Final Flashcards

1
Q

Most common MOI in polytrauma dogs? Most common cause?

A

Blunt trauma; motor vehicle accidents

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2
Q

With high velocity penetrating wounds, you should be concerned about which type of damage?

A

solid organ damage

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3
Q

Most frequently injured:

1) skeletal structure
2) abdominal organ

A

1) pelvis

2) liver

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4
Q

Name 3 common thoracic injuries

A

1) pulmonary contusions
2) pneumothorax
3) fractured ribs

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5
Q

Shock in trauma patients should be considered to be due to ________ (unless proven otherwise)

A

hypovolemia

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6
Q

What are the components of the lethal triad?

A

Acidosis
Hypothermia
Coagulopathy

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7
Q

Describe the theory of “permissive hypotension” as it relates to hypotensive resuscitation

A

Goal is maintain just enough perfusion to prevent re-bleeding (SBP: 80-90, MAP: 40-60) until hemorrhage is able to be controlled

*Limiting out use of isotonic crystalloids to replace volume loss because they increase blood loss and worsen hypotension

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8
Q

In what instance is permissive hypotension NOT indicated

A

severe head injury with hypovolemic shock

*need to maintain CPP (requires adequate MAP)

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9
Q

In critical patients, it’s best to select drugs which are ______ and ______

A

short-acting and reversible

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10
Q

What are the 3 categories of drugs used for pre-anesthesia

A

1) Anticholingerics
2) Neuroleptics (Benzo, Alpha-2, & Phenothiazine)
3) Opioids

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11
Q

Give two advantages of using a pre-anesthetic agent

A

1) marked decreased in amount of induction agent needed

2) significant decrease in MAC of inhalants

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12
Q

Neuroleptanalgesia combines the drug effects of which two types of drugs?

A

Neuroleptic + opioid

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13
Q

Reversal agent for:

1) Benzodiazepines
2) Alpha-2 agonists

A

1) Flumazenil

2) Atipamezol

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14
Q

Name the 3 classes of drugs included under Neuroleptics and 1-2 drugs in each class

A

1) Benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Midazolam)
2) Alpha-2 agonists (Dexmedetomidine & Medetomidine)
3) Phenothiazines (Ace)

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15
Q

The biggest downside of benzodiazepines is their lack of?

A

intrinsic analgesic properties

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16
Q

Alpha-2 agonists have limited usefulness for critically ill patients because……

A

can cause profound CV changes

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17
Q

T/F: Acepromize is an excellent, safe choice for critically ill patients

A

FALSE

  • Should be AVOIDED–>hypotension
  • Also no analgesia & no reversal
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18
Q

What are the 3 categories of opioids and name a drug from each

A

1) pure mu-agonists (fentanyl)
2) partial agonists (buprenorphine)
3) agonist-antagonist (butorphanol)

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19
Q

Which type of opioid is a good choice for a cat?

A

partial agonist (i.e. buprenorphine)

20
Q

Which opioid is inadeqaute for use with intense pain and why?

A

Butorphanol–Ceiling effect!!

21
Q

Ketamine should be avoided or used with caution in patients with what types of problems (3)

A

1) cardiac disease
2) renal disease
3) liver disease

*still okay for blocked cats!!

22
Q

Which induction agent shouldn’t be used if your patient has sepsis?

A

Etomidate

23
Q

T/F: ALL inhalant anesthetics produce some degree of Cv & resp depression; however, the effects are related to dose

A

TRUE

24
Q

Concerning local anesthetic agents:

1) which one shouldn’t be used in cats due to CNS toxicity
2) which can NEVER be given IV (why?)

A

1) Lidocaine

2) Bupivacaine (cardiotoxic)

25
Q

Primary method used by dogs to dissipate heat?

A

Evaporation

26
Q

In order to prevent heat-related injury, dogs need time to acclimize to which to important factors?

A

1) the hot/humid environment
2) strenuous work/exercise
* minimum for 14days

27
Q

Our biggest electrolyte concern in obstructed cats?

A

Hyperkalemia

*Ca gluconate protects heart!

28
Q

If a patient is sedated but you still are unable to pass a catheter due to high urethral tone, what might be a good next step?

A

coccygeal epidural block

29
Q

most common cause for an elevated blood lactate?

A

decreased perfusion

30
Q

Which component of BP is most important for maintaining perfusion?

A

MAP

31
Q

The two components that make up BP (multiply them together)

A

1) CO (preload, afterload, contractility)

2) SVR (vessel tone, blood viscosity)

32
Q

Which artery is most commonly used for measuring arterial BP

A

dorsopedal

33
Q

Name the 3 MAIN causes of hypotension

A

1) decreased preload
2) decreased cardiac function
3) decreased SVR

34
Q

Which cause of hypotension will NOT respond to fluid therapy (may make it worse)

A

primary cardiogenic (DCM, HCM)

35
Q

If hypotension in your patient is persisting depsite fluid therapy, what class of drug should you reach for first/?

A

Beta-agonist (Dobutamine, Dopamine)

36
Q

4 common causes for HYPERtension

A

1) CKD
2) DM
3) Hyperthryoidism
4) HAC

37
Q

Gold standard for measuring oxygenation?

A

arterial blood gas (PaO2)

38
Q

Most common cause of hypoxemia?

A

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch (V/Q mismatch)

39
Q

Which cause of hypoxemia will NOT respond to O2 therapy?

A

Shunt

40
Q

Which parameters are used to assess:

1) oxygenation
2) ventilation

A

1) PaO2, SpO2

2) PaCO2, ETCO2

41
Q

The life-threatening abnormality assoc. with GDV

A

SHOCK

42
Q

Which component of septic peritonitis tx needs to be implemented ASAP

A

antimicrobial therapy

43
Q

T/F: If the patient’s BP is normal, you don’t have to worry about perfusion deficits

A

FALSE–perfusion can be decreased even with normal BP

44
Q

Cardiac arrythmias in critically ill patients need to be addressed if… (2 things)

A

1) they are impacting perfusion

2) are malignant

45
Q

When assessing renal function/urine output; what is normal urine output rate?

A

1-2 ml/kg/hr