Exam I Flashcards
We get ATP through ____ of glucose.
Oxidative phosphorylation
All of the chemical reactions occur within ____.
Cell membrane
____ and ____ need to be brought into the cell before they can be utilized.
Oxygen
Glucose
Total body water ____ % of total body weight.
60
The ICF consists of ____ % of the total body water.
40
The ECF consists of ____% of total body water.
20
Average adult human weighs ____ kg.
70
1 kg of water occupies ____ L.
1
60% of 70 kg is ____kg of water.
42
40% of 70 kg is ____kg of water.
28
20% of 70kg is ____kg of water.
14
____% of a person’s total body weight is equivalent to blood volume.
7
What are the 3 different types of cell types found in the blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets)
____% of a person’s total body weight will give a pretty a good estimate of plasma volume.
5
Plasma is not a formed element of blood.
True/False
True
The higher the lipid content, the ____ the water content.
Water
Females have ____ total water content despite body weight.
Less
Excess alcohol in the body ____ the total body water content.
Decreases
The lipid theory holds up until the adult male reaches about ____ years old.
45-50
Adipose tissue is stored as ____ in the body.
Triglycerides
Blood loss most effects which type of blood cell?
Erythrocytes
Oxygen is taken from the lungs to the tissues via which blood cells?
Erythrocytes
The first thing someone who loses an excessive amount of blood is ____.
Decreased energy
Losing excessive blood energy is cycled through anaerobic metabolism producing ____.
Lactose
Why would lactate formation cause decreased energy in someone who has lost excessive blood?
Lactate formation doesn’t allow for adequate amounts of ATP for cellular use
If you don’t have adequate ATP, ____ ion stays inside the cell because the sodium-potassium pump cannot function properly.
Na+
ICF volume increases if you have inadequate ATP because ____.
Increased Na+ in ICF increases water in ICF.
Water follows Na+
With increased Na+ in ICF, substrate/enzyme concentration ____ and hydrogen ion concentration ____.
Decreases
Increases
ICF pH will ____ with increased Na+ in ICF.
Increase
Water balance is roughly ____L in and out.
2.5
Ingesting too much water causes the plasma to become too ____.
Dilute
Recommended water intake is ____mL/day.
2100
Metabolism uses approximately how much water?
200mL
Moisture loss via the skin is what type of water loss?
Insensible
Moisture loss exhalation from lungs is what type of water loss?
Insensible
Water loss via perspiration is what type of water loss?
Sensible
Is sweating (sensible) or exhalation moisture (insensible) the larger factor for water loss?
Exhalation moisture (insensible)
What is the primary means by which we lose water?
Urination
Uric acid buildup in the synovial joints
Gouty arthritis
Response to any damage to a vascularized tissue
Acute inflammation
Gouty arthritis is common with what kind of diet?
Lots of red meat intake
What in red meats leads to increased uric acid concentrations?
Purines (A and G) 9-membered nucleus
Avoiding red meat, aspirin, beer, coffee, and cocoa can decrease uric acid concentrations.
True/False
True
Misdiagnosing gouty arthritis as osteoporosis decreases uric acid disposal when taking ____.
Aspirin
Losing weight will increase the sensitivity of the ____ receptors to insulin in the body.
Insulin
During prolonged exercise, insensible loss via the skin changes.
True/False
False
During prolonged exercise, insensible loss via the lungs increases with respiration rate.
True/False
True
During prolonged exercise, water output increases to about ____L.
6.5 (5.0 being sweat)
Elderly individuals will need minimal amount of exercise to lose a lot of water via sweat.
True/False
True
If the water input is equal to the water output, the plasma volumes will not change.
True/False
True
____ and ____ are the biggest variables that would affect plasma levels.
Urine excretion
Sweating
If a 50kg person and 70kg person both lose 1.5L of blood, who is more at risk to die of cardiac arrhythmias?
50kg person because percentage of loss is greater
Ratio of the ICF to ECF is ____.
2:1
____ which is normally found in the plasma must pass through capillary membrane to equilibrate with the ISF.
Oxygen
The ICF is extremely selective with permeability.
True/False
True
Of the capillary and cell membranes, the cell membrane is most selectively permeable.
True/False
True
The concentration of glucose in the plasma is ____ to the concentration of glucose in the ICF.
Identical
What hormone allows the glucose to be able to move from the ISF to the inside of the cells?
Insulin
Cell membrane insulin receptors activate allowing ____ to move into the cell through it’s transport channels.
Glucose
What prevents glucose from moving freely through the transport channels?
Phosphorylation (G-6-P)
Medical condition where glucose cannot get into the ICF because the insulin did not open the channels.
Diabetes mellitus
The only membrane int he body that is referred to as a semi-permeable membrane.
Cell membrane
Which cation is most commonly found in the ECF?
Na+
How does Na+ diffuse across the cell membrane?
The membrane needs a specific signal to open Na+ channels
What cation is most common in the ICF?
K+
Membrane which has pores so that everything that is found in the plasma is likely to also be found in the ISF.
Capillary membrane
Which components of blood are normally restricted to the lumen side of the capillary membrane?
Plasma proteins and blood cells
The most important subcategory of the plasma is ____.
Albumin
About ____ of the total plasma protein content is in the form of albumin molecules.
50–60%
All plasma proteins except ____ are synthesized in the liver.
Gamma globulins
Gamma globulins are synthesized by ____.
Immune cells
____ help maintain blood volume by their osmotic activity (drawing water).
Plasma proteins
Transport mechanism where the driving force is due to the differences in concentration gradients.
Simple diffusion
Solute particles move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration (until concentrations are equal) is considered ____ diffusion.
Simple
Needing something to open the channels to allow molecules to pass through is considered ____ diffusion.
Facilitated
____ transport involves the use of ATP (moves against concentration gradient).
Active
Glucose moves from the GI tract into the hepatic portal blood via ____.
Active transport
Liquid droplet is brought into a cell with ____.
Pinocytosis
Solid particulate is brought into a cell with ____.
Phagocytosis
Normal blood glucose concentration is 100mg per ____mL plasma.
100
A person who does not secrete adequate amounts of insulin (insensitive receptors to insulin) has ____.
Diabetes Mellitus
Capillary membranes have ____ layer(s) of epithelial cells laid out on a basement membrane.
1
The gap between the adjacent epithelial cells are called ____.
Capillary pools
The pressure of the fluid in the capillaries (blood) is ____ than the pressure of the fluid in the ISF.
Greater
The pressure in the capillary membrane is subjected to the ____ pressure.
Cardiovascular
Osmotically active proteins (solutes) can affect ____.
Blood volume
Glucose is not osmotically active (referring to the cell membrane) in a diabetic patient because it cannot enter the cell.
True/False
True
What is the common characteristic of substances that will exert osmotic activity across any membrane?
It should not be able to pass through
Histamine is released from which cells?
Basophils
Mast cells
Pre-capillary arterioles dilate and epithelial cells shrink toward their basement membrane when what hormone is released?
Histamine
____ is the immediate chemical that causes the capillary pool diameters to increase (facilitates plasma proteins to leak out).
Histamine
____ causes the after (late) effects of an injury.
Phospholipids
The conversion of membrane phospholipids of the damaged region will be converted into ____ by the arachidonic acid cascade.
Prostaglandins
____ enzyme responsible for the arachidonic acid formation (from the lipid portion of the membrane phospholipids).
Phospholipase A
Prostaglandins mimic ____ decreasing vasodilation and membrane permeability.
Histamine
____ block the formation of prostaglandins which inhibits inflammation.
Cox inhibitors
Omega-3 fatty acids should be weighted ____ than omega-6 fatty acids in diet.
Heavier
If you increase the fluid in the ISF, the materials passing from the cell to the capillary will ____ due to the pressure.
Decrease
____ is hydrostatic pressure of the arteriolar blood inside the capillary.
Pc
At the ____ end, Pc is much greater than Pi.
Arteriolar
When the blood fluid volume decreases, the concentration of the plasma proteins will ____.
Increase
Pc ____ as you get closer to the venular end.
Decreases
____ is hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid space.
Pi
Pi is kept constant because the ____ end, fluid is pulled back into the capillaries.
Venular
The osmotic activity due to the plasma proteins.
Oncotic activity
Oncotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in the capillary is ____ at the venular end.
Huge
True/False
Fluid leaves at the arteriolar end and causes the concentration of plasma proteins to increase —> increases osmotic activity —> increases oncotic acitivty
True
The high concentration of plasma proteins draws almost all the fluid that left at the arteriolar end back from the ISF into the capillary at the venular end keeping ____ constant
Hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid space
Hydrostatic pressure of the arteriolar blood inside the capillary is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid space.
True/False
True
Oncotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in the capillary is greater than oncotic pressure exerted by hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid space.
True/False
True
Predicting the exchange of fluid and materials across the capillary membrane.
Starling forces
What are the 2 basic starling forces?
Hydrostatic forces
Oncotic forces
There are how many forces that govern the movement of fluid across the capillary membrane?
4
The interplay of starling forces causes the fluid to ____ between the plasma and ISF.
Equilibrate
Any factor that increases permeability of a membrane (histamine will allow more fluid to ____.
Leave
Increasing the permeability of a membrane (histamine) will ____ the hydrostatic pressure differential in the arteriolar end.
Decrease
Increasing the permeability of a membrane (histamine) will ____ the oncotic activty of the plasma.
Increase
Histamine reacts with receptors located on the ____.
Arterioles (pre-capillary)
The 1st effects of histamine is on the ____ causing capillary dilation.
Pre-capillary
The size of the gaps in the capillary increase with histamine because of the ____ contraction.
Endothelial
Hypertension state is anyone over ____.
140/90
Why is there a high frequency of urination with hypertension?
Hydrostatic pressure of blood capillary will increase causing the pressure of the fluid entering the capillary to increase.
Hydrostatic pressure of capillary is the same as the ____ blood pressure.
Systolic
Hypertension causes other capillaries throughout the body to lose fluid to the ISF and cause bloating in other areas of the body.
True/False
True
Increased volume of fluid in the ISF throughout the body which allows less nutrients to get to the cells- cell function disrupted.
True/False
True
The volume of blood that is ejected from the heart in a one minute time period is known as ____.
Cardiac output
What are the 2 factors that influence cardiac output?
Frequency
Strength
The more histamine released, the greater the number of capillary segments that will be affected, leading to increased _____ leaking out.
Plasma proteins
With histamine activation, cardiovascular system adjusts and increases heart rate and force at which the heart contracts. This is done by stimulating the ____ nervous system.
Sympathetic
With histamine active, ____ is possible if there is not enough epinephrine/norepinephrine to reverse the effects.
Cardiac arrhythmia
Long-term alcoholism leads to not being able to pull back water at the ____ end of the capillaries.
Venular
Long-term alcoholism causes blood pressure to go up increasing the amount of fluid leaving the capillaries into ISF.
True/False
True
Primary force in long-term alcoholism is the reduction in the onocity activity of the ____.
Plasma
In long-term alcoholism, capillary membrane permeability changes.
True/False
False
Marker used to determine total body water by the indicator-dilution method.
Antipyrin
Antipyrin is able to move freely between ____.
ISF and ICF
There is no marker for the ICF in the indicator-dilution method because ____.
There is nothing that is exclusive to the ICF
Erythrocytes can be labeled with ____.
Isotropic chromium
A substance that can easily pass through the capillary membrane can be used as a marker for the ____.
ECF
The movement of water across the cell membrane is governed by ____.
Osmolality difference between ECF and ICF.
Normal osmolality of body fluids is approximately 300 milliosmoles per liter of fluid volume.
True/False
True
Changes in the osmolality and volume of the ICF is always preceded by ____.
Initial changes of the ECF
With diarrhea, volume is lost from the ____.
ECF
Losing volume to the ECF decreases ____ volume.
Blood
In diarrhea, ECF osmolality _____.
Remains constant
A change in the ECF osmolality is the only way there will be a change in ICF osmolality.
True/False
True
In diarrhea, volume and osmolality of the ICF ____.
Remains constant
Why would you need to give a person with diarrhea iso-osmolar fluid?
The person is losing fluid not water
Initially, when you start to workout, the composition of the sweat that you end up losing is ____.
Iso-osmolar to the body fluids
Massive loss of fluid with a dramatic reduction in the osmolality of the ECF leads to ____.
Heat exhaustion
During heat exhaustion, water moves from the ICF to the ECF to establish iso-osmolality and the ICF also becomes ____.
Hyperosmolar
Is dehydration in the ECF or ICF more dangerous?
ICF, the higher concentration of solutes thus altering pH and affecting the protein structures.
When you deprive yourself of water, concentration of the solutes in the ____ will increase
ECF
Osmolality of the ECF ____ during water deprivation.
Increases (hyperosmolar relative to the ICF)
During water deprivation, water will continue to move out out of the ICF to the ECF up until the osmolalities of the 2 compartments balance.
True/False
True
During water deprivation, water has been lost from the ICF, therefore you have ICF ____.
Volume contraction
How do you treat water deprivation?
Treat patient with D5W (5% dextrose in water)
Establishing ____ will reestablish volume of the ECF.
Iso-osmolarity
D5W acts as a ____ solution decreasing hyperosmolar condition of the ECF to an extent that it will become hypoosmolar allowing water to move into the ICF.
Hypotonic
Headaches with water deprivation are common because _____.
Of the decreased volume of ECF
The concentration of particles present in a fluid (particles/liter)
Osmolality
The influence of a solution to either change the volume of an erythrocyte or not change the volume.
Tonicity
Refers to the ability of a solution to pull water out of a cell.
Hypertonic
Refers tot he ability of a solution to move water into a cell.
Hypotonic
Refers to no change in the volume of a cell.
Isotonic
If you place an erythrocyte into a hypertonic solution, the cell ____.
Shrinks
Crenation
If you place an erythrocyte into a hypotonic solution, the cell ____.
Enlarges
Turgidity
If you place an erythrocyte into an isotonic solution, the cell ____
Volume remains constant
Infusion of isotonic NaCl is a ____ volume contraction.
Hypoosmotic
with infusion of isotonic NaCl, ____ volume increases because of the intravenous infusion of a solution (adding water to the system).
ECF
Giving someone water when they lack Na+ will cause ____ in ECF volume.
An even bigger increase
High NaCl intake causes the body to try and correct the high ____ osmolality by secreting a peptide hormone (ANP/ANH).
ECF
Addison’s and Conn’s disease are common adrenal insufficiency.
True/False
True
An adrenocortical steroid that regulates mineral balance between Na and K ions in the ECF
Aldosterone
Aldosterone primarily acts to prevent ____.
Hyperkalemia
____ will result form an increase of aldosterone.
Hypertension
With aldosterone deficiency, ____ osmolality decreases.
ECF
SIADH causes a ____ solution.
Hypo-osmolar
