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Biochemistry I > FINAL - CH1 > Flashcards

FINAL - CH1 Flashcards

1
Q

In vitro

A

Out side of the cell

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2
Q

is credited with proposing that “enzymes” helped speed up Alcoholic fermentation

A

Buchner

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3
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Pyruvate ———–> Acetaldehyde —————-> Ethanol

Pyruvate decarboxylase…………Alcohol dehydrogenase

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4
Q

These “enzymes” were found in:

A

Yeast

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5
Q

Order of complexity from greatest to least

A 
Ecosystems
Organisms
Cells
Metabolism
Macromolecules
Biomolecules
Elelments and fxnl groups
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6
Q

Most common carbon bonds:

A

C-C, C=C, C-H, C=O, C-N, C-S, and C-O

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7
Q

Number of unpaired e-

in: H, O, N, C

A

H - 1
O- 2
N- 3
C- 4

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8
Q

C- single bonds

C= double bonds

A

Sigma bond

Pi bond

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9
Q

Trace elements are used as:

A

Co factors and are required for life

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10
Q

Trace elements listed

A 
Zinc
Iron
Manganese
Copper
Cobalt
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11
Q

Essential ions listed

A 
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
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12
Q

Geometry of C and degrees of angle

A

Tetrahedral

109.5

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13
Q

Functional groups

A 
Amino (NH2)
Hydroxyl
Sulfhydryl (SH)
Phosphoryl (PO3)
Carboxyl
Methyl
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14
Q

Many biomolecules are __________,

containing 2 or more different kinds of _____________

A

polyfunctional

functional groups

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15
Q

4 major classes of biomolecules

A

Amino acids
Nucleotides
Simple sugars
Fatty acids

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16
Q

Characteristics of nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous base
Five-membered sugar
1–3 phosphate groups

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17
Q

EX of nucleotides

A

Cytosine
ATP
cAMP
NAD+

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18
Q

Carbohydrates contain _________ only in a __:__ ratio

A

C H and O

2:1

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19
Q

Carbohydrates example:

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

20
Q

Fatty acids are _____ molecules

A

Amphipathic

21
Q

Characteristics of fatty acids:

A

Carboxyl group attached

to a hydrocarbon chain

22
Q

Macromolecules

A

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides

23
Q

Bonds between nucleotides

A

Phosphodiester

24
Q

Covalent linkage between glucose units

A

Glycosidic

25
Q

Covalent linkage between AAs

A

Peptide

26
Q

Difference between cellulose and amylose

A

Glycosidic bonds only
Amylose: α-glycosidic
Cellulose: β-glycosidic

27
Q

Chitin glycosidic bond

A

β-glycosidic

28
Q

Metabolites

A

Small biomolecules that serve as both reactants

and products

29
Q

Metabolic flux

A

The rate at which reactants and products are

interconverted in a metabolic pathway

30
Q

3 metabolic pathways:

A

Linear, Forked, Cyclic

31
Q

Bacterial shapes

A

Coccus
Bacillus
Spirillium

32
Q

signal transduction

A

Hows cells adapt and communicate with each other

33
Q

Biological ligands are most often _______ or

________.

A

metabolites

hormones

34
Q

Multicellular organisms depend on a ___________

A

circulatory system

35
Q

____________ pathways coordinate cellular responses within tissues.

A

Signal transduction

36
Q

Collection of genes

A

Genome

37
Q

Collection of DNA transcripts (RNA products)

generated by DNA transcription

A

Transcriptome

38
Q

Collection of proteins produced by mRNA
translation either in the entire organism or under
special conditions

A

Proteome

39
Q

Mutations can be _______ or ________

A

Germ line or Somatic

40
Q

Paralogous

A

Related genes with in a species

OG from a duplication

41
Q

Orthologous

A

found in different species
highly conserved sequences
proteins have similar function

42
Q

E. coli size/temp/double time

A

L= 2 micrometer
D= 1 micrometer
37 C
20 min

43
Q

S. cerevisiae size/temp/double time

A

12x10^6 bp
30 C
>90 min

44
Q

Bacterial chromosome vs human genome in size

A

4-5 x 10^6 bp

3x10^9

45
Q

proteins in E. coli

A

4000 diff per cell
avg gene length: 1000 bp
Avg protein: 1000/3 = 333 AAs

46
Q

Volume of a sphere

A

4/3 π^3

47
Q

1 m^3 =

A

1000 L

Biochemistry I (13 decks)

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