Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What kind of sample could be submitted to confirm lead toxicosis in a puppy?
A
Whole blood
2
Q
What can decrease the absorption of lead?
A
Ca, Zinc or protien
3
Q
T/F: Lead poisoning can lead to a release of immature RBCs (NRBCs)
A
True
4
Q
T/F: Decrease hepatic copper can be used in the lab dx of chronic Zinc toxicosis
A
True
5
Q
What percentage of Zinc does the GIT approximately take in?
A
20-30%
6
Q
T/F: Lead crosses the BBB
A
True
7
Q
How does a Ca supplement decrease zinc toxicity?
A
Calcium competes with Zinc & will decrease the amount of zinc absorbed
8
Q
T/F: urinary levels of lead can aid in the dx of lead toxicosis in the dog
A
True
9
Q
What are the main symptoms of acute zinc toxicosis?
A
GI, hematologic & renal
10
Q
What is the chelator of choice for lead is most species?
A
Disodium Ca EDTA
11
Q
How does Ca EDTA work in the tx of Lead toxicosis?
A
It enhances urinary excretion of lead
12
Q
T/F: Hemolytic anemia is a common hematologic sign of Zinc toxicosis
A
True
13
Q
What species is chronic copper toxicosis common in?
A
Sheep
14
Q
Copper accumulation in the Live is d/t what?
A
Imbalances between copper, molybdenum & sulfate
15
Q
T/F: Iron & zinc can decrease absorption of copper
A
True
16
Q
What are the characteristic lesions in the kidney & spleen from chronic copper toxicosis?
A
Gunmetal kidney
BlackBerry jam spleen
17
Q
What is the chelator of choice for copper toxicosis?
A
D-penicillamine
18
Q
At a farm check up, you notice some cattle have diarrhea, depigmentation, emaciation & lameness. What toxicosis is this suggestive of?
A
Molybdenum
19
Q
What can be used as a dx test for molybdenum toxicosis in cattle?
A
Reduced cytochrome oxidase
20
Q
T/F: Copper glycinate SQ can be used in the tx of molybdenum toxicosis
A
True
21
Q
A rotten garlic odor in a fresh carcass is suggestive of what toxicosis?
A
Acute Selenium toxicosis
22
Q
What are some important treatments & preventatives for Selenium toxicosis?
A
Adding Cu to the diet
Adding organic arsenicals to the diet
Increasing dietary levels of sulfur-containing protiens
23
Q
T/F: New York is a common location for Selenium poisoning d/t seleniferous plants
A
False
24
Q
Hoof abnormalities & loss of hair in horses is commonly d/t what toxicosis?
A
Chronic Selenium toxicosis
25
Cattle w/lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation & hair loss are likely experiencing what toxicosis?
Chronic Selenium
26
Decreased hepatic copper can be used in the dx of what toxicosis?
Chronic lead toxicosis
27
What is the specimen of choice for confirming iron toxicosis in a live animal?
Serum
28
T/F: Activated charcoal is commonly used in the tx of iron toxicosis
False
29
Deferoxamine by continuous IV is commonly used as a Tx for what toxicosis?
Iron toxicosis
30
What is the DOC for tx anaphylactic shock d/t iron toxicosis in piglets?
Epinephrine
31
A dog came in with GI signs & then later showed signs of recovery. Eventually the dog went into multi-organ failure. What is this dog likely poisoned with?
Oral iron
32
T/F: pigs & dogs are commonly susceptible to iron toxicosis
True
33
What is the MOA of trivalent arsenic?
Inhibition of lipoic acid, resulting in inhibition of the citric acid cycle
34
T/F: inorganic arsenic toxicosis has a rapid onset & rapid disease course
True
35
What is the chelator of choice for inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
BAL (dimercaprol) IM
36
An overdose in heartworm preventative will likely lead to what kind of toxicosis
Inorganic arsenic toxicosis
37
A dog came into your clinic & is showing signs of thirst, salivation, vomiting/watery diarrhea w/mucus & blood, abdominal pain but no signs of seizures. What is the likely toxicosis?
Inorganic arsenic
38
What is the best antemortem specimen to use for chemical analysis in the dx of inorganic arsenic poisoning?
Urine
39
Which metal toxicosis is least likely to cause GI signs?
Organic arsenic feed additives
40
T/F: Anorexia is commonly seen in swine d/t arsanilic acid toxicosis
False
41
What neurological signs are seen with arsanilic acid toxicosis in swine?
Peripheral neurologic dysfunction
42
Organic arsenic toxicity in swine is generally similar to what vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin B complex deficiency
43
T/F: Blindness is a common sign seen in Roxarsone toxicosis in swine
False
44
Arsanilic toxicosis CS in swine are generally similar to what other metal/mineral toxicosis?
Subacute Selenium toxicosis
45
What is the specimen of choice to submit for dx of organic arsenic toxicosis?
Feed
46
Roxarsone toxicosis causes what time of neuro signs in poultry?
PNS like signs
47
What is the MOA of phenyoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)
Uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation
48
Which species is the most sensitive to 2,4-D?
Dogs
49
Which herbicides alter plant metabolism, increasing toxicity by improving plant palatability & increasing toxin content
Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)
50
Between parquat & diquat, which one has poor GI absorption?
Diquat
51
Paraquat is absorbed where?
GI & Skin
52
Bentonite or Fuller’s earth is the preferred oral absorbent for which herbicide toxicosis?
Diphyridyl Herbicides - Paraquat & Diquat
53
T/F: Oxygen therapy can be used in the Tx of paraquat/diquat toxicity
False
54
For Paraquat/Diquat? What are the early acute tox signs? What are the delayed acute tox signs?
Early - GI signs
| Delayed - Pulmonary signs, resp distress, inc HR
55
What is the MOA of PCP?
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation & blocks/decreases ATP
56
Which toxicant will cause rapid overheating & resp distress + rapid rigor mortis & dark blood lesions?
Pentacholorophenol (PCP)
57
What antemortem specimens are tested for the Dx of PCP toxicosis?
Urine & Blood
58
What postmortem specimens are tested for the Dx of PCP toxicosis?
Kidney
59
T/F: Urea is less toxic to young calves (30d old) than adult cattle
True
60
Acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia & elevated BUN best characterize what Feed & water toxicant in Ruminants?
Urea (NPN)
61
Urea toxicosis is mainly d/t what an accumulation of what metabolite?
Ammonia
62
What pH enhances hydrolysis of urea by urease?
Alkaline pH (urea is basic)
63
T/F: Urea toxicosis has a rapid onset of action
True
64
Urea is a source of protien supplementation in cattle rations but does not actually contain protein itself. How are cattle able to gain protein from urea?
The rumen microflora brake down urea to ammonia
Ammonia is then used by the rumen microflora to form cellular protien
Now the host (cattle) can utilize the protien
65
T/F: A high energy diet increases urea toxicity
False
66
T/F: sample preservation is essential to making a dx of urea
True
67
Which species are sensitive to ionophore toxicosis?
Equine
68
A horse that dies suddenly weeks to months after recovering from an acute intoxication was likely poisoned with?
Monensin
69
Ruminants absorb ___% of oral monensin while Monogastrics absorb nearly ___?
Ruminants - 50%
| Monogastrics - 100%
70
This toxicant can product CS in the horse that are similar to a human having a heart attack
Monensin
71
This toxicant causes degeneration, pale myocardial & skeletal muscles & liver/kidney damage in most species
Monensin
72
What is the MOA of water deprivation - Na toxicosis?
Increased Na in the brain inhibits glycolysis, attracts water into the brain & causes cerebral edema
73
What is the pathognomonic CS in swine seen w/water deprivation - Na toxicosis?
Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
74
Which petroleum products have more pneumotoxic potential?
Those w/low boiling points, low viscosity & low surface tension
75
T/F: Absorption of petroleum products is inversely proportional to molecular weight
True
76
Chronic petroleum exposure can cause?
Hyperkeratosis
77
Short chain aliphatics have high or low toxicity?
Low
78
Long chain aliphatics can cause what kind of pneumonia?
Aspiration pneumonia
79
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon cause toxicity on what organ system?
CNS
80
Aromatic hydrocarbons cause suppression to what?
Bone marrow suppression
81
T/F: Oily substances aspirated but the lungs can be eliminated by coughing or ciliary activity
False
82
Lameness, exostoses & lameness in cattle is commonly caused by?
Chronic fluoride poisoning
83
What is the antemortem specimen of choice for dx of chronic fluoride poisoning?
Urine
84
The presence of food in the stomach increases the toxicity of?
Zinc phosphide
85
Liberation of phosphine gas in the GIT contributes to what toxicosis?
Acute zine phosphate toxicosis
86
T/F: Caged birds are the most sensitive to zinc phosphide toxicosis
True
87
Which toxicant has the odor of a dead fish (acetylene odor) in the stomach?
Zinc phosphide
88
T/F: cats are the most sensitive animals to zinc phosphide toxicosis
True
89
Which toxicant is detected by adding 20% ferric chloride to a urine sample (turning it purple)
Phenol
90
What are the most toxic detergents?
Automatic dishwashing detergents
91
What is the appropriate tx for a dog that has ingested liquid bleach?
Drinking milk or water
92
What is the order of toxicity (most to least) for detergents?
Cationic > Anionic > nonionic
93
Magnesium oxide can neutralize stomach acid following ingestion of what common household product?
Bleaches w/sodium hypochlorite
94
Which rodenticide is associated w/elevated citrate in the blood or kidney tissue?
Fluoroacetate
95
Which animals are the most sensitive to strychnine toxicosis
Large Animals
96
Who are the most sensitive to fluoroacetate toxicosis?
Dogs
97
What is the MOA of fluoroacetate?
Fluoroacetate condenses w/oxaloacetate = fluorocitrate
Fluorocitrate competes w/citrate in the citric acid cycle by inhibiting aconitase enzyme
An increase in citrate = hypocalcemia
98
What drugs can be used to control the convulsions in strychnine poisoning?
```
Pentobarbital
Diazepam
Methocarbamol
Thiobarbituates
Xylazine
```
99
What is the antemortem specimen of choice for dx of strychnine?
Urine
100
What is MOA of strychnine?
Blocks post synaptic function of glycine in the SQ
101
What will be elevated first with Vit K antagonist toxicosis?
PT
102
Which sample collection tube is used for submitting PT/PTT?
Blue citrate tube
103
What transfusion product is most indicate for tx of hemorrhage d/t ACRT
Fresh frozen plasma
| Fresh whole blood for those w/out severe coagulopathy
104
A dog presented w/know exposure to anticoagulant rodenticide w/in the last 2-3hr. No interventions have been done prior to presentation. What is the next best step?
Induce emesis w/IV apomorphine
105
A 2yo MC Labrador retriever is presented w/new hemoptysis & progressive lethargy. No known trauma in hx. No petechial or ecchymotic lesions are seen on PE. MM are pale pink. What is your primary differential?
Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity
106
What is the MOA of anticoagulants?
Inhibit Vit K epoxide reductase
Which depletes reduced Vit K
Reduced carboxylation, prothrombin & activation of precursors of clotting factors 2, 7, 9 & 10
107
What is the specific tx for ACRT?
Vit K1 (PO recommended)
108
What are the specific antidotes that can be used to tax EG toxicity?
Fomepizole & Ethanol
109
T/F: Sorbitol may cause a false pos result on EG testing
True
110
Ingesting rotting fruit is associated with which toxicosis?
Ethanol
111
T/F: Fomepizole is effective in cats at 6x the dose used for dogs
True
112
Diets containing up to 60% glucose can lead to yeast fermentation w/in the GIT & have been shown to cause what toxicity in pigs, lambs & calves?
Ethanol toxicity
113
Ca oxalate deposition that leads to CNS damage is seen in which toxicosis?
Ethylene glycol
