Final _ chapter 11

Question 1

Semanticity

Answer 1

Language signals mean something

Question 2

Displacement

Answer 2

Language can be used to talk about things that aren’t present

Question 3

Openness

Answer 3

Can be used to say something that has never been said before

Question 4

Tradition

Answer 4

Language is taught

Question 5

Duality of patterning

Answer 5

Words are made up of smaller meaningless units which can be re-arranged to form new meaning

Question 6

Phoneme

Answer 6

The smallest unit of distinct sound in a language
-each language has a different inventory of phonemes

Question 7

Perceptual Tuning

Answer 7

Some pairs of sound get lumped together in one language but treated as different phonemes in another

[Werker and Tees]
- found that 6month olds responded to two d sounds like they were different
-by 12 months they had been tuned into the letter d

Question 8

Crossmodal Associations

Answer 8

Agreement that some sounds are better fits for certain meanings

[m] calm and round
[k] spiky and exciting

Question 9

Mental Lexicon

Answer 9

Our internal storehouse of words in our vocabulary
- contains each word’s semantics
- also store each word’s written and spoken form

Question 10

Factors that affect word processing

Answer 10

Word frequency effect
Concrete effect:
Faster to process concrete vs abstract words
- concrete words have richer representations involving more sensorimotor features
- also faster with words that are embodied

Question 11

Variable Pronunciation

Answer 11

Words can be pronounced differently based on the other words around them, and by different people

Question 12

Transitional Probabilities

Answer 12

Statistical pattern of how often a pair of syllables go together within a word vs between a pair of words

Question 13

Lexical Ambiguity

Answer 13

Tanenhaus et al.
Both meanings for the ambiguous word were activated
- if there was a delay of 200ms, only the noun prompt primed the probe

Question 14

Meaning dominance

Answer 14

The relative frequency of the meanings of ambiguous words

[Balance dominance] different meanings are equally frequent
[Biased dominance] one meaning is more frequent than the other

Question 15

Syntax

Answer 15

The structure of a sentence

Question 16

Parsing

Answer 16

Grouping words into phrases

Question 17

Garden path sentences

Answer 17

Lead the reader into an interpretation that ends up being incorrect
- they have to then go back and correct their interpretation
-people usually group words based on heuristics (quick decision)

Question 18

Principal of late closure

Answer 18

When encountering a new word, a person assumes it is added to the current phrase

Question 19

Constraint-Based approach to Parsing

Answer 19

Information participated in processing
- word meaning
- story context
-scene context [visual world paradigm]

Provides constraints on possible interpretations

Question 20

Inference

Answer 20

Using our existing knowledge to go beyond the information provided in the text

Question 21

Coherence

Answer 21

Representation of the text in a person’s mind that creates clear relations between parts of the text and the main topic of the story

Question 22

Anaphoric Inference

Answer 22

Connecting an object or person in one sentence to an object or person in another sentence

Question 23

Casual Inference

Answer 23

Inferring that the events in one clause or sentence were caused by events in a previous one

Question 24

Situation Model