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Biology 121 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organisms that make their own food

A

Autotrophs (Producers)

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2
Q

Organisms that obtain food from their environment

A

Heterotrophs (Consumers)

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3
Q

When did the first animal evolve according to biologists?

A

600 million years ago

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4
Q

Name the 9 major animal phyla.

A

Sponges - Cnidarians - Mollusks - Flatworms - Annelids

Roundworms - Arthropods - Echinoderms - Chordates

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5
Q

Describe sponges.

A

Lack symmetry and tissues.

Sessile.

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6
Q

Describe Cnidarians.

A

Radial symmetry.
Have tissues and stinging cells.
Two distinct forms:
Polyp and Medusa

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7
Q

Describe flatworms.

A 
Bilateral symmetry.
Gastrovascular cavity.
No real body cavity.
Eyespots. 
Sex organs.
Some are parasites.
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8
Q

Describe annelids.

A 
Bilateral symmetry.
Complete digestive tract.
Closed circulatory system.
Body cavity.
Body segments.
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9
Q

Describe roundworms.

A

Bilateral symmetry.
Complete digestive tract.
No body segments.

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10
Q

Describe mollusks.

A 
Three main parts: muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle
Open circulatory system.
External shell for most.
Gills.
Bilateral symmetry.
Radula- file like organ.
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11
Q

Describe Arthropods.

A

Bilateral symmetry.
Body segments: head, thorax, abdomen.
Hard exoskeleton.

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12
Q

Describe Echinoderms.

A 
All are marine life.
Endoskeleton. 
Larval bilateral symmetry.
Water vascular system and tune feet.
Spiny surface.
Has a mouth and can regenerate.
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13
Q

Describe Chordates.

A

Animals with backbones.

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14
Q

Name the different chordates.

A 
Lancelets.
Tunicates.
Fishes.
Amphibians.
Reptiles.
Mammals.
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15
Q

All chordates are recognized by what four features?

A

Tail, Notochord, Hollow Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal slits

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16
Q

Which two chordates groups are considered invertebrates?

A

Lancelets and Tunicates

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17
Q

What do all vertebrates have in common?

A

An endoskeleton that includes a backbone and a skull.

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18
Q

Name all of the types of Chordates.

A

Lancelets - Tunicates - Hagfishes - Lampreys - Cartilaginous Fish - Bony Fish - Amphibians - Reptiles - Mammals

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19
Q

Hagfishes

A

Have a skull.
Lack a jaw.
No recognizable backbone.

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20
Q

Lampreys

A

Have skull and backbone.

No jaw.

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21
Q

Cartilaginous Fish

A

Mainly predators due to flexible skeletons.

Need constant movement to get water through gills.

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22
Q

Bony Fishes

A

First group to have internal skeletons reinforced by Calcium.
Swim bladder to maintain buoyancy.
Include Lobe-finned group.

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23
Q

All terrestrial vertebrates that have four limbs.

A

Tetrapods
Amphibians were the first tetrapods
Reptiles were the second

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24
Q

Describe Amphibians.

A

Live on land but must reproduce in water.
Gills infancy to lungs in adulthood.
Musculoskeletal system with four limbs.
Moist skin.

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25
Q

Animals that develop inside a fluid filled amniotic egg.

A

Amniotes

Mammals and Reptiles

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26
Q

Animals that must obtain heat from the environment.

A

Ectotherms

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27
Q

Animals that have a metabolism that maintains the heat in their body.

A

Endotherm

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28
Q

What are theropods?

A

A group that display adaptations for flight.

Feathers, light bones, and strong limbs.

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29
Q

Describe Mammals.

A

Monotremes
Marsupials
Eutherians
Tetrapods that produce milk in mammary glands.

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30
Q

What are the only surviving egg laying mammals?

A

Monotremes

Duck-Billed Platypus and 4 species of Echidna

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31
Q

Describe Eutherians.

A

Placenta connects developing fetus and uterine wall.
Mother supplies resources needed to keep offspring alive.
Amniotic sac encased around developing babies.

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32
Q

What order to humans belong to?

A

Primates
Apes
Humans

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33
Q

Describe primates.

A 
Large brains.
Binocular vision.
Limber joints, limbs and digits.
Complex behaviors.
Extended parental care.
Non-anthropoids and anthropoids.
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34
Q

Human lineage, the hominins, split from other primates how many years ago?

A

5-7 million years ago

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35
Q

The study of the structure of an organisms body parts.

A

Anatomy

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36
Q

The study of functions of an organisms body parts.

A

Physiology

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37
Q

Cells working together create a .

A

Tissue

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38
Q

Consists of cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix.

A

Connective Tissue

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39
Q

Covers the whole surface of the body, including your digestive tract.

A

Epithelial Tissue (epithelium)

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40
Q

Communicates signals between your brain and the rest of your body.

A

Nervous Tissue

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41
Q

Muscle tissue consists of bundles of long cells, each of which contains specialized proteins that allow it to contract.

A

Muscle Fibers

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42
Q

Muscle tissue found in blood vessels and the digestive tract.

A

Smooth Muscle

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43
Q

Found in heart tissue.

A

Cardiac Muscle

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44
Q

Tissue that attaches to your bone.

A

Skeletal Muscle

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45
Q

The tendency to maintain a constant internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

46
Q

Organs such as skin, hair, and nails that protect the body against physical harm.

A

Integumentary System

47
Q

What is your gut known as?

A

Alimentary Canal

48
Q

What is the site of ingestion?

A

Mouth, oral cavity

49
Q

Where does food go down?

A

Esophagus

50
Q

Food moves through the esophagus down to the stomach with contractions known as?

A

Peristalsis

51
Q

Cells lining the stomach secrete what that contain what enzymes?

A

Secretes Gastric juice that has pepsin.

52
Q

Chemical digestion is completed here.

A

Small intestine

53
Q

What is the main portion of the large intestine and what’s it do?

A

Colon

Water is absorbed

54
Q

Remaining wastes is stored in the .

A

Rectum

55
Q

Two sphincter muscles regulate the opening of the .

A

Anus

56
Q

Secretes specific digestive chemicals into the alimentary canal via ducts.

A

Accessory Organs

57
Q

Food processing stages. Go.

A

Ingestion (eating)
Digestion (mechanical and chemical)
Absorption
Elimination

58
Q

The use of physical processes to break down food into smaller pieces.

A

Mechanical Digestion

59
Q

The use of enzymes to perform hydrolysis, chemical reactions that use water to break bonds within large molecules.

A

Chemical Digestion

60
Q

The uptake of these small nutrient molecules, primarily by the cells that line extensive folds of the small intestine.

A

Absorption

61
Q

The disposal of undigested matter from the body.

A

Elimination

62
Q

Food provides energy (fuel) also known as what?

A

ATP

63
Q

Food provides this because the body cannot provide it itself.

A

Essential nutrients

64
Q

What are the four categories of essential nutrients?

A

Minerals
Vitamins
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids

65
Q

The alteration of inhalation and exhalation of air from your lungs.

A

Breathing

66
Q

Conveys oxygen from the lungs to body cells.

A

Circulatory System

67
Q

The exchange of gases occurs between the what?

A

Blood Capillaries and Alveoli

68
Q

Often caused by long term exposure to tobacco smoke or air pollution.

A

Emphysema

69
Q

Most commonly caused by a viral infection of the bronchioles.

A

Bronchitis

70
Q

Long term inflammation of the airway in our lungs.

A

Asthma

71
Q

Carries blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

72
Q

Carries blood to the heart.

A

Veins

73
Q

Joins the Arterioles to the Venules

A

Capillaries

74
Q

Shuttles blood from the heart to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary Circuit

75
Q

Shuttles blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

A

Systemic Circuit

76
Q

Increases the risk of heart attack, heart disease, and stroke.
(High blood pressure)

A

Hypertension

77
Q

Occurs when the doesn’t carry enough oxygen.

A

Anemia

78
Q

Where does blood enter the heart at?

A

Atria then a short distance to the ventricles.

79
Q

When do the heart muscles relax?

A

During Diastole

80
Q

When does the heart muscle contract?

A

During Systole

81
Q

Nervous tissue that times heartbeats.

A

Sinoatrial Node

82
Q

Blockage is called a myocardial infarction or?

A

Heart Attack

83
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen using hemoglobin

84
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Fights infections.

85
Q

Immediately after damage, these forms a sticky plug that can seal a minor break.

A

Platelets

86
Q

Molecules of this cross link to form a clot, which, if on your skin, is called a scab.

A

Fibrin

87
Q

Protects against pathogens using a huge number and variety of defenses.

A

Immune System

88
Q

Sweep particles outward until they can be expelled.

A

Cilia

89
Q

Forms a protective outer layer that most viruses and bacteria cannot penetrate.

A

Skin

90
Q

Cell damage triggers this.

A

It triggers Inflammatory Response.

White blood cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria.

91
Q

A branching network filled with lymph fluid.

A

Lymphatic System

92
Q

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

A

B cells

T cells

93
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Secrete antibodies and proteins that circulate in the blood.

94
Q

Antigen exposure will stimulate rapid multiplication of lymphocytes.

A

Clonal Selection

95
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Stimulate the production of several types of immune cells to take on invaders.

96
Q

Purposely exposing the immune system to an antigen, which stimulates the production of memory cells.

A

Vaccination

97
Q

Chemical signals produced by the endocrine tissue that are transported but the bloodstream and affect target cells throughout the body.

A

Hormones

98
Q

Control center of the endocrine system.

A

Hypothalamus

99
Q

Receives signals from the hypothalamus.

A

Pituitary

100
Q

Help regulate blood calcium levels.

A

Parathyroid glands

101
Q

Regulates oxygen consumption, metabolism, blood calcium levels, and body temperature.

A

Thyroid gland

102
Q

Regulates blood glucose levels though the secretion of hormones.

A

Pancreas

103
Q

Regulate metabolism and responses to stress.

A

Adrenal glands

104
Q

The control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved ions.

A

Osmoregulation

105
Q

Disposes of wastes and helps regulates the concentration of water and dissolved substances within the body.

A

Urinary System

106
Q

The central organs of the unitary system.

A

Kidneys

107
Q

Blood supply to and from the kidneys.

A

Renal artery and vein

108
Q

Stores urine

A

Urinary bladder

109
Q

A tube through which urine is expelled.

A

Urethra

110
Q

The nervous system is divided into these two groups.

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

111
Q

The central nervous system is protected by a layer of connective tissue called.

A

Meninges

112
Q

Nerve cells that carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another.

A

Neurons

Biology 121 (5 decks)

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