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RUSVM Tox > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of sample could be submitted to confirm lead toxicosis in a puppy?

A

Whole blood

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2
Q

What can decrease the absorption of lead?

A

Ca, Zinc or protien

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3
Q

T/F: Lead poisoning can lead to a release of immature RBCs (NRBCs)

A

True

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4
Q

T/F: Decrease hepatic copper can be used in the lab dx of chronic Zinc toxicosis

A

True

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5
Q

What percentage of Zinc does the GIT approximately take in?

A

20-30%

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6
Q

T/F: Lead crosses the BBB

A

True

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7
Q

How does a Ca supplement decrease zinc toxicity?

A

Calcium competes with Zinc & will decrease the amount of zinc absorbed

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8
Q

T/F: urinary levels of lead can aid in the dx of lead toxicosis in the dog

A

True

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9
Q

What are the main symptoms of acute zinc toxicosis?

A

GI, hematologic & renal

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10
Q

What is the chelator of choice for lead is most species?

A

Disodium Ca EDTA

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11
Q

How does Ca EDTA work in the tx of Lead toxicosis?

A

It enhances urinary excretion of lead

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12
Q

T/F: Hemolytic anemia is a common hematologic sign of Zinc toxicosis

A

True

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13
Q

What species is chronic copper toxicosis common in?

A

Sheep

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14
Q

Copper accumulation in the Live is d/t what?

A

Imbalances between copper, molybdenum & sulfate

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15
Q

T/F: Iron & zinc can decrease absorption of copper

A

True

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16
Q

What are the characteristic lesions in the kidney & spleen from chronic copper toxicosis?

A

Gunmetal kidney

BlackBerry jam spleen

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17
Q

What is the chelator of choice for copper toxicosis?

A

D-penicillamine

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18
Q

At a farm check up, you notice some cattle have diarrhea, depigmentation, emaciation & lameness. What toxicosis is this suggestive of?

A

Molybdenum

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19
Q

What can be used as a dx test for molybdenum toxicosis in cattle?

A

Reduced cytochrome oxidase

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20
Q

T/F: Copper glycinate SQ can be used in the tx of molybdenum toxicosis

A

True

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21
Q

A rotten garlic odor in a fresh carcass is suggestive of what toxicosis?

A

Acute Selenium toxicosis

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22
Q

What are some important treatments & preventatives for Selenium toxicosis?

A

Adding Cu to the diet
Adding organic arsenicals to the diet
Increasing dietary levels of sulfur-containing protiens

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23
Q

T/F: New York is a common location for Selenium poisoning d/t seleniferous plants

A

False

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24
Q

Hoof abnormalities & loss of hair in horses is commonly d/t what toxicosis?

A

Chronic Selenium toxicosis

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25
Q

Cattle w/lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation & hair loss are likely experiencing what toxicosis?

A

Chronic Selenium

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26
Q

Decreased hepatic copper can be used in the dx of what toxicosis?

A

Chronic lead toxicosis

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27
Q

What is the specimen of choice for confirming iron toxicosis in a live animal?

A

Serum

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28
Q

T/F: Activated charcoal is commonly used in the tx of iron toxicosis

A

False

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29
Q

Deferoxamine by continuous IV is commonly used as a Tx for what toxicosis?

A

Iron toxicosis

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30
Q

What is the DOC for tx anaphylactic shock d/t iron toxicosis in piglets?

A

Epinephrine

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31
Q

A dog came in with GI signs & then later showed signs of recovery. Eventually the dog went into multi-organ failure. What is this dog likely poisoned with?

A

Oral iron

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32
Q

T/F: pigs & dogs are commonly susceptible to iron toxicosis

A

True

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33
Q

What is the MOA of trivalent arsenic?

A

Inhibition of lipoic acid, resulting in inhibition of the citric acid cycle

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34
Q

T/F: inorganic arsenic toxicosis has a rapid onset & rapid disease course

A

True

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35
Q

What is the chelator of choice for inorganic arsenic toxicosis?

A

BAL (dimercaprol) IM

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36
Q

An overdose in heartworm preventative will likely lead to what kind of toxicosis

A

Inorganic arsenic toxicosis

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37
Q

A dog came into your clinic & is showing signs of thirst, salivation, vomiting/watery diarrhea w/mucus & blood, abdominal pain but no signs of seizures. What is the likely toxicosis?

A

Inorganic arsenic

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38
Q

What is the best antemortem specimen to use for chemical analysis in the dx of inorganic arsenic poisoning?

A

Urine

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39
Q

Which metal toxicosis is least likely to cause GI signs?

A

Organic arsenic feed additives

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40
Q

T/F: Anorexia is commonly seen in swine d/t arsanilic acid toxicosis

A

False

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41
Q

What neurological signs are seen with arsanilic acid toxicosis in swine?

A

Peripheral neurologic dysfunction

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42
Q

Organic arsenic toxicity in swine is generally similar to what vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin B complex deficiency

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43
Q

T/F: Blindness is a common sign seen in Roxarsone toxicosis in swine

A

False

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44
Q

Arsanilic toxicosis CS in swine are generally similar to what other metal/mineral toxicosis?

A

Subacute Selenium toxicosis

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45
Q

What is the specimen of choice to submit for dx of organic arsenic toxicosis?

A

Feed

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46
Q

Roxarsone toxicosis causes what time of neuro signs in poultry?

A

PNS like signs

47
Q

What is the MOA of phenyoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

A

Uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation

48
Q

Which species is the most sensitive to 2,4-D?

A

Dogs

49
Q

Which herbicides alter plant metabolism, increasing toxicity by improving plant palatability & increasing toxin content

A

Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D)

50
Q

Between parquat & diquat, which one has poor GI absorption?

A

Diquat

51
Q

Paraquat is absorbed where?

A

GI & Skin

52
Q

Bentonite or Fuller’s earth is the preferred oral absorbent for which herbicide toxicosis?

A

Diphyridyl Herbicides - Paraquat & Diquat

53
Q

T/F: Oxygen therapy can be used in the Tx of paraquat/diquat toxicity

A

False

54
Q

For Paraquat/Diquat? What are the early acute tox signs? What are the delayed acute tox signs?

A

Early - GI signs

Delayed - Pulmonary signs, resp distress, inc HR

55
Q

What is the MOA of PCP?

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation & blocks/decreases ATP

56
Q

Which toxicant will cause rapid overheating & resp distress + rapid rigor mortis & dark blood lesions?

A

Pentacholorophenol (PCP)

57
Q

What antemortem specimens are tested for the Dx of PCP toxicosis?

A

Urine & Blood

58
Q

What postmortem specimens are tested for the Dx of PCP toxicosis?

A

Kidney

59
Q

T/F: Urea is less toxic to young calves (30d old) than adult cattle

A

True

60
Q

Acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia & elevated BUN best characterize what Feed & water toxicant in Ruminants?

A

Urea (NPN)

61
Q

Urea toxicosis is mainly d/t what an accumulation of what metabolite?

A

Ammonia

62
Q

What pH enhances hydrolysis of urea by urease?

A

Alkaline pH (urea is basic)

63
Q

T/F: Urea toxicosis has a rapid onset of action

A

True

64
Q

Urea is a source of protien supplementation in cattle rations but does not actually contain protein itself. How are cattle able to gain protein from urea?

A

The rumen microflora brake down urea to ammonia
Ammonia is then used by the rumen microflora to form cellular protien
Now the host (cattle) can utilize the protien

65
Q

T/F: A high energy diet increases urea toxicity

A

False

66
Q

T/F: sample preservation is essential to making a dx of urea

A

True

67
Q

Which species are sensitive to ionophore toxicosis?

A

Equine

68
Q

A horse that dies suddenly weeks to months after recovering from an acute intoxication was likely poisoned with?

A

Monensin

69
Q

Ruminants absorb ___% of oral monensin while Monogastrics absorb nearly ___?

A

Ruminants - 50%

Monogastrics - 100%

70
Q

This toxicant can product CS in the horse that are similar to a human having a heart attack

A

Monensin

71
Q

This toxicant causes degeneration, pale myocardial & skeletal muscles & liver/kidney damage in most species

A

Monensin

72
Q

What is the MOA of water deprivation - Na toxicosis?

A

Increased Na in the brain inhibits glycolysis, attracts water into the brain & causes cerebral edema

73
Q

What is the pathognomonic CS in swine seen w/water deprivation - Na toxicosis?

A

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

74
Q

Which petroleum products have more pneumotoxic potential?

A

Those w/low boiling points, low viscosity & low surface tension

75
Q

T/F: Absorption of petroleum products is inversely proportional to molecular weight

A

True

76
Q

Chronic petroleum exposure can cause?

A

Hyperkeratosis

77
Q

Short chain aliphatics have high or low toxicity?

A

Low

78
Q

Long chain aliphatics can cause what kind of pneumonia?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

79
Q

Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon cause toxicity on what organ system?

A

CNS

80
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons cause suppression to what?

A

Bone marrow suppression

81
Q

T/F: Oily substances aspirated but the lungs can be eliminated by coughing or ciliary activity

A

False

82
Q

Lameness, exostoses & lameness in cattle is commonly caused by?

A

Chronic fluoride poisoning

83
Q

What is the antemortem specimen of choice for dx of chronic fluoride poisoning?

A

Urine

84
Q

The presence of food in the stomach increases the toxicity of?

A

Zinc phosphide

85
Q

Liberation of phosphine gas in the GIT contributes to what toxicosis?

A

Acute zine phosphate toxicosis

86
Q

T/F: Caged birds are the most sensitive to zinc phosphide toxicosis

A

True

87
Q

Which toxicant has the odor of a dead fish (acetylene odor) in the stomach?

A

Zinc phosphide

88
Q

T/F: cats are the most sensitive animals to zinc phosphide toxicosis

A

True

89
Q

Which toxicant is detected by adding 20% ferric chloride to a urine sample (turning it purple)

A

Phenol

90
Q

What are the most toxic detergents?

A

Automatic dishwashing detergents

91
Q

What is the appropriate tx for a dog that has ingested liquid bleach?

A

Drinking milk or water

92
Q

What is the order of toxicity (most to least) for detergents?

A

Cationic > Anionic > nonionic

93
Q

Magnesium oxide can neutralize stomach acid following ingestion of what common household product?

A

Bleaches w/sodium hypochlorite

94
Q

Which rodenticide is associated w/elevated citrate in the blood or kidney tissue?

A

Fluoroacetate

95
Q

Which animals are the most sensitive to strychnine toxicosis

A

Large Animals

96
Q

Who are the most sensitive to fluoroacetate toxicosis?

A

Dogs

97
Q

What is the MOA of fluoroacetate?

A

Fluoroacetate condenses w/oxaloacetate = fluorocitrate
Fluorocitrate competes w/citrate in the citric acid cycle by inhibiting aconitase enzyme

An increase in citrate = hypocalcemia

98
Q

What drugs can be used to control the convulsions in strychnine poisoning?

A 
Pentobarbital 
Diazepam
Methocarbamol
Thiobarbituates 
Xylazine
99
Q

What is the antemortem specimen of choice for dx of strychnine?

A

Urine

100
Q

What is MOA of strychnine?

A

Blocks post synaptic function of glycine in the SQ

101
Q

What will be elevated first with Vit K antagonist toxicosis?

A

PT

102
Q

Which sample collection tube is used for submitting PT/PTT?

A

Blue citrate tube

103
Q

What transfusion product is most indicate for tx of hemorrhage d/t ACRT

A

Fresh frozen plasma

Fresh whole blood for those w/out severe coagulopathy

104
Q

A dog presented w/know exposure to anticoagulant rodenticide w/in the last 2-3hr. No interventions have been done prior to presentation. What is the next best step?

A

Induce emesis w/IV apomorphine

105
Q

A 2yo MC Labrador retriever is presented w/new hemoptysis & progressive lethargy. No known trauma in hx. No petechial or ecchymotic lesions are seen on PE. MM are pale pink. What is your primary differential?

A

Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity

106
Q

What is the MOA of anticoagulants?

A

Inhibit Vit K epoxide reductase
Which depletes reduced Vit K
Reduced carboxylation, prothrombin & activation of precursors of clotting factors 2, 7, 9 & 10

107
Q

What is the specific tx for ACRT?

A

Vit K1 (PO recommended)

108
Q

What are the specific antidotes that can be used to tax EG toxicity?

A

Fomepizole & Ethanol

109
Q

T/F: Sorbitol may cause a false pos result on EG testing

A

True

110
Q

Ingesting rotting fruit is associated with which toxicosis?

A

Ethanol

111
Q

T/F: Fomepizole is effective in cats at 6x the dose used for dogs

A

True

112
Q

Diets containing up to 60% glucose can lead to yeast fermentation w/in the GIT & have been shown to cause what toxicity in pigs, lambs & calves?

A

Ethanol toxicity

113
Q

Ca oxalate deposition that leads to CNS damage is seen in which toxicosis?

A

Ethylene glycol

RUSVM Tox (3 decks)

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