FINAL - CH1 Flashcards by Taylor Nunes

In vitro

Out side of the cell

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is credited with proposing that “enzymes” helped speed up Alcoholic fermentation

Buchner

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Alcoholic fermentation

Pyruvate ———–> Acetaldehyde —————-> Ethanol

Pyruvate decarboxylase…………Alcohol dehydrogenase

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These “enzymes” were found in:

Yeast

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Order of complexity from greatest to least

Ecosystems
Organisms
Cells
Metabolism
Macromolecules
Biomolecules
Elelments and fxnl groups

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Most common carbon bonds:

C-C, C=C, C-H, C=O, C-N, C-S, and C-O

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Number of unpaired e-

in: H, O, N, C

H - 1
O- 2
N- 3
C- 4

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C- single bonds

C= double bonds

Sigma bond

Pi bond

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Trace elements are used as:

Co factors and are required for life

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Trace elements listed

Zinc
Iron
Manganese
Copper
Cobalt

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Essential ions listed

Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium

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Geometry of C and degrees of angle

Tetrahedral

109.5

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Functional groups

Amino (NH2)
Hydroxyl
Sulfhydryl (SH)
Phosphoryl (PO3)
Carboxyl
Methyl

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Many biomolecules are __________,

containing 2 or more different kinds of _____________

polyfunctional

functional groups

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4 major classes of biomolecules

Amino acids
Nucleotides
Simple sugars
Fatty acids

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Characteristics of nucleotides

Nitrogenous base
Five-membered sugar
1–3 phosphate groups

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EX of nucleotides

Cytosine
ATP
cAMP
NAD+

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Carbohydrates contain _________ only in a __:__ ratio

C H and O

2:1

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Carbohydrates example:

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Fatty acids are _____ molecules

Amphipathic

Characteristics of fatty acids:

Carboxyl group attached

to a hydrocarbon chain

Macromolecules

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides

Bonds between nucleotides

Phosphodiester

Covalent linkage between glucose units

Glycosidic

Covalent linkage between AAs

Peptide

Difference between cellulose and amylose

Glycosidic bonds only Amylose: α-glycosidic Cellulose: β-glycosidic

Chitin glycosidic bond

β-glycosidic

Metabolites

Small biomolecules that serve as both reactants | and products

Metabolic flux

The rate at which reactants and products are | interconverted in a metabolic pathway

3 metabolic pathways:

Linear, Forked, Cyclic

Bacterial shapes

Coccus Bacillus Spirillium

signal transduction

Hows cells adapt and communicate with each other

Biological ligands are most often _______ or | ________.

metabolites | hormones

Multicellular organisms depend on a ___________

circulatory system

____________ pathways coordinate cellular responses within tissues.

Signal transduction

Collection of genes

Genome

Collection of DNA transcripts (RNA products) | generated by DNA transcription

Transcriptome

Collection of proteins produced by mRNA translation either in the entire organism or under special conditions

Proteome

Mutations can be _______ or ________

Germ line or Somatic

Paralogous

Related genes with in a species | OG from a duplication

Orthologous

found in different species highly conserved sequences proteins have similar function

E. coli size/temp/double time

L= 2 micrometer D= 1 micrometer 37 C 20 min

S. cerevisiae size/temp/double time

12x10^6 bp 30 C >90 min

Bacterial chromosome vs human genome in size

4-5 x 10^6 bp | 3x10^9

proteins in E. coli

4000 diff per cell avg gene length: 1000 bp Avg protein: 1000/3 = 333 AAs

Volume of a sphere

4/3 π^3

1 m^3 =

1000 L