Final Flashcards by Janeice Villanueva

A 3yo MC chihuahua mix is presented for collapse. He his minimally responsive on PE and you quickly obtain IV access & perform ER diagnostics. The client hands you some chewed gum she found next to him. What is the most likely cause of this dog’s CS?

PCV: 45%
TS: 8.1 g/dL (high) 
BG: 23 mg/dL (low)
Azo-stick: 5-15 mg/dL
Lactate: 2.0 mmol/L

Xylitol Toxicity

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If a yorkie were to ingest a theobromine-containing product, which product would result in the lowest LD50?

Baker’s chocolate

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What are some theorized MOAs for methylzanthine?

Central GABA receptor antagonism
IC calcium modulation
Direct SNS stimulation

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What are some tx options for theobromine toxicity in dogs?

Decontaminate w/IV apomorphine
Multi-dose oral activated charcoal
Indwelling urinary catheter placement

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T/F: activated charcoal can be used in the acute tx of xylitol toxicity

False

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What are common lab work finding in xylitol toxicity in dogs?

Hypoglycemia (acutely) 
Elevated ALT (later)

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T/F: A dog suffering from liver failure d/t xylitol toxicity may not show signs of hypoglycemia

True

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What is the MOA of insoluble Ca oxalates?

Penetration via needle shaped Ca oxalate crystals

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What are the common CS of insoluble ca oxalates?

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat & vomiting

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What is the primary toxic principle of caladium spp (a common house plant)?

Insoluble Ca oxalate

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What is the MOA of soluble oxalates?

Hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissue & kidney damage

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What are the CS of soluble oxalates?

Hypocalcemia, methemoglobinemia & kidney damage

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The Halogeton spp is commonly associated with which toxicity?

Soluble calcium oxalate

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Pigweed is commonly associated w/which toxicity

Soluble oxalates

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Sorrel & Soursop are commonly associated with which toxicity?

Soluble oxalates

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What is the MOA of isocupressic acid?

Vasoconstriction, decreased uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol & abortion

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What is the MOA of quinones?

Primary photosensitization

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What are the CS of quinones?

Erythema & pruritus, edema & necrosis of the skin

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What is the MOA of tannic acid?

Tissue damage; including GI lesions & kidney damage

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What are the CS associated with tannic acid?

Cattle: constipation, brown urine, atony, anorexia & depression

Monogastrics: mainly GI

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What is the MOA of titerpene acid?

Liver damage & hepatic photosensitization

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What are the CS associated w/titerpene acid?

Depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus, photophobia, erythema, swelling, necrosis & sloughing

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Pride of Barbados is associated w/which toxin?

Tannic acid

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Yellow sage/lantana is associated w/which toxicity?

Titerpene acid

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What is the MOA of colchicine?

Antimitotic

What is the MOA of diterpene alkaloids?

Competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare

What is the Tx for diterpene alkaloid toxicity?

Physostigmine

What is the MOA of ergot alkaloid?

Vasoconstriction & gangrene | Uterine contraction & abortion

MOA of indolizidine alkaloids

Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes, peripheral neuro degeneration & abnormal hoof & hair

MOA of lycorine

Emetic & purgative | Bulbs are the most toxic

What is the tx for muscarine toxicity?

Atropine + symptomatic tx & decontamination

MOA of piperidine alkaloids

Nicotinic effects starting w/ganglionic & neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic & neuromuscular blockade

Tobacco is associated w/which two toxicities?

Piperidine & pyridine alkaloids

MOA of pyridine alkaloids

Act on nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, NM junction & some synapse in CNS Low doses cause depolarization Large doses cause blockade

With alkaloid toxicity results in death d/t resp failure

Pyridine alkaloids

MOA of pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Hepatotoxic

Rattle box is associated w/which toxicity?

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

MOA for solanine & solanidine alkaloids

GI, CNS, resp & cardiac - similar to atropine Toxic only when green & immature

Chinese lantern & black nightshade are associated w/which toxicity?

solanine & solanidine alkaloids

MOA of taxine alkaloids

Cardiotoxic (similar to cardiac glycosides) & GI

Japanese yew is associated w/which toxicosis?

Taxine alkaloids

MOA of Tropane alkaloids

All parts toxic GI, CNS, mydriasis & tachycardia

Tx for tropane akaloid toxicity

Physostigmine

Devil & angel trumpet associated w/what toxicity?

Tropane alkaloids

MOA of xanthine alkaloids

Blocking adenosine receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase

MOA of anthraquinone (plus coffee weed, senna)

Purgative Coffee week, senna: purgative + skeletal & cardiac mm degen, urine may be coffee colored d/t myoglobinuria - kidney damage (similar to monensin)

MOA of calcinogenic glycoside (Vit D analog)

Hypercalcemia, lameness

Aloe associated w/which toxicity?

Anthraquinone

Day blooming jessamine associated w/which toxicity

Calcinogenic glycoside

CS of carboxy-atractyloside

Hepatotoxicity, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia

TX of cardiac glycoside toxicity

Digital-bind (digoxin)

Antidote for coumarin glycoside toxicity

Vit K1 or whole blood

MOA of cyanogenic glycosides

Acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase & cellular resp, vasoconstriction, inhibition of glycolysis & citric acid cycle, irritation of mucus membranes Chronic: Neuro degeneration

MOA of cycasin

Glycoside that causes GI irritation & liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, beta-methlyamino-L-alanine Neurotoxic AA, unknown toxin CNS axonal degen

MOA of glucosinolate

Antithyroid

MOA of nitropropanol glycoside

Inhibits enzymes of Krebs cycle & cellular oxidative phosphorylation

CS of nitropropanol glycoside

Cattle & sheep: resp & Neuro signs (cracker heels or roaring) Horse & rodents: neuro signs

MOA of phytoestrogens

Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females & males

MOA of protoanemonin

Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of glycoside

MOA of ptaquiloside

Death of precursor cells in BM, neoplasm in UT, tumors in URT & retinal degen

MOA of steroidal saponins

Hepatogenic photosensitization

MOA of gossypol (who are more sensitive)

Cardiotoxic - monogastrics more sensitive Secondary liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubules & binds to proteins

CS of copper

Liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

CS of selenium

Acute: GI irritation & resp signs Chronic: hoof & hair abnormalities

CS of nitrate

Acute: GI irritation, resp signs d/t inability of blood to carry oxygen, fetal methemoglobinemia & death causing abortion Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy & abortion, reduced performance

MOA of dimethyl disulfide

Oxidation of RBCs

MOA of diterpene esters

Activate protien kinase C = cell damage & enzyme dysfunction

MOA of grayanotoxins

Binds to NA channels in excitable cells, increase permeability & depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa

MOA of lectin

Inhibit cellular protien synthesis resulting in cell death

MOA of meliatoxin

Enterotoxic & neurotoxic

MOA of propyl disulfide

Oxygen free radicals = damage to RBC = Heinz bodies

Tetradymol MOA

Hepatogenic photosensitization

Thiaminase MOA

Destroys thiamine in diet & produces sings of thiamine deficiency in mongastrics

Triterpenoid saponins MOA

Direct GI mucosa irritation

MOA of resin or resinoids

Irritation of nervous or mm tissue

T/F: activated charcoal is effective at absorbing marine toad toxins

True

CS of marine toad intoxication

Foaming at the mouth Seizures Tachycardia or bradycardia Hyperthermia