Final Flashcards
What is a leader
leaders produce change
What is a manager
produce orderly results
What type of change do leaders produce
set direction, align people, and motivate
What do managers produce
planning and budgeting, organize and staff, control and solve problems
what is leadership
act of influencing other towards a goal
what are the types of leadership theories
trait based leadership
behavioral approaches to leadership
contingency approaches to leadership
contemporary approaches to leadership
What is trait based approaches to leadership
earliest, trying to identify the traits and skills that make effective leaders vs. non-leaders
what is behavioral approaches to leadership
Behaviors that distinguish effective leaders vs. Non-leaders
What is contingency approaches to leadership
conditions were certain leadership styles are most effective.
What are the types contemporary approaches to leadership
Transformational Leadership, Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Thoery
What is Great Man Theory
tried to explain leadership by examining the traits of great leaders throughout history
What is the Ohio State and Michigan Study
First behavioral approach, lead to discoveries in Task and People oriented behaviors
What is task oriented behaviors
direction giving to employees to make sure a task is completed
what is people oriented behaviors
showing care and well being for people
what is the managerial grid
an overview of how to use both task and people oriented behaviors
What is Fielders Contingency Theory (LPC)
leadership style can’t be changed, either the setting should be changed or the leader should be changed to match the setting
What is situational leadership (Blanchard and Hersey)
Leaders should be able to recognize the needs of their team and adapt.
What is House Path Theory
Leaders create a path that leads to the goal
What is the Vroom Normative Decision Tree
Answering 7 key questions that leads you what to do
what are the 7 key questions about in the Vroom Tree
decision significance importance of commitment leader expertise likelihood of commitment Group Alignment Group Expertise team competence
What are the 5 decision making styles the Vroom tree leads to
decide consult individuals Consult as a group Facilitate Delegate
What is Transformational leadership Theory
The set of behaviors used to transform organization for the better.
What is leader-member exchange (LMX) Theory
forms different types of relationships with team
What is in-Group
favored team member who are assigned more interesting task
What is out-group
Team members who are just asked to comply with the rules
What is interactionist view
behavior gain from interacting with others
What is intellegence
The persons ability to profit from experience, gain knowledge and think critically
What are the multiple types of intelligence
linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, naturalist, bodily, interpersonal, intrapersonal
What is emotional intellegence
recognize ones feelings and someone else’s feelings,
motivating oneself
managing our emotions and relationships in a productive manner
What is the difference between a good and a great manager?
Emotional intelligence
What 5 skills make up emotional intellegence
self-awareness self-regultaion motivation empathy social skill
What are values
life goals that reflect what is most important to us
what is Terminal Values
goals that one would like to achieve durning ones life
What is instrumental values
Means of achieving terminal values
What are the big 5 personality traits
openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism
What is openness
being curious, original, and open to new ideas
what is conscientiousness
being organized, punctual, and dependable
what is extraversion
outgoing, being around people
what is agreeableness
kind, tolerant, trusting
what is neuroticism
irritable, temperamental, and moody
what is self-Monitoring
person being able to monitor their actions in a social setting
what is self-Efficacy
believe that you can perform a task successfully.
what is locus of control
a degree to which people feel accountable for their own behaviors
what is high external locus of control
believe that what happens to them is out of their control
what is the myer-briggs type indicator (MBTI)
well know personally assessment.
What is the benefit of having a personally assessment in the workplace
reduces turnover, employees are happier and a better fit for the job
what is diversity
people are similar or different from each other
What are the 6 items found in Hofstede’s Culture Frame Work
power distance individualism vs collectivism masculinity vs femininity uncertainty avoidance long term orientation vs short term orientation indulgence vs restraints
what is power distance
the less powerful people in a group accept and expect that power is distributed unequally
what is individualism vs collectivism
self image is defined by Me or WE
what is masculinity vs femininity
tough vs tender cultures
what is uncertainty avoidance
members of society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty
Long Term Orientation vs Short term
traditions vs change / eastern vs western world
indulgence vs restraints
free life vs strict rules
what is perception
how individuals detect and interpret their setting
what is stereotypes
generalization based of group characteristics
what is self-fulfilling prophesy
acting a way based of old beliefs
what is selective perception
paying attention to a selective part of the situation
what is Attribution
the causal explanation we give or an observed behavior
What are the three things that make up attribution
Consensus
Distinctiveness
Consistency
What is consensus
do people behave the same way?
what is Distinctivenss
do people behave the same in different settings?
What is Consistency
do they behave the same all the time?
what is internal Attribution
internal characteristics of someone
What is external Attribution
characteristics by seeing what someone does
what questions can you ask to Manage yourself
What are my strengths? How do I work? What are my values? Where do I belong? What can I contribute?
what is motivation
a desire to achieve something
what three things leads to performance
Motivation, ability, and Environment
what is the needs based theory
Based on the belief that employees try hard in order to satisfy needs
what is process based theory
belief that motivation is a rational process
What is Maslov’s Hierarchy of Needs
Individuals have multiple needs that must be fulfilled in a specific order
What is the order of Maslovs Hierarchy of needs
physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, self actualization need
What is Alderfer’s ERG Theory
people are motivated by three primary needs
1. existence 2. relatedness 3. growth
What is existence
basic physical needs
What is relatedness
connection with other
what is Growth
personal development
what is Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
motivation is based on two factors: Hygiene Factors and motivators
What is hygiene factors
work setting and determines dissatisfaction
What is motivators
related to the job and determines satisfaction
What is McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory
acquire three types of needs as a result of life experiences
What are the three types of needs for McClelland’s Theory
The Need for Achievement⁃The Need for Affiliation⁃The Need for Power
What is the need for achievement
need to be successful
What is the need for affiliation
need for human companionshipt
What is the need for power
need to influence others
what is Nohria and Lawrence’s Four-Drive Theory
the four underlying motivators that drives someones emotions and behaviors
What are the Nohria and Lawrence’s Four-Drive Theory
⁃The Drive to Acquire⁃The Drive to Bond⁃The Drive to Comprehend⁃The Drive to Defend
What is the drive to acquire
physical good, experiences
what is the drive to bond
proud to be a part of a team
what is the drive to comprehend
making sense of the world
what is the drive to defend
quest to promote justice
what is the Equity Theory
people are motivated by a sense of fairness
what is Expectancy Theory of Motivation
willingness to put more or less effort depending on the outcome
What is Reinforcement Theory
behavior is the function of the outcomes (consequences)
What is a major influence over worker satisfaction
Job design
what does job design have a major impact on
Employee motivation⁃ Job satisfaction⁃ Commitment to an organization⁃ Absenteeism⁃ Turnover
what is Job Rotation
moving employees from Job to Job
what is Job Enlargement
expanding the task performed
what is job enrichment
gives workers more control of how their job is done
what is Job Characteristics Model (Hackman, Oldman)
One of the most influential attempts to design jobs with increased motivational properties
what is empowerment
employees have the ability to make decisions and perform their jobs effectively
what is Structural Empowerment
gives employees discretion and the ability to do their jobs effectively
What are SMART goals
Specific measurable aggressive realistic time-bound
how do you make goals more effective
feedback, ability, and commitment
what is Management by Objective (MBO)
a way to make sure individual and team goals are aligned
Management by Objective Process
- companywide goals
- team goals
- individual goals
- Developing an action plan
- Periodically reviewing performance and revising goals
what is Performance appraisal
identification, measurement, and management of individual performance
What are the Characteristics of an Effective Appraisal System
adequate notice, fair hearing, judgement based on evidence
what is 360-degree feedback
a self assessment of key concepts, and they compare them to other on the team
what is a group
people who interact with eachother
What is a team
people working towards the same game
when are teams better to have over group
When it is hard task that require the expertise of multiple people
what is team diversity
degree of similarity or difference among team members
What is Homogeneity
degree which team members are simular
what is the benefit of a homogeneity team or group
more productive when the task is simple
what is Heterogeneity
degree which team members are different
What is the benefit of a heterogeneity group
more productive when the task is complex
what is the benefit of having a more diverse group
more creative, more access, more networks
what is the drawback of having a more diverse group
loss of speed and efficiency, can lead to miscommunication
what are the 5 stages of team development
forming storming norming performing adjourning
what is forming
team comes together and decides what task should be done
what is storming
become more real, could have aruements
what is norming
creating new norms that encourage the team to work better together
what is performing
get work done
what is adjourning
more individual work power
what is Cohesion
togetherness in the group
What is group think
making the incorrect decision just because the group thinks it is best.
what is social loafting
individuals tend to work less while in a group setting
what is conflict
A process that involves people disagreeing
what is Negotiation
A process by which two or more parties work towards an agreement
what is power
ability to influence the behavior of others to get what you want
what is influence
how power is demostrated
how does leadership work with power
Leadership requires both power and influence
what are the types of conflict
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Intergroup Conflict
what is intrapersonal conflict
within a person
what is interpersonal conflict
two or more people inside the same group
what is intergroup Conflict
two or more group
what is Social Identity Theory
Proposes that group members of an in-group will seek to find negative aspects of an out-group to enhance their self-image
what are the causes of conflict
Organizational Structure⁃ •Limited Resources⁃ •Task Interdependence⁃ Incompatible Goals⁃ Personality Differences• Communication Problems
what are the 5 ways to manage conflict Strategies
avoidance accommodating compromising forcing collaborating
What are the two Negotiation Strategies
- Distributive Negotiations
2. Integrative Negotiations
what is distributive negotiations
one person wins and the other one loses. A single issue
what is Integrative Negotiations
win win and multiple issues
what is the Bargaining Zone
a place where it is better for both parties to agree
what is the Zone Of Possible Agreement (ZOPA)
the set of all possible deals acceptable for both parties
what is Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
The course of action that a person will take if a negotiation ends in an impasse
what is Organizational Culture
shared assumptions, values and beliefs
what are the three levels of culture
Artifacts, Values and Beliefs, Assumptions
what are artifacts
Visible organizational structures, processes
what are values and beliefs
The meanings that members of an organization attach to artifacts mission statements
what are assumptions
behaviors stemming from beliefs
how does culture develop
as an organization develops a shared concept of mission,
how is culture created
Founders Values
Industry Demands
What is founders values
influenced of ideas, values, and assumptions of the organization’s founder
what is industry demands
act as a force to create similarities among organizational cultures
How is Culture Maintained?
⁃Attraction-Selection -Attrition ⁃New Employee Onboarding ⁃Leadership ⁃Reward Systems
