

A

AMP, in extreme cases AMP will give up energy and a phosphate to leave adenosine

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18
Q

Acts as carriers of chemical groups from one compound to another during enzyme reactions

A

Coenzymes

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19
Q

Many coenzymes are made from

A

Vitamins and nucleotides

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20
Q

Critical coenzyme in catabolism and functions as a carrier of a two carbon group; acyl, genes acyle CoA

A

Coenzymes A (CoA)

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21
Q

Acyl group

A

2 carbon piece derived from the breakup of carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids.

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22
Q

NAD+

A

Made from ADP and the vitamin nicotinamide

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23
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A

Made from ADP and the vitamin riboflavin

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24
Q

Pyruvate two key pathways

A

Aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism (no oxygen–gylcolysis)

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25
Q

Three carbon piece from sugar

A

Pyruvate

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26
Q

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate is the gateway to

A

Oxidation of carbohydrates

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27
Q

Yeast

A

Pyruvate in the anaerobic situation, reduce NADH to NAD+ and through two enzymatic steps convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide

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28
Q

One cycle of the citric acid cycle consumes one acetyl group (two carbons) and yields

A

Three NADH

One FADH+

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29
Q

One cycle of citric acid cycle yields

A

since one glucose molecule feeds the citric cycle twice that gives a total of 20 ATP

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30
Q

3 NADH reduced to NAD+ yields

A

7.5 ATP

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31
Q

1 FADH2 reduced to FAD yields

A

1.5 ATP

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32
Q

1 GTP is equivalent to

A

1 ATP

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33
Q

2 NADH will provide

A

5 ATP

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34
Q

Glycolysis will provide

A

7 ATP

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35
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate

A

5 ATP

36
Q

A total ATP the previous from one glucose molecule possible

A

32 ATP

37
Q

Energy required to form bonds between glucose rings

A

UTP (uridine triphosphate)

38
Q

Glycogen is stored in

A

Liver, muscles, kidneys, intestines and other organs for ready access

39
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by the B Islet cells of the pancreas in response to rising blood sugar levels

40
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by the a islet cells in response to lower sugar levels

41
Q

Epinephrine

A

Sympathetic neurotransmitter,, once soured adrenal medulla

42
Q

Digestion of fats

A

Begins with emulsification with bile and the action of specialized enzymes called lipases

43
Q

The largest lipoproteins that enter blood stream by drainage through lymph system of the gut

A

Chylomicrons

44
Q

VLDL

A

Very low density lipoprotein

Secreted by liver and carry triglycerides

45
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoproteins

Primary transport lipoproteins for serum cholesterol

46
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoproteins are the primary REVERSE transport lipoproteins for serum cholesterol

47
Q

As the level of acetyl CoA rise,the liver converts the excess into what keystone bodies

A

Acetoacetate
B-hydroxybutyrate
Acetone

48
Q

Amino acids cannot be stored and they are being actively used for one of the following

A

Structure; muscle, albumin
Function; enzymes, neurotransmitters
Fuel (catabolism)

49
Q

Three outcomes for an amine group when the amino acid is catabolized or broken up

A

Transamination, deamination, urea formation

50
Q

Patients with liver failure have difficulty processing proteins

A

They cannot make new amino acids

They cannot convert ammonia into urea

51
Q

High levels of ammonia in blood test

A

Pt cannot convert ammonia to urea

52
Q

High levels of urea tells you what

A

A patient is in renal failure

53
Q

Oxygen diffuses

A

From the Alveoli through the capillary wall into red blood cells

54
Q

Red blood cells ability to handle relatively large amounts of gasses is enhanced by two systems

A

1) hemoglobin to capture and carry oxygen and release it where it is needed
2) carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and back as needed

55
Q

Abnormal glucose in urine

A

Diabetes or alimentary glycosuria

56
Q

Abnormal protein in urine

A

Renal damage, nephritis, bladder infection

57
Q

Abn ketones in urine

A

Diabetes, starvation, high fat diets

58
Q

Abn pus/ luekocytes in urine

A

Renal or bladder infection

59
Q

Abn hemoglobin in urine

A

Lysis of red blood cells

60
Q

Bile pigments

A

Cirrhosis of liver, hepatitis, obstruction of common bile duct

61
Q

Na+

A

Sodium

Key in nerve conduction and muscle contraction

62
Q

K+

A

Potassium

Involved in energy processing and protein building

63
Q

Ca++

A

Calcium

Highly protein bound and only the unbound is physiologically active

64
Q

Mg++

A

Magnesium

Essential in proper neuromuscular conduction

65
Q

Cl-

A

Chloride

High levels can result in acidosis

66
Q

PO4–

A

Phosphate

Most critical anion in the processing and production of energy substrate

67
Q

ph falls below 7.35

A

Acidosis

68
Q

Ph above 7.45

A

Alkylosis

69
Q

4 buffer systems include

A

Bicarbonate buffer
Ammonia buffer
Phosphate buffer
Plasma protein

70
Q

Respiratory control of ph

A

Carbon dioxide drops in blood while passing through lungs, carbonic anhydrase facilitates conversion of carbonic acid back to water and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is exhaled out of lungs, raising the pH of the blood

71
Q

Gasses are carried into blood by

A

Arterial, capillary, venous

72
Q

Three fluid containing areas

A

Vascular (blood)
Intracellular
Interstitial spaces

73
Q

Ph ref ranges gas and blood ph

A

7.4-7.5

74
Q

Chloride anion high levels suggest and low levels

A

Acidosis and low legal alkalosis

75
Q

Bicarbonate anion high levels and low levels

A

Alkalosis

And low levels acidosis

76
Q

BUN

A

Excreted through the kidneys, high levels suggestive of poor kidney function or dehydration. Low values suggest poor nutrition or poor hepatic function.

77
Q

S Cr

A

Excreted through kidneys and probably best marker of renal function.
Low muscle mass leads to less production of creatinine

78
Q

Calcium

A

Critical for nerve conduction (as are sodium and potassium)
Low levels can lead to poor cardiac, muscle or nerve conduction
High levels can lead to muscle cramping, dysrrythmias and pain

79
Q

CMP

A

Contains BMP results plus seven more which provides important liver function and nutritional results.

80
Q

AST

A

Enzyme released from injured or dying liver cells

Liver injury

81
Q

ALT

A

Enzyme released from injured dying cells, more specific to liver I just than AST.

82
Q

ALP

A

Enzyme released from injured or dying liver cells and with bone disorders when unusual bone growth occurs, elevated suggests bile duct injury

83
Q

Total

Bilirubin

A

Measure forms of bilirubin in blood serum. Bilirubin is processed by liver and excreted in the bile and comes out in stool.

84
Q

Albumin

A

Blood serum protein providing much of osmotic pressure, keeping the water in the blood stream and not moving into tissues. Low levels can be due to liver failure and high levels of inflammation or malnutrition.

85
Q

Globulin

A

Serum proteins made up of immune globulins (antibodies) low levels suggest immune problems or malnutrition

86
Q

Total protein

A

Sum of albumin and globulin, expressed in ratio. Abn levels suggest immune issues including forms of lymphoma and leukemias

Chemistry (5 decks)

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