Exam 1

Question 1

What are you considerations when creating a fluid plan? (5)

Answer 1

Volume
Type
Route
Rate
Reassess

Question 2

What is the maintenance fluid rate for an adult horse?

For a foal?

Answer 2

Adults= 60ml/kg/day

Foals= 80-120ml/kg/day (higher if younger)

Question 3

What must you remember to do if you choose to administer hypertonic saline to a horse?

Answer 3

Follow it with a large volume of isotonic crystalloids

The hypertonic saline dehydrates the tissues to expand the vascular compartment

Question 4

T/F: When giving enteral fluid therapy to a horse, you should regularly monitor for the development of diarrhea as it is an early indicator of over-hydration

Answer 4

FALSE

Question 5

A potassium level above ____ would indicate a need to treat for hyperkalemia.
What would be a good isotonic crystalloid to choose for a hyperkalemic horse?

Answer 5

> 6mEq/L

Saline (0.9% NaCl)

Question 6

Which isotonic crystalloid would NOT be an appropriate choice for a horse with hypercalcemia

Answer 6

LRS

Question 7

GENERALLY speaking, what 3 things can cause colic if they occur in the GI tract?

Answer 7

1) inflammation
2) ischemia
3) distension

Question 8

Name the normal UPPER limit for these vital parameters:

1) temperature (adult and foal)
2) heart rate (adult and foal)
3) resp rate (adult and foal)

Answer 8

1) A= 101, F= 102.5
2) A=44bpm F= 100/120bpm
3) A= 24 F= 40-60

Question 9

What 5 things/findings will help determine if your colic case should be medically or surgically managed?

Answer 9

1) Pain
2) Abdominocentesis
3) Transrectal palpation
4) NG intubation
5) PE & clinpath info

Question 10

A good neonatal exam should start with?

Answer 10

Examination/history of the MARE

Question 11

What are the main activities you would expect to see a foal doing if healthy?

Answer 11

sleeping, eating, playing, peeing, sleeping….(repeat)

Question 12

A typical foal exam should occur how soon after birth?

Answer 12

12-24 hr

**earlier if foal is sick and/or not meeting milestones

Question 13

What are the contents of the umbilicus?

Answer 13

2 arteries, 1 vein, urachus

Question 14

Which cranial nerve response is not present in newborn foals?

Answer 14

Menace

*takes 2-3 weeks to develop

Question 15

Best test for assessing passive transfer in foals? When should it be done?

Answer 15

SNAP Foal IgG

• After 12hr but before 24hr (ideally around 16hr)
• -foal needs time to absorb antibodies but you don’t want to wait too long bc risk of septicemia increases the longer you wait

Question 16

The primary risk factor for development of neonatal septicemia

Answer 16

FPT

Question 17

What are the 3 portals of entry for foal septicemia?

Answer 17

1) gastrointestinal tract
2) umbilicus
3) resp tract

Question 18

Definitive diagnosis of septicemia is done via?

Answer 18

blood culture

Question 19

Name the common isolates of septicemia

1) gram negs (5)
2) gram pos (3)

Answer 19

1) E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Actinobacillus, Enterobacter
2) Staph, Strep, Enterococcus

Question 20

Describe how meconium staining is a risk factor for pneumonia

Answer 20

The meconium can be aspirated if passed in utero—it acts as a chemical irritant and impairs the foal’s normal resp defense mechanisms–> secondary bacterial pneumonia

Question 21

Rib fractures in foals typically occur at which location? What is the best modality to diagnose them?

Answer 21

costochondral junction

ultrasound

Question 22

Infection of the umbilical remnant is referred to as?

Answer 22

Omphalophlebitis

Question 23

Primary clinical sign assoc with PAS

Answer 23

inappropriate suckling

Question 24

Which form of botulsim is most common in foals?

Answer 24

toxicoinfectious

Question 25

A definitive diagnosis of NI is made using? What does that mean?

Answer 25

Minor cross match–check mare’s plasma (or colostrum) against foal’s RBCs

Question 26

What are the 5 steps in the protocol for delivering bad news to clients

Answer 26

1) preparation
2) assess client knowledge and preferences
3) share information (bad news)
4) attend to feelings
5) enlist client in follow-up and planning

Question 27

Before sharing bad news, what should you begin with?

Answer 27

a forewarning