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RUSVM Tox > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

A 3yo MC chihuahua mix is presented for collapse. He his minimally responsive on PE and you quickly obtain IV access & perform ER diagnostics. The client hands you some chewed gum she found next to him. What is the most likely cause of this dog’s CS?

PCV: 45%
TS: 8.1 g/dL (high) 
BG: 23 mg/dL (low)
Azo-stick: 5-15 mg/dL
Lactate: 2.0 mmol/L
A

Xylitol Toxicity

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2
Q

If a yorkie were to ingest a theobromine-containing product, which product would result in the lowest LD50?

A

Baker’s chocolate

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3
Q

What are some theorized MOAs for methylzanthine?

A

Central GABA receptor antagonism
IC calcium modulation
Direct SNS stimulation

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4
Q

What are some tx options for theobromine toxicity in dogs?

A

Decontaminate w/IV apomorphine
Multi-dose oral activated charcoal
Indwelling urinary catheter placement

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5
Q

T/F: activated charcoal can be used in the acute tx of xylitol toxicity

A

False

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6
Q

What are common lab work finding in xylitol toxicity in dogs?

A 
Hypoglycemia (acutely) 
Elevated ALT (later)
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7
Q

T/F: A dog suffering from liver failure d/t xylitol toxicity may not show signs of hypoglycemia

A

True

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8
Q

What is the MOA of insoluble Ca oxalates?

A

Penetration via needle shaped Ca oxalate crystals

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9
Q

What are the common CS of insoluble ca oxalates?

A

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat & vomiting

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10
Q

What is the primary toxic principle of caladium spp (a common house plant)?

A

Insoluble Ca oxalate

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11
Q

What is the MOA of soluble oxalates?

A

Hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissue & kidney damage

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12
Q

What are the CS of soluble oxalates?

A

Hypocalcemia, methemoglobinemia & kidney damage

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13
Q

The Halogeton spp is commonly associated with which toxicity?

A

Soluble calcium oxalate

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14
Q

Pigweed is commonly associated w/which toxicity

A

Soluble oxalates

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15
Q

Sorrel & Soursop are commonly associated with which toxicity?

A

Soluble oxalates

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16
Q

What is the MOA of isocupressic acid?

A

Vasoconstriction, decreased uterine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol & abortion

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17
Q

What is the MOA of quinones?

A

Primary photosensitization

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18
Q

What are the CS of quinones?

A

Erythema & pruritus, edema & necrosis of the skin

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19
Q

What is the MOA of tannic acid?

A

Tissue damage; including GI lesions & kidney damage

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20
Q

What are the CS associated with tannic acid?

A

Cattle: constipation, brown urine, atony, anorexia & depression

Monogastrics: mainly GI

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21
Q

What is the MOA of titerpene acid?

A

Liver damage & hepatic photosensitization

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22
Q

What are the CS associated w/titerpene acid?

A

Depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus, photophobia, erythema, swelling, necrosis & sloughing

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23
Q

Pride of Barbados is associated w/which toxin?

A

Tannic acid

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24
Q

Yellow sage/lantana is associated w/which toxicity?

A

Titerpene acid

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25
Q

What is the MOA of colchicine?

A

Antimitotic

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26
Q

What is the MOA of diterpene alkaloids?

A

Competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare

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27
Q

What is the Tx for diterpene alkaloid toxicity?

A

Physostigmine

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28
Q

What is the MOA of ergot alkaloid?

A

Vasoconstriction & gangrene

Uterine contraction & abortion

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29
Q

MOA of indolizidine alkaloids

A

Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes, peripheral neuro degeneration & abnormal hoof & hair

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30
Q

MOA of lycorine

A

Emetic & purgative

Bulbs are the most toxic

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31
Q

What is the tx for muscarine toxicity?

A

Atropine + symptomatic tx & decontamination

32
Q

MOA of piperidine alkaloids

A

Nicotinic effects starting w/ganglionic & neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic & neuromuscular blockade

33
Q

Tobacco is associated w/which two toxicities?

A

Piperidine & pyridine alkaloids

34
Q

MOA of pyridine alkaloids

A

Act on nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, NM junction & some synapse in CNS
Low doses cause depolarization
Large doses cause blockade

35
Q

With alkaloid toxicity results in death d/t resp failure

A

Pyridine alkaloids

36
Q

MOA of pyrrolizidine alkaloids

A

Hepatotoxic

37
Q

Rattle box is associated w/which toxicity?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

38
Q

MOA for solanine & solanidine alkaloids

A

GI, CNS, resp & cardiac - similar to atropine

Toxic only when green & immature

39
Q

Chinese lantern & black nightshade are associated w/which toxicity?

A

solanine & solanidine alkaloids

40
Q

MOA of taxine alkaloids

A

Cardiotoxic (similar to cardiac glycosides) & GI

41
Q

Japanese yew is associated w/which toxicosis?

A

Taxine alkaloids

42
Q

MOA of Tropane alkaloids

A

All parts toxic

GI, CNS, mydriasis & tachycardia

43
Q

Tx for tropane akaloid toxicity

A

Physostigmine

44
Q

Devil & angel trumpet associated w/what toxicity?

A

Tropane alkaloids

45
Q

MOA of xanthine alkaloids

A

Blocking adenosine receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase

46
Q

MOA of anthraquinone (plus coffee weed, senna)

A

Purgative

Coffee week, senna: purgative + skeletal & cardiac mm degen, urine may be coffee colored d/t myoglobinuria - kidney damage (similar to monensin)

47
Q

MOA of calcinogenic glycoside (Vit D analog)

A

Hypercalcemia, lameness

48
Q

Aloe associated w/which toxicity?

A

Anthraquinone

49
Q

Day blooming jessamine associated w/which toxicity

A

Calcinogenic glycoside

50
Q

CS of carboxy-atractyloside

A

Hepatotoxicity, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia

51
Q

TX of cardiac glycoside toxicity

A

Digital-bind (digoxin)

52
Q

Antidote for coumarin glycoside toxicity

A

Vit K1 or whole blood

53
Q

MOA of cyanogenic glycosides

A

Acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase & cellular resp, vasoconstriction, inhibition of glycolysis & citric acid cycle, irritation of mucus membranes

Chronic: Neuro degeneration

54
Q

MOA of cycasin

A

Glycoside that causes GI irritation & liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, beta-methlyamino-L-alanine

Neurotoxic AA, unknown toxin

CNS axonal degen

55
Q

MOA of glucosinolate

A

Antithyroid

56
Q

MOA of nitropropanol glycoside

A

Inhibits enzymes of Krebs cycle & cellular oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

CS of nitropropanol glycoside

A

Cattle & sheep: resp & Neuro signs (cracker heels or roaring)
Horse & rodents: neuro signs

58
Q

MOA of phytoestrogens

A

Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females & males

59
Q

MOA of protoanemonin

A

Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of glycoside

60
Q

MOA of ptaquiloside

A

Death of precursor cells in BM, neoplasm in UT, tumors in URT & retinal degen

61
Q

MOA of steroidal saponins

A

Hepatogenic photosensitization

62
Q

MOA of gossypol (who are more sensitive)

A

Cardiotoxic - monogastrics more sensitive

Secondary liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubules & binds to proteins

63
Q

CS of copper

A

Liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

64
Q

CS of selenium

A

Acute: GI irritation & resp signs
Chronic: hoof & hair abnormalities

65
Q

CS of nitrate

A

Acute: GI irritation, resp signs d/t inability of blood to carry oxygen, fetal methemoglobinemia & death causing abortion

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy & abortion, reduced performance

66
Q

MOA of dimethyl disulfide

A

Oxidation of RBCs

67
Q

MOA of diterpene esters

A

Activate protien kinase C = cell damage & enzyme dysfunction

68
Q

MOA of grayanotoxins

A

Binds to NA channels in excitable cells, increase permeability & depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa

69
Q

MOA of lectin

A

Inhibit cellular protien synthesis resulting in cell death

70
Q

MOA of meliatoxin

A

Enterotoxic & neurotoxic

71
Q

MOA of propyl disulfide

A

Oxygen free radicals = damage to RBC = Heinz bodies

72
Q

Tetradymol MOA

A

Hepatogenic photosensitization

73
Q

Thiaminase MOA

A

Destroys thiamine in diet & produces sings of thiamine deficiency in mongastrics

74
Q

Triterpenoid saponins MOA

A

Direct GI mucosa irritation

75
Q

MOA of resin or resinoids

A

Irritation of nervous or mm tissue

76
Q

T/F: activated charcoal is effective at absorbing marine toad toxins

A

True

77
Q

CS of marine toad intoxication

A

Foaming at the mouth
Seizures
Tachycardia or bradycardia
Hyperthermia

RUSVM Tox (3 decks)

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