Exam I Flashcards
We get ATP through ____ of glucose.
Oxidative phosphorylation
All of the chemical reactions occur within ____.
Cell membrane
____ and ____ need to be brought into the cell before they can be utilized.
Oxygen
Glucose
Total body water ____ % of total body weight.
60
The ICF consists of ____ % of the total body water.
40
The ECF consists of ____% of total body water.
20
Average adult human weighs ____ kg.
70
1 kg of water occupies ____ L.
1
60% of 70 kg is ____kg of water.
42
40% of 70 kg is ____kg of water.
28
20% of 70kg is ____kg of water.
14
____% of a person’s total body weight is equivalent to blood volume.
7
What are the 3 different types of cell types found in the blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets)
____% of a person’s total body weight will give a pretty a good estimate of plasma volume.
5
Plasma is not a formed element of blood.
True/False
True
The higher the lipid content, the ____ the water content.
Water
Females have ____ total water content despite body weight.
Less
Excess alcohol in the body ____ the total body water content.
Decreases
The lipid theory holds up until the adult male reaches about ____ years old.
45-50
Adipose tissue is stored as ____ in the body.
Triglycerides
Blood loss most effects which type of blood cell?
Erythrocytes
Oxygen is taken from the lungs to the tissues via which blood cells?
Erythrocytes
The first thing someone who loses an excessive amount of blood is ____.
Decreased energy
Losing excessive blood energy is cycled through anaerobic metabolism producing ____.
Lactose
Why would lactate formation cause decreased energy in someone who has lost excessive blood?
Lactate formation doesn’t allow for adequate amounts of ATP for cellular use
If you don’t have adequate ATP, ____ ion stays inside the cell because the sodium-potassium pump cannot function properly.
Na+
ICF volume increases if you have inadequate ATP because ____.
Increased Na+ in ICF increases water in ICF.
Water follows Na+
With increased Na+ in ICF, substrate/enzyme concentration ____ and hydrogen ion concentration ____.
Decreases
Increases
ICF pH will ____ with increased Na+ in ICF.
Increase
Water balance is roughly ____L in and out.
2.5
Ingesting too much water causes the plasma to become too ____.
Dilute
Recommended water intake is ____mL/day.
2100
Metabolism uses approximately how much water?
200mL
Moisture loss via the skin is what type of water loss?
Insensible
Moisture loss exhalation from lungs is what type of water loss?
Insensible
Water loss via perspiration is what type of water loss?
Sensible
Is sweating (sensible) or exhalation moisture (insensible) the larger factor for water loss?
Exhalation moisture (insensible)
What is the primary means by which we lose water?
Urination
Uric acid buildup in the synovial joints
Gouty arthritis
Response to any damage to a vascularized tissue
Acute inflammation
Gouty arthritis is common with what kind of diet?
Lots of red meat intake
What in red meats leads to increased uric acid concentrations?
Purines (A and G) 9-membered nucleus
Avoiding red meat, aspirin, beer, coffee, and cocoa can decrease uric acid concentrations.
True/False
True
Misdiagnosing gouty arthritis as osteoporosis decreases uric acid disposal when taking ____.
Aspirin
Losing weight will increase the sensitivity of the ____ receptors to insulin in the body.
Insulin
During prolonged exercise, insensible loss via the skin changes.
True/False
False
During prolonged exercise, insensible loss via the lungs increases with respiration rate.
True/False
True
During prolonged exercise, water output increases to about ____L.
6.5 (5.0 being sweat)
Elderly individuals will need minimal amount of exercise to lose a lot of water via sweat.
True/False
True
If the water input is equal to the water output, the plasma volumes will not change.
True/False
True
____ and ____ are the biggest variables that would affect plasma levels.
Urine excretion
Sweating
If a 50kg person and 70kg person both lose 1.5L of blood, who is more at risk to die of cardiac arrhythmias?
50kg person because percentage of loss is greater
Ratio of the ICF to ECF is ____.
2:1
____ which is normally found in the plasma must pass through capillary membrane to equilibrate with the ISF.
Oxygen
The ICF is extremely selective with permeability.
True/False
True
Of the capillary and cell membranes, the cell membrane is most selectively permeable.
True/False
True
The concentration of glucose in the plasma is ____ to the concentration of glucose in the ICF.
Identical
What hormone allows the glucose to be able to move from the ISF to the inside of the cells?
Insulin
Cell membrane insulin receptors activate allowing ____ to move into the cell through it’s transport channels.
Glucose
What prevents glucose from moving freely through the transport channels?
Phosphorylation (G-6-P)
Medical condition where glucose cannot get into the ICF because the insulin did not open the channels.
Diabetes mellitus
The only membrane int he body that is referred to as a semi-permeable membrane.
Cell membrane
Which cation is most commonly found in the ECF?
Na+
How does Na+ diffuse across the cell membrane?
The membrane needs a specific signal to open Na+ channels
What cation is most common in the ICF?
K+
Membrane which has pores so that everything that is found in the plasma is likely to also be found in the ISF.
Capillary membrane
Which components of blood are normally restricted to the lumen side of the capillary membrane?
Plasma proteins and blood cells
The most important subcategory of the plasma is ____.
Albumin
About ____ of the total plasma protein content is in the form of albumin molecules.
50–60%
All plasma proteins except ____ are synthesized in the liver.
Gamma globulins
Gamma globulins are synthesized by ____.
Immune cells
