FINAL Flashcards
Where does the quadraceps femoris insert?
Tibial tuberosity
When does the pelvis complete ossification?
23-27yrs
When does the lower limb bud appear?
~28 days
When does pelvic condensation start?
34-36 days intrauterine
When does pelvic chondrification begin?
6-7 weeks intrauterine
When does ossification of the ischial tuberosity and ramal epiphysis occur?
13-23 rys
When does ossification of the iliac crest occur?
10-20yrs
When does foot condensation begin?
37 days intrauterine
When does femoral chondrification occur?
41-52 days intrauterine
What type of joint is the talocrural (ankle) joint? What does it allow for?
Hinge
Allows for dorsi and plantar flexion, inversion and eversion
What type of joint is the sacrioiliac?
Synovial, cartilaginous
What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular?
Synovial, plane
What type of joint is the knee joint? Which bones are involved?
Synovial, hinge
Femur, patella, tibia
What type of joints are the intertarsal joints?
Synovial, mostly inversion and eversion
What type of joints are the intertarsal and intermetatarsal joints?
Synovial, plane
What muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur?
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
What muscle is very close to the greater sciatic notch?
Piriformis
What makes up the quadraceps femoris?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
What makes up the achilles tendon?
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
What is triradiate ossification? When does it occur?
The fusion of the pubis, ilium and ischium.
Occurs are 9-14 years
What attaches at the tibial tuberosity?
Patellar ligament and quadraceps femoris
What attaches at the gluteal tuberosity?
Castus lateralis
Gluteus maximus
What attaches at the adductor tubercle?
Adductor magnus
What are the muscles of the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
What are the 5 muscles of the adductor group?
Pectineus Gracilis Adductor brevis Adductor Longus Adductor Magnus
How many pedal phalanges are there?
28
How many of each vertebrae?
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4-5 coccygeal
Gluteus minimus
Inferior gluteal line to greater trochanter
Abduct, medial rotate of hip
Gluteus medius
Between anterior and posterior gluteal lines and greater trochanter
Abduct and medial rotate of hip
Gluteus maximus
Posterior gluteal line to gluteal tuberosity
Extensor and lateral rotator of hip
At what time does the distal femoral epiphysis complete fusion?
14-18 females
16-20 males
At what time does primary ossification of the pelvis occur?
2-6 months intrauterine
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Flexor retinaculum
A fibrous band on the palmar side of the hand near the wrist. It arches over the carpal bones, covering them and forming the carpal tunnel.
Extensor retinaculum
Dorsal surface of the hand. Also holds together carpal tunnel.
Which three nerves are in the hand?
Median
Ulnar
Radial
Radial nerve
Superficial to the extensor retinaculum on the doral surface.
Ulnar nerve
Superficial to the flexor retinaculum on palmar surface.
Median nerve
Once it passes through the carpal tunnel, it divides into two branches - recurrent and palmar digital nerves. The palmar digital nerves give sensory innervation to the palmar skin and dorsal nail beds.
What are the three tendons of the anatomical snuffbox?
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Syndesmosis
A fibrous joint in which connective tissue is present to join the two bones.
Ex - the connection between the radius and ulna via the interosseus membrane.
Synchrondosis
A cartilaginous joint in which a layer of hyaline cartilage is involved in the connection.
Temporary joint as will disappear with adult bone.
Ex - the fusion of the epiphysis to the diaphysis
What joint is temporary and will disappear with adult bone?
Synchrondosis
2 examples of plane joints
sternoclavicular
acromioclavicular
2 examples of a hinge joint
knee
elbow
example of a pivot joint
superior radius and ulna
example of an ellipsoid joint
wrist
2 examples of a ball and socket joint
shoulder and hip
example of a saddle joint
thumb, all movements possible
Which tendon(s) makes up the medial border of the anatomical snuffbox?
Extensor pollicis longus
Which tendon(s) make up the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox?
Extensor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
Name the type of joint between the shaft of the radius and ulna
Syndesmosis via the interosseus membrane
The limb bud appears at what time?
As early as 26 days intrauterine
How many bones are there in the hand?
27 total
8 carpals
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges
What are the 3 parts of the innonimate?
Ilium, ischium, pubis
What makes up the pelvis?
Two innonimates & sacrum
What are the 3 muscles of the gluteal region?
Gluteus maximus, medius, minimus
Name the three joints of the pelvis
Sacroiliac Joints - synovial. Hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage present. Interosseous sacroiliac ligament very important in the strength of these joints.
Pubic Symphysis - Synostosis. Fibrocartilaginous joint.
Acetabular Joint - Synovial, ball and socket. Most important ligament is the iliofemoral ligament.
Identify two actions of the forearm
Supination
Pronation
What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
Action of the gluteus maximus
Extensor and lateral rotator of hip
Action of the gluteus medius
Abduct, medial rotate of hip
Action of the gluteus minimus
Abduct, medial rotate of hip
Articular cartilage (hyaline)
The smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints.
Canaliculi
Channels from the lacuna which house the cellular processes from the osteocyte
Cancellous (spongy, trabecular) bone
- scaffolding appearance
- large soft tissue spaces
- rarely includes vascular canals or osteons
- located in ends of bones and in association with marrow
Compact (cortical) bone
The dense outer surface of bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity
Diaphysis
The main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat).
Endosteum
A thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.
Epiphysis
Secondary center
The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft
Haversian system (canal)
- named after Clopton Havers
- central canal of the osteon, containing the vascular bundle (arterioles, venules, lymphatics and nerves, plus marrow)
Interstitial lamella
One of the lamellae of partially resorbed osteons occurring between newer, complete osteons.
Lacuna
Cell spaces to house osteocytes
Lamellar bone
- compact bone
- dense bone structure
- highly organized
- limited soft tissue spaces
- highly vascular
- organized into Haversian systems
Medullary cavity
The medullary cavity (medulla, innermost part) is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity.
Metaphysis (growth plate)
The narrow portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood and as it grows, it ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses.
Osteoblast
- bone makers
- arise from mesenchymal cells
- produce bone matrix known as osteoid
- as it is encased in matrix, it will reside in a lacuna and become an osteocyte
Osteoclast
- bone breakers
- arises from mesenchymal cells
- giant multinucleated phagocytic cell
- resorbs and remodels bone and cartilage
- resides in Howship’s lacuna
Osteocyte
- arise from osteoblast
- maintain bone matrix and may release calcium
- numerous processes interconnecting them
- reside in lacuna
Osteon
Chief structural unit of compact (cortical) bone, consisting of concentric bone layers called lamellae, which surround a long hollow passageway,
Periosteum
A membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones.
Primary center of ossification
Located in the shaft
Secondary center of ossification
Located in the epiphysis
Sharpey’s fibres
Any of the thready processes of the periosteum that penetrate the tissue of the superficial lamellae of bones
Volkmann’s canal
Connecting branches between Haversian canals, feed intersitial lamellae
Woven bone
- fetal bone
- poorly organized and weak bone
- large vascular spaces
Intramembranous ossification
- appositional growth
- no cartilaginous model
- mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
- bone matrix is layered down
- osteocytes and canaliculi are evident
Endochondral ossification
- associated with growth phase and repair
- originate from a cartilaginous model
- cartilage cells replaced by bone cells
- growth occurs in length and width
What are the dental formulas?
Deciduous 2102
Adult 2123
Ethics: biological anthropologists must consider the following:
Study Group Present day descendants Future descendants Other populations Science Scholarship Publication of results without disposing data Colleagues Students, trainees, employers, employees, public Held accountable for what doing and WHY
Ethics: WHY am I doing this research?
How will this research project be vetted?
How might the research impact descendants and local communities?
What are the full implications of conducting this research?
How is the publication vetted before being publicized?
How does history
Ethics: WHY am I doing this research?
How will this research project be vetted?
How might the research impact descendants and local communities?
What are the full implications of conducting this research?
How is the publication vetted before being publicized?
How does history of the discipline impact the ability to conduct research?
What kind of ethical legislation is in place in Alberta?
Every situation is unique, no comprehensive legislation except how to deal with remains in general.
Chief medical examiner authority until deemed otherwise.
Have NOT resolved all the issues
Scientific value in studying human remains
- medical school use of cadavers
- autopsies to understand disease and forensic science
- skeletal and mummified remains can be studied for information on health, development and human societies
- human remains in the context of culture
- all humans benefit from information and therefore all humans have a stake in its aquisition
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
Same chemical properties, different mass.
What is the relationship of carbon and nitrogen in tissues?
In any area local foods have certain stable isotope values and human tissue values reflects the proportion of foods eaten. This analysis depends on knowing available foods and values.
How is diet reflected by isotopes?
Stable isotope analysis reconstructs nutritional importance of foods.
Reconstructs diet at the individual level and can address questions of diet and gender, age, class.
How to identify someone’s age?
Method 1: dental eruption Method 2: epiphyseal fusion Method 3: pubic symphseal change 4: rib end analysis 5: cranial suture closure 6: degenerative change
What is a biofilm?
A group of microorganisms that adhere to a surface. A microbial aggregate. May include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, proteins and extracellular DNA.
What are individualizing features?
Dentition
Trabecular patters and xrays
Sinuses
Pathology
What are the implications of bone analysis & biofilm?
Biofilm can ruin specimens, so you might be unable to do microscopic analysis on the bone. In the example we talked about, the sections of bone appeared black.
How has it changed since death? (Taphonomy)
Animal scavenging Burning Secondary burial Weather Soil
Endocrine disturbances
Thryroid, parathyroid, pituitary (growth regulation)
cretinous dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly, hereditary achondroplasia
Circulatory disturbances
Affects bloodflow to region
Trauma, infections, degenerative diseases, congenital disorders
Nutritional disturbances
Lacking certain mineral and vitamins
Osteomalacia, rickets
Congenital deformities
Non-fusion anomalies, accessory bones, accessory foramen, spondyloysis
Occupational stress markers
Hypertrophy, osteophytosis, facets, grooves, accessory bones
Dental disease
Caries, abcesses, peridontal disease, malocclusion
Cultural modifications
Cranial deformations, trepinations
Lytic lesions
Abnormal loss of bone.
Anemia-porotic hyperostosis: sickle cell, malnutrition, cribra orbitalla, cribra crani
Necrosis-bone death: alveolar absesses, amputations
Proliferative lesions
Excess bone deposition.
Osteophytes: osteoarthritis, aging
Bone callus: around fracture, around implants
Generalized bone disease: striations on long bones
Button osteoma
Deformative lesions
Abnormal curvature or morphology.
Environmentally caused: osteomalacia, rickets, vertebral wedging
Congenital cause: scoliosis
Fractures
Complete fracture Incomplete fracture Compound fracture Pathological fracture Stress fracture
Fractures
Complete fracture Incomplete fracture Compound fracture Pathological fracture Stress fracture
Osteitis
Inflammation of the bone caused by infections
Periositis
Inflammation of the periosteum
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation in the bone caused by bacteria and involves the medullary cavity
Algor mortis
body temperature drops, time of death
Rigor mortis
tensed pose of the body (2-4hrs post mortem)
Livor mortis
pooling of blood causing discoloration of skin
Degradation
begins immediately at tie of death; breakdown of body fluids and tissues via autolysis
Putrefacation
gases created by microbes as body tissues are broken down and begin to decay
Taphonomy: soil
Mineral within soil dictates the color of the stain on bones.
Taphonomy: minerals
Can form crystals on bone surface. Groundwater can cause stains and calcium crusts of mineral.
Taphonomy: metals
Mostly from artifacts that are burried with or near bodies.
Iron = red/brown
Copper= green/blue
Why is taphonomy relevant to forensics?
- can help indicate post mortem interval
- can help indicate whether the remains are forensic or historic
- can hide trauma
- spread of forensic scene via carrying of remains
- helpful to indicating length of time in one location
Imaging techniques: 2D
- plane plate radiography
- x-ray radiography
- ultrasonography
- sound-based
- 3D being developed
Imaging techniques: 2D
- plane plate radiography
- x-ray radiography
- ultrasonography
- sound-based
- 3D being developed
Imaging techniques: 3D
- computed tomography
- MRI - magnetic resonance imaging
Radiography
- x-ray beam passed through subject in a single plane
advantages - fast, cheap, low relative radiation exposure
disadvantages - 2D
- superimposition is a problem
- difficult to make accurate measurments
Computed Tomography
- CT scan
- useful in clinical and research settings
- data can be interpreted multiple ways
- no superimposition
- high tolerance for tissue differentiation
- available in most hospitals
- relatively quick
disadvantages - spatial revolution not great
- higher radiation dose
- high running costs
Ultrasonography
pros - quality bone surface rendering - no radiation, few side effects - scanners cheap, portable cons - cannot penetrate bone surface - requires trained operator - BMI dependent imaging
2D vs 3D imaging
2D - gross assessment of bonw - cheap and fast - superimposition - qualitative analysis - fixed image - initial pilot studies 3D - specific observations - expensive - quantitative data - in-depth analysis
C3 plants
Most plants eaten by humans including crops
C4 plants
A few plants eaten by humans including maize, millet and sugarcane.
What are some solutions to eliminate biofilm?
- eliminate airborne bacteria
- chemical treatments
- high energy radiation
- low oxygen environments
- refridgerations
- dehydration at room temp
