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Visc Phys > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The air that moves in and out of lungs during normal, quiet breathing is called vital capacity.

True/False

A

False (tidal volume)

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2
Q

Aldosterone is synthesized in the ____ and acts on the ____ to conserve sodium ions and water.

Supra-optic nuclei; distal tubule
Adrenal cortex; distal convoluted tuble
Renal cortex; distal tuble
Paraventricular nuclei; collecting duct

A

Adrenal cortex; distal convoluted tuble

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3
Q

ADH is synthesized and secreted in response to hyperosmolar plasma from the posterior pituitary gland.

True/False

A

False

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4
Q

Causes resting potential phase of rhythmic action potentials

Slow Ca2+ influx
Rapid Ca2+ influx
Rapid Na+ influx
Slow K+ efflux
Rapid K+ efflux
A

Rapid Ca2+ influx

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5
Q

In the absence of surfactant, alveolar collapse is most likely to occur at the end of exhalation.

True/False

A

True

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6
Q

Depends upon Na+ reabsorption

Plasma proteins
Glucose reabsorption
Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
Chloride reabsorption
Hyperkalemia
A

Glucose reabsorption

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7
Q

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves will cause the bronchioles to dilate.

True/False

A

False (constrict)

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8
Q

Ventilation-perfusion matching is best ____.

In the upper 1/3 of lungs
In the middle 1/3 of lungs
In the lower 1/3 of lungs
Throughout the lungs

A

In the lower 1/3 of lungs

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9
Q

Albumin is not normally excreted in the urine because of the presence of negative charges in the glomerular capillary endothelium.

True/False

A

True

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10
Q

Lines conducting airways

Slow cation influx
Septal cells
Ciliated epithelia
Rapid potassium efflux

A

Ciliated epithelia

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11
Q

Which of the following will cause systemic blood pressure to increase?

Hypo-aldosteronism
ADH deficiency
Excessive renin secretion
Increase in vagal tone

A

Excessive renin secretion

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12
Q

Requires Na+/H+ exchange

Plasma proteins
Glucose reabsorption
Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
Chloride reabsorption
Hyperkalemia
A

Bicarbonate ion reabsorption

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13
Q

Active secretion of protons occurs in which part of the nephron?

Glomerulus
Proximal straight tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

Electrolyte disturbances are most likely to occur when ion transport is impaired across the luminal membrane of cells in the ____.

Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Thick ascending Henle’s loop
Distal convoluted tubule

A

Thick ascending Henle’s loop

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15
Q

Carbon dioxide produced by tissue metabolism is primarily transported to the lungs for exhalation in the form of carbaminohemoglobin.

True/False

A

True

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16
Q

Carb digestion begins in the oral cavity.

True/False

A

True

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17
Q

Cortical nephrons play a crucial role in the counter-current mechanism that is responsible for urine concentration.

True/False

A

False (juxtamedullary)

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18
Q

Hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide help oxygen bind to hemoglobin.

True/False

A

False

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19
Q

Wheezing in asthmatic patients is due to air being forced through dilated bronchioles.

True/False

A

False (constricted)

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20
Q

Plasma proteins are repelled from entering the urinary ultra-filtrate by the presence of electrical charge lining the ____.

Glomerular capillary
Podocyte foot processes
Bowman’s capsule
Support cells

A

Podocyte foot processes

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21
Q

Foreign bodies and particulates are more likely to lodge/get deposited in the left bronchus than in the right bronchus.

True/False

A

False (more likely in the right)

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22
Q

Respiratory activity is regulated by changes in CSF concentration of which of the following?

Bicarbonate ions
Hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen

A

Hydrogen ions

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23
Q

Foreign bodies and particulates are more likely to lodge/get deposited in the left bronchus than in the right bronchus.

True/False

A

False (more likely in the right)

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24
Q

Stimulaiton of the pneumotaxic center causes which of the following effects?

DRG neurons are stimulated
VRG neurons are stimulated
Apneustic center neurons are inhibited
Cheyne-Strokes respiration occurs

A

Apneustic center neurons are inhibited

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25
Q

The only substance that is secreted by primary active transport across the luminal membrane of the tubular nephron is hydrogen ions.

True/False

A

True

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26
Q

Which of the following Starling forces causes filtration of plasma components to form urinary ultra-filtrate in the glomeruli?

Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial oncotic pressure
Capillary oncotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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27
Q

Cortical nephrons play a crucial role in the counter-current mechanism that is responsible for urine concentration.

True/False

A

False (juxtamedullary)

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28
Q

Pulmonary surfactant serves to raise the surface tension between moist alveolar walls.

True/False

A

False (reduce)

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29
Q

A person with hyper-aldosteronism will present with which of the following?

Low BV
Hypokalemia
Hypertension
None of the above

A

Hypokalemia

Hypertension

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30
Q

When the plasma level of ADH is high, water permeability of the collecting duct will be ____.

Unchanged from normal
Higher than normal
Lower than normal
None of the above

A

Higher than normal

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31
Q

Urine concentration by the counter-current exchange mechanism does not involve the participation of which of the following structures?

Loop of Henle
Vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries
Collecting duct

A

Peritubular capillaries

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32
Q

Causes rapid depolarization phase of plateau action potentials

Slow Ca2+ influx
Rapid Ca2+ influx
Rapid Na+ influx
Slow K+ efflux
Rapid K+ efflux
A

Rapid Na+ influx

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33
Q

Only juxtamedullary nephrons participate in counter-current multiplication.

True/False

A

True

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34
Q

Which of the following is most likely to be evident in the laboratory data of a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Hypoglycemia
Hypokalemia
Decreased bicarbonate in plasma
Decreased carbon dioxide in plasma

A

Decreased bicarbonate in plasma

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35
Q

ANP is a sodium-retaining hormone secreted from the atrial myocardium.

True/False

A

False (hyponatremia)

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36
Q

The anion that is reabsorbed from the ultra filtrate in the late proximal tubule of the nephron is bicarbonate.

True/False

A

False (Cl- is reabsorbed)

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37
Q

Hyperosmotic plasma will stimulate secretion of which of the following substances?

Aldosterone
Renin
Angiotensin I
ADH

A

ADH

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38
Q

ADH increases cAMP content in cells of the inner medullary collecting duct.

True/False

A

True

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39
Q

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates glomerular filtration pressure and is also important for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.

True/False

A

True

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40
Q

In acidosis, hydrogen ions are passively secreted in the late distal tubule and collecting duct to make the urine acidic.

A

False (active secretion; convoluted tubule)

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41
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by cells is transported in blood in which of the following forms?

Dissolved CO2
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carbaminochemoglobin
Bicarbonate ions

A

Bicarbonate ions

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42
Q

Acclimation to high altitudes involves which of the following?

Increased erythropoiesis
Increased ADH secretion
Increased renin secretion
All of the above

A

Increased erythropoiesis

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43
Q

Sodium-potassium exchange across the basolateral membrane of the tubular nephron occurs by secondary active transport.

True/False

A

False (primary)

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44
Q

In the baroreceptor reflex, sensory signals are conveyed by the parasympathetic fibers of CN X.

True/False

A

Flase

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45
Q

The substance that acts as the urinary buffer to prevent damage by the secreted protons is ____.

Hydrogen ions
AAs
Ammonia
Urea

A

Ammonia

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46
Q

ADH hormone is synthesized in ____ of the hypothalamus and acts on ____ to conserve water.

Paraventricular nuclei; collecting duct
Supra-optic nuclei; collecting duct
Supra-optic nuclei; distal tubule
Paraventricular nuclei; distal tubule

A

Supra-optic nuclei; collecting duct

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47
Q

Stimulates aldosterone secretion

Plasma proteins
Glucose reabsorption
Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
Chloride reabsorption
Hyperkalemia
A

Hyperkalemia

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48
Q

Changing the manner of breathing does not change which of the following?

Tidal volume
Anatomical dead space
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume

A

Anatomical dead space

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49
Q

Normal urine has no glucose or protein.

True/False

A

True

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50
Q

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates glomerular filtration pressure and is also important for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.

True/False

A

True

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51
Q

Creatinine clearance is a measure of renal plasma flow.

True/False

A

True

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52
Q

In acidosis, hydrogen ions are passively secreted in the late distal tubule and collecting duct to make the urine acidic.

A

False (active secretion; convoluted tubule)

53
Q

The glomerular filtration rate will be higher than normal in a person with circulatory shock.

True/False

A

False (lower, less urine output)

54
Q

Histamine stimulates secretion of which of the following?

Saliva
Gastric secretion
Pancreatic secretion
None of the above

A

Gastric secretion

55
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation will cause which of the following effects?

Bradycardia
Arteriolar dilation
Veno-dilation
Increased cardiac output

A

Bardycardia

56
Q

SIADH will result in hyponatremia.

True/False

A

True

57
Q

Absorption of which of the following substances in the small intestine is not by sodium ion-dependent co-transport?

Calcium ions
Glucose
Di-peptides
Water-soluble vitamins

A

Calcium ions

Di-peptides

58
Q

The air that moves in and out of lungs during normal, quiet breathing is called vital capacity.

True/False

A

False (tidal volume)

59
Q

Metabolic acidosis favors binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

True/False

A

False

60
Q

Which of the following substances responds to changes in plasma osmolality and regulates water balance in the body?

Aldosterone
Renin
Angiotensin I
ADH

A

ADH

61
Q

Immediate compensation for metabolic acidosis occurs by which of the following mechanisms?

Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Increased renal proton secretion
Decreased renal proton secretion

A

Hyperventilation

62
Q

Gas exchange across the alveolar membrane occurs by facilitated diffusion.

True/False

A

False

63
Q

Which of the following hormones stimulates gastric acid secretion?

Cholecytokinin
Secretin
Renin
Gastrin

A

Gastrin

64
Q

The substance that is predominately reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is water.

True/False

A

False (impermeable to water, sodium is predominately reabsorbed)

65
Q

Plasma circulating levels of which of the following will be elevated in response to hyperkalemia?

Aldosterone
ADH
Renin
None of the above

A

Aldosterone

66
Q

Micelle formation in the intestinal lumen is required for the absorption of which of the following substances?

Monosaccharides
Di-peptides
Lipids
Calcium ions

A

Lipids

67
Q

Which of the following will cause systemic BP to decrease?

Hyperaldosteronism
Excessive ADH secretion
Excessive renin secretion
Increase in vagal tone

A

Increase in vagal tone

68
Q

The diluting segment of the nephron is the thin descending limb of Henle’s loop.

True/False

A

False (thick ascending)

69
Q

The glomerular filtration rate will be higher than normal in a person with circulatory shock.

True/False

A

False (lower, less urine output)

70
Q

Metabolic acidosis favors binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

True/False

A

False

71
Q

The sodium pump is located on the luminal membrane of the tubular cells of the nephron.

True/False

A

False

72
Q

Pulmonary surfactant serves to raise the surface tension between moist alveolar walls.

True/False

A

False (reduce)

73
Q

Which of the following statements is not correct regarding juxtamedullary nephrons?

They represent 85% of the total number of nephrons
Their glomeruli are located in the inner 1/3 of renal cortex
Their loops of Henle are associated with vasa recta
They ensure that the urine is concentrated as needed

A

They represent 85% of the total number of nephrons

74
Q

Which of the following conditions will cause hyponatremia and hypertension?

Hyperaldsteronism
Excessive renin secretion
Excessive ADH secretion
Increase in vagal tone

A

Excessive ADH secretion

75
Q

De-animation of which AA is important to buffer protons that are secreted into the urinary filtrate?

Glycine
Glutamine
Glutamate
Cysteine

A

Glutamine

76
Q

Where in the tubular nephron is chloride ion re-absorption into the ECF of primary importance?

Proximal convoluted tubule
Thin descending limb of Henle’s loop
Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop
Collecting duct

A

Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop

77
Q

Produces pulmonary surfactant

Slow cation influx
Septal cells
Ciliated epithelia
Rapid potassium efflux

A

Septal cells

78
Q

ADH regulates the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule in response to changes in plasma pH.

True/False

A

False (collecting duct)

79
Q

Severe electrolyte disturbance is most likely to occur with the overuse of which of the following classes of diuretics?

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Loop diuretics
Aldosterone antagonists
ADH antagonists

A

Loop diuretics

80
Q

The substance that is predominately reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is water.

True/False

A

False (impermeable to water, sodium is predominately reabsorbed)

81
Q

The urine concentration mechanism does not involve the participation of which of the following structures?

Loop of Henle
Vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries
Collecting duct

A

Peritubular capillaries

82
Q

Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are strongly influenced by the pH and oxygen content of the CSF.

True/False

A

Flase

83
Q

Sympathetic stimulaiton will cause which of the following effects?

Cardioacceleration
Arteriolar-constriction
Veno-constriction
All of the above

A

All of the above

84
Q

Reabsorption of glucose, AAs, and anions from the ultra filtrate occur as a symport process with sodium ions in the early proximal tubule.

True/False

A

False (secondary active transport process; proximal convoluting tubule)

85
Q

The enzyme that regulates reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the tubular nephron is ____.

Monoamine oxidase
Carbonic anhydrase
Renin
ACE

A

Carbonic anhydrase

86
Q

The anion that is reabsorbed from the ultra filtrate in the late proximal tubule of the nephron is bicarbonate.

True/False

A

False (Cl- is reabsorbed)

87
Q

Aldosterone mediated sodium ion reabsorption occurs in which part of the tubular nephron?

Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule
Ascending thick limb
Distal convoluted tubule

A

Distal convoluted tubule

88
Q

The sodium pump is located on the luminal membrane of the tubular cells of the nephron.

True/False

A

False

89
Q

Sympathetic stimulation will not cause which of the following effects?

Postivie inotrophic effect
Capillary constriction
Veno-constriction
All of the above

A

Capillary constriction

90
Q

Concentration higher in the efferent arteriolar blood

Plasma proteins
Glucose reabsorption
Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
Chloride reabsorption
Hyperkalemia
A

Plasma proteins

91
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported by hemoglobin in the form of ____.

Hydrogen ions
Reduced hemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate ions

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

92
Q

Which of the following statements is not correct regarding plasma proteins?

Plasma proteins osmotically help maintain BV
Albumin deficiency can cause edema
Histamine causes oncotic pressure of plasma to increase
Liver damage can cause hypoalbuminemia

A

Histamine causes oncotic pressure of the plasma to increase

93
Q

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves will cause the bronchioles to dilate.

True/False

A

False (constrict)

94
Q

Peritubular capillaries are derived from afferent arterioles in the glomerular network.

True/False

A

False (efferent)

95
Q

Involves diaphragmatic contractions

Slow cation influx
Septal cells
Ciliated epithelia
Rapid potassium efflux

A

Passive inhalation

96
Q

Which of the following states is/are correct regarding plasma proteins?

Plasma proteins osmotically help maintain BV
Plasma protein deficiency can cause edema
Endothelial retraction causes oncotic pressure of the ISF to increase
All of the above

A

All of the above

97
Q

Angiotension II is formed by the enzyme ____ that is secreted by the vascular endothelium in the ____.

Renin; kidneys
Renin; lungs
ACE; lungs
ACE; kidneys

A

Ace; lungs

98
Q

The diluting segment of the nephron is the thin descending limb of Henle’s loop.

True/False

A

False (thick ascending)

99
Q

Hydrochloric acid is secreted into the gastric lumen to begin protein digestion by which of the following cells of the gastric mucosa?

Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells
Mucous cells

A

Parietal cells

100
Q

Ammonia secretion in the collecting duct buffers hydrogen ions that are excreted and prevents damage to the tubular cells.

True/False

A

True

101
Q

Blocked by loop diuretics

Plasma proteins
Glucose reabsorption
Bicarbonate ion reabsorption
Chloride reabsorption
Hyperkalemia
A

Chloride reabsorption

102
Q

When the plasma level of ADH is low, the permeability of the collecting duct to water is ____.

Lower than normal
Higher than normal
Unchanged from normal

A

Lower than normal

103
Q

The volume of air that is normally exchanged during quiet breathing is the ____.

Tidal volume
Residual volume
Forced vital capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Tidal volume

104
Q

ADH regulates the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule in response to changes in plasma pH.

True/False

A

False (collecting duct)

105
Q

Reabsorption of glucose, AAs, and anions from the ultra filtrate occur as a symport process with sodium ions in the early proximal tubule.

True/False

A

False (secondary active transport process; proximal convoluting tubule)

106
Q

Peritubular capillaries are derived from afferent arterioles in the glomerular network.

True/False

A

False (efferent)

107
Q

Quiet, passive exhalation involves contraction of which of the following muscles?

Internal intercostals
External intercostals
Diaphragm
None of the above

A

None of the above

108
Q

Particulates are cleared from the alveolar region by macrophages.

True/False

A

True

109
Q

Pacemaker activity and conduction velocity in the heart can be suppressed by which of the following conditions?

Hypernatremia
Hypercalcemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypermagnesemia

A

Hyperkalemia

110
Q

Alveolar collpase due to lack of surfactant is most likely to occur ____.

Beginning of inspiration
End of inspiration
Beginning of expiration
End of expiration

A

End of expiration

111
Q

Which of the following conditions will not cause hyperkalemia?

Exercise
Acidosis
Cell lysis
Insulin

A

Insulin

112
Q

Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action potential

Slow Ca2+ influx
Rapid Ca2+ influx
Rapid Na+ influx
Slow K+ efflux
Rapid K+ efflux
A

Rapid K+ efflux

113
Q

Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are strongly influenced by the pH and oxygen content of the CSF.

True/False

A

Flase

114
Q

The primary function of aldosterone is to prevent hypokalemia.

True/False

A

False (retain sodium)

115
Q

Creatinine clearance is a measure of renal plasma flow.

True/False

A

True

116
Q

Most of the water content is present in which of the following fluid compartments of the body?

Blood
ISF
ICF
ECF

A

ICF

117
Q

Respiratory activity is primarily under the control of ____.

Hypothalamic neurons
Pneumotaxic center in the pons
Respiratory neurons in the medulla
None of the above

A

Respiratory neurons in the medulla

118
Q

Adequate secretion of the intrinsic factor is a pre-req for absorption of which of the following nutrients?

Vit A
Vit D
Vit C
Vit B12

A

Vit B12

119
Q

Ammonia secretion in the collecting duct buffers hydrogen ions that are excreted and prevents damage to the tubular cells.

True/False

A

True

120
Q

Which of the following substances regulates mineral balance in the body?

Renin
Aldosterone
ADH
ACE

A

Aldosterone

121
Q

Plasma concentration of which of the following hormones will be expected to increase as compensation when BP rises?

Aldosterone
ADH
ANP
Oxytocin

A

ANP

122
Q

Causes rapid repolarization phase of any action potential

Slow cation influx
Septal cells
Ciliated epithelia
Rapid potassium efflux

A

Rapid potassium efflux

123
Q

ADH is synthesized and secreted in response to hyperosmolar plasma from the posterior pituitary gland.

True/False

A

False

124
Q

Which part of the nephron is lined with brush border epithelium?

Glomerular filtration barrier
Proximal convoluted tubule
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tuble

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

125
Q

The indicator molecule used to determine renal plasma flow is insulin.

True/False

A

False

126
Q

Solute reabsorption from the ultrafiltrate in the tubular nephron is energy dependent.

True/False

A

False (not energy dependent)

127
Q

Causes rapid depolarization phase of rhythmic action potentials

Slow Ca2+ influx
Rapid Ca2+ influx
Rapid Na+ influx
Slow K+ efflux
Rapid K+ efflux
A

Slow Ca2+ influx

128
Q

Causes partial depolarization phase of plateau action potentials

Slow Ca2+ influx
Rapid Ca2+ influx
Rapid Na+ influx
Slow K+ efflux
Rapid K+ efflux
A

Slow K+ efflux

Visc Phys (4 decks)

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