Final Flashcards
The air that moves in and out of lungs during normal, quiet breathing is called vital capacity.
True/False
False (tidal volume)
Aldosterone is synthesized in the ____ and acts on the ____ to conserve sodium ions and water.
Supra-optic nuclei; distal tubule
Adrenal cortex; distal convoluted tuble
Renal cortex; distal tuble
Paraventricular nuclei; collecting duct
Adrenal cortex; distal convoluted tuble
ADH is synthesized and secreted in response to hyperosmolar plasma from the posterior pituitary gland.
True/False
False
Causes resting potential phase of rhythmic action potentials
Slow Ca2+ influx Rapid Ca2+ influx Rapid Na+ influx Slow K+ efflux Rapid K+ efflux
Rapid Ca2+ influx
In the absence of surfactant, alveolar collapse is most likely to occur at the end of exhalation.
True/False
True
Depends upon Na+ reabsorption
Plasma proteins Glucose reabsorption Bicarbonate ion reabsorption Chloride reabsorption Hyperkalemia
Glucose reabsorption
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves will cause the bronchioles to dilate.
True/False
False (constrict)
Ventilation-perfusion matching is best ____.
In the upper 1/3 of lungs
In the middle 1/3 of lungs
In the lower 1/3 of lungs
Throughout the lungs
In the lower 1/3 of lungs
Albumin is not normally excreted in the urine because of the presence of negative charges in the glomerular capillary endothelium.
True/False
True
Lines conducting airways
Slow cation influx
Septal cells
Ciliated epithelia
Rapid potassium efflux
Ciliated epithelia
Which of the following will cause systemic blood pressure to increase?
Hypo-aldosteronism
ADH deficiency
Excessive renin secretion
Increase in vagal tone
Excessive renin secretion
Requires Na+/H+ exchange
Plasma proteins Glucose reabsorption Bicarbonate ion reabsorption Chloride reabsorption Hyperkalemia
Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
Active secretion of protons occurs in which part of the nephron?
Glomerulus
Proximal straight tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Electrolyte disturbances are most likely to occur when ion transport is impaired across the luminal membrane of cells in the ____.
Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Thick ascending Henle’s loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Thick ascending Henle’s loop
Carbon dioxide produced by tissue metabolism is primarily transported to the lungs for exhalation in the form of carbaminohemoglobin.
True/False
True
Carb digestion begins in the oral cavity.
True/False
True
Cortical nephrons play a crucial role in the counter-current mechanism that is responsible for urine concentration.
True/False
False (juxtamedullary)
Hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide help oxygen bind to hemoglobin.
True/False
False
Wheezing in asthmatic patients is due to air being forced through dilated bronchioles.
True/False
False (constricted)
Plasma proteins are repelled from entering the urinary ultra-filtrate by the presence of electrical charge lining the ____.
Glomerular capillary
Podocyte foot processes
Bowman’s capsule
Support cells
Podocyte foot processes
Foreign bodies and particulates are more likely to lodge/get deposited in the left bronchus than in the right bronchus.
True/False
False (more likely in the right)
Respiratory activity is regulated by changes in CSF concentration of which of the following?
Bicarbonate ions
Hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Hydrogen ions
Foreign bodies and particulates are more likely to lodge/get deposited in the left bronchus than in the right bronchus.
True/False
False (more likely in the right)
Stimulaiton of the pneumotaxic center causes which of the following effects?
DRG neurons are stimulated
VRG neurons are stimulated
Apneustic center neurons are inhibited
Cheyne-Strokes respiration occurs
Apneustic center neurons are inhibited
The only substance that is secreted by primary active transport across the luminal membrane of the tubular nephron is hydrogen ions.
True/False
True
Which of the following Starling forces causes filtration of plasma components to form urinary ultra-filtrate in the glomeruli?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial oncotic pressure
Capillary oncotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Cortical nephrons play a crucial role in the counter-current mechanism that is responsible for urine concentration.
True/False
False (juxtamedullary)
Pulmonary surfactant serves to raise the surface tension between moist alveolar walls.
True/False
False (reduce)
A person with hyper-aldosteronism will present with which of the following?
Low BV
Hypokalemia
Hypertension
None of the above
Hypokalemia
Hypertension
When the plasma level of ADH is high, water permeability of the collecting duct will be ____.
Unchanged from normal
Higher than normal
Lower than normal
None of the above
Higher than normal
Urine concentration by the counter-current exchange mechanism does not involve the participation of which of the following structures?
Loop of Henle
Vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries
Collecting duct
Peritubular capillaries
Causes rapid depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
Slow Ca2+ influx Rapid Ca2+ influx Rapid Na+ influx Slow K+ efflux Rapid K+ efflux
Rapid Na+ influx
Only juxtamedullary nephrons participate in counter-current multiplication.
True/False
True
Which of the following is most likely to be evident in the laboratory data of a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis?
Hypoglycemia
Hypokalemia
Decreased bicarbonate in plasma
Decreased carbon dioxide in plasma
Decreased bicarbonate in plasma
ANP is a sodium-retaining hormone secreted from the atrial myocardium.
True/False
False (hyponatremia)
The anion that is reabsorbed from the ultra filtrate in the late proximal tubule of the nephron is bicarbonate.
True/False
False (Cl- is reabsorbed)
Hyperosmotic plasma will stimulate secretion of which of the following substances?
Aldosterone
Renin
Angiotensin I
ADH
ADH
ADH increases cAMP content in cells of the inner medullary collecting duct.
True/False
True
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates glomerular filtration pressure and is also important for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.
True/False
True
In acidosis, hydrogen ions are passively secreted in the late distal tubule and collecting duct to make the urine acidic.
False (active secretion; convoluted tubule)
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by cells is transported in blood in which of the following forms?
Dissolved CO2
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carbaminochemoglobin
Bicarbonate ions
Bicarbonate ions
Acclimation to high altitudes involves which of the following?
Increased erythropoiesis
Increased ADH secretion
Increased renin secretion
All of the above
Increased erythropoiesis
Sodium-potassium exchange across the basolateral membrane of the tubular nephron occurs by secondary active transport.
True/False
False (primary)
In the baroreceptor reflex, sensory signals are conveyed by the parasympathetic fibers of CN X.
True/False
Flase
The substance that acts as the urinary buffer to prevent damage by the secreted protons is ____.
Hydrogen ions
AAs
Ammonia
Urea
Ammonia
ADH hormone is synthesized in ____ of the hypothalamus and acts on ____ to conserve water.
Paraventricular nuclei; collecting duct
Supra-optic nuclei; collecting duct
Supra-optic nuclei; distal tubule
Paraventricular nuclei; distal tubule
Supra-optic nuclei; collecting duct
Stimulates aldosterone secretion
Plasma proteins Glucose reabsorption Bicarbonate ion reabsorption Chloride reabsorption Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
Changing the manner of breathing does not change which of the following?
Tidal volume
Anatomical dead space
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Anatomical dead space
Normal urine has no glucose or protein.
True/False
True
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates glomerular filtration pressure and is also important for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.
True/False
True
Creatinine clearance is a measure of renal plasma flow.
True/False
True
In acidosis, hydrogen ions are passively secreted in the late distal tubule and collecting duct to make the urine acidic.
False (active secretion; convoluted tubule)
The glomerular filtration rate will be higher than normal in a person with circulatory shock.
True/False
False (lower, less urine output)
Histamine stimulates secretion of which of the following?
Saliva
Gastric secretion
Pancreatic secretion
None of the above
Gastric secretion
Parasympathetic stimulation will cause which of the following effects?
Bradycardia
Arteriolar dilation
Veno-dilation
Increased cardiac output
Bardycardia
SIADH will result in hyponatremia.
True/False
True
Absorption of which of the following substances in the small intestine is not by sodium ion-dependent co-transport?
Calcium ions
Glucose
Di-peptides
Water-soluble vitamins
Calcium ions
Di-peptides
The air that moves in and out of lungs during normal, quiet breathing is called vital capacity.
True/False
False (tidal volume)
Metabolic acidosis favors binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
True/False
False
Which of the following substances responds to changes in plasma osmolality and regulates water balance in the body?
Aldosterone
Renin
Angiotensin I
ADH
ADH
Immediate compensation for metabolic acidosis occurs by which of the following mechanisms?
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Increased renal proton secretion
Decreased renal proton secretion
Hyperventilation
Gas exchange across the alveolar membrane occurs by facilitated diffusion.
True/False
False
Which of the following hormones stimulates gastric acid secretion?
Cholecytokinin
Secretin
Renin
Gastrin
Gastrin
The substance that is predominately reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is water.
True/False
False (impermeable to water, sodium is predominately reabsorbed)
Plasma circulating levels of which of the following will be elevated in response to hyperkalemia?
Aldosterone
ADH
Renin
None of the above
Aldosterone
Micelle formation in the intestinal lumen is required for the absorption of which of the following substances?
Monosaccharides
Di-peptides
Lipids
Calcium ions
Lipids
Which of the following will cause systemic BP to decrease?
Hyperaldosteronism
Excessive ADH secretion
Excessive renin secretion
Increase in vagal tone
Increase in vagal tone
The diluting segment of the nephron is the thin descending limb of Henle’s loop.
True/False
False (thick ascending)
The glomerular filtration rate will be higher than normal in a person with circulatory shock.
True/False
False (lower, less urine output)
Metabolic acidosis favors binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.
True/False
False
The sodium pump is located on the luminal membrane of the tubular cells of the nephron.
True/False
False
Pulmonary surfactant serves to raise the surface tension between moist alveolar walls.
True/False
False (reduce)
Which of the following statements is not correct regarding juxtamedullary nephrons?
They represent 85% of the total number of nephrons
Their glomeruli are located in the inner 1/3 of renal cortex
Their loops of Henle are associated with vasa recta
They ensure that the urine is concentrated as needed
They represent 85% of the total number of nephrons
Which of the following conditions will cause hyponatremia and hypertension?
Hyperaldsteronism
Excessive renin secretion
Excessive ADH secretion
Increase in vagal tone
Excessive ADH secretion
De-animation of which AA is important to buffer protons that are secreted into the urinary filtrate?
Glycine
Glutamine
Glutamate
Cysteine
Glutamine
Where in the tubular nephron is chloride ion re-absorption into the ECF of primary importance?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thin descending limb of Henle’s loop
Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop
Collecting duct
Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop
Produces pulmonary surfactant
Slow cation influx
Septal cells
Ciliated epithelia
Rapid potassium efflux
Septal cells
ADH regulates the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule in response to changes in plasma pH.
True/False
False (collecting duct)
Severe electrolyte disturbance is most likely to occur with the overuse of which of the following classes of diuretics?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Loop diuretics
Aldosterone antagonists
ADH antagonists
Loop diuretics
The substance that is predominately reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is water.
True/False
False (impermeable to water, sodium is predominately reabsorbed)
The urine concentration mechanism does not involve the participation of which of the following structures?
Loop of Henle
Vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries
Collecting duct
Peritubular capillaries
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are strongly influenced by the pH and oxygen content of the CSF.
True/False
Flase
Sympathetic stimulaiton will cause which of the following effects?
Cardioacceleration
Arteriolar-constriction
Veno-constriction
All of the above
All of the above
Reabsorption of glucose, AAs, and anions from the ultra filtrate occur as a symport process with sodium ions in the early proximal tubule.
True/False
False (secondary active transport process; proximal convoluting tubule)
The enzyme that regulates reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the tubular nephron is ____.
Monoamine oxidase
Carbonic anhydrase
Renin
ACE
Carbonic anhydrase
The anion that is reabsorbed from the ultra filtrate in the late proximal tubule of the nephron is bicarbonate.
True/False
False (Cl- is reabsorbed)
Aldosterone mediated sodium ion reabsorption occurs in which part of the tubular nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Ascending thick limb
Distal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
The sodium pump is located on the luminal membrane of the tubular cells of the nephron.
True/False
False
Sympathetic stimulation will not cause which of the following effects?
Postivie inotrophic effect
Capillary constriction
Veno-constriction
All of the above
Capillary constriction
Concentration higher in the efferent arteriolar blood
Plasma proteins Glucose reabsorption Bicarbonate ion reabsorption Chloride reabsorption Hyperkalemia
Plasma proteins
Carbon dioxide is transported by hemoglobin in the form of ____.
Hydrogen ions
Reduced hemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate ions
Carbaminohemoglobin
Which of the following statements is not correct regarding plasma proteins?
Plasma proteins osmotically help maintain BV
Albumin deficiency can cause edema
Histamine causes oncotic pressure of plasma to increase
Liver damage can cause hypoalbuminemia
Histamine causes oncotic pressure of the plasma to increase
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves will cause the bronchioles to dilate.
True/False
False (constrict)
Peritubular capillaries are derived from afferent arterioles in the glomerular network.
True/False
False (efferent)
Involves diaphragmatic contractions
Slow cation influx
Septal cells
Ciliated epithelia
Rapid potassium efflux
Passive inhalation
Which of the following states is/are correct regarding plasma proteins?
Plasma proteins osmotically help maintain BV
Plasma protein deficiency can cause edema
Endothelial retraction causes oncotic pressure of the ISF to increase
All of the above
All of the above
Angiotension II is formed by the enzyme ____ that is secreted by the vascular endothelium in the ____.
Renin; kidneys
Renin; lungs
ACE; lungs
ACE; kidneys
Ace; lungs
The diluting segment of the nephron is the thin descending limb of Henle’s loop.
True/False
False (thick ascending)
Hydrochloric acid is secreted into the gastric lumen to begin protein digestion by which of the following cells of the gastric mucosa?
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells
Mucous cells
Parietal cells
Ammonia secretion in the collecting duct buffers hydrogen ions that are excreted and prevents damage to the tubular cells.
True/False
True
Blocked by loop diuretics
Plasma proteins Glucose reabsorption Bicarbonate ion reabsorption Chloride reabsorption Hyperkalemia
Chloride reabsorption
When the plasma level of ADH is low, the permeability of the collecting duct to water is ____.
Lower than normal
Higher than normal
Unchanged from normal
Lower than normal
The volume of air that is normally exchanged during quiet breathing is the ____.
Tidal volume
Residual volume
Forced vital capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
ADH regulates the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule in response to changes in plasma pH.
True/False
False (collecting duct)
Reabsorption of glucose, AAs, and anions from the ultra filtrate occur as a symport process with sodium ions in the early proximal tubule.
True/False
False (secondary active transport process; proximal convoluting tubule)
Peritubular capillaries are derived from afferent arterioles in the glomerular network.
True/False
False (efferent)
Quiet, passive exhalation involves contraction of which of the following muscles?
Internal intercostals
External intercostals
Diaphragm
None of the above
None of the above
Particulates are cleared from the alveolar region by macrophages.
True/False
True
Pacemaker activity and conduction velocity in the heart can be suppressed by which of the following conditions?
Hypernatremia
Hypercalcemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hyperkalemia
Alveolar collpase due to lack of surfactant is most likely to occur ____.
Beginning of inspiration
End of inspiration
Beginning of expiration
End of expiration
End of expiration
Which of the following conditions will not cause hyperkalemia?
Exercise
Acidosis
Cell lysis
Insulin
Insulin
Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action potential
Slow Ca2+ influx Rapid Ca2+ influx Rapid Na+ influx Slow K+ efflux Rapid K+ efflux
Rapid K+ efflux
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are strongly influenced by the pH and oxygen content of the CSF.
True/False
Flase
The primary function of aldosterone is to prevent hypokalemia.
True/False
False (retain sodium)
Creatinine clearance is a measure of renal plasma flow.
True/False
True
Most of the water content is present in which of the following fluid compartments of the body?
Blood
ISF
ICF
ECF
ICF
Respiratory activity is primarily under the control of ____.
Hypothalamic neurons
Pneumotaxic center in the pons
Respiratory neurons in the medulla
None of the above
Respiratory neurons in the medulla
Adequate secretion of the intrinsic factor is a pre-req for absorption of which of the following nutrients?
Vit A
Vit D
Vit C
Vit B12
Vit B12
Ammonia secretion in the collecting duct buffers hydrogen ions that are excreted and prevents damage to the tubular cells.
True/False
True
Which of the following substances regulates mineral balance in the body?
Renin
Aldosterone
ADH
ACE
Aldosterone
Plasma concentration of which of the following hormones will be expected to increase as compensation when BP rises?
Aldosterone
ADH
ANP
Oxytocin
ANP
Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action potential
Slow cation influx
Septal cells
Ciliated epithelia
Rapid potassium efflux
Rapid potassium efflux
ADH is synthesized and secreted in response to hyperosmolar plasma from the posterior pituitary gland.
True/False
False
Which part of the nephron is lined with brush border epithelium?
Glomerular filtration barrier
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tuble
Proximal convoluted tubule
The indicator molecule used to determine renal plasma flow is insulin.
True/False
False
Solute reabsorption from the ultrafiltrate in the tubular nephron is energy dependent.
True/False
False (not energy dependent)
Causes rapid depolarization phase of rhythmic action potentials
Slow Ca2+ influx Rapid Ca2+ influx Rapid Na+ influx Slow K+ efflux Rapid K+ efflux
Slow Ca2+ influx
Causes partial depolarization phase of plateau action potentials
Slow Ca2+ influx Rapid Ca2+ influx Rapid Na+ influx Slow K+ efflux Rapid K+ efflux
Slow K+ efflux
