Final Flashcards
1
Q
Organisms that make their own food
A
Autotrophs (Producers)
2
Q
Organisms that obtain food from their environment
A
Heterotrophs (Consumers)
3
Q
When did the first animal evolve according to biologists?
A
600 million years ago
4
Q
Name the 9 major animal phyla.
A
Sponges - Cnidarians - Mollusks - Flatworms - Annelids
Roundworms - Arthropods - Echinoderms - Chordates
5
Q
Describe sponges.
A
Lack symmetry and tissues.
Sessile.
6
Q
Describe Cnidarians.
A
Radial symmetry.
Have tissues and stinging cells.
Two distinct forms:
Polyp and Medusa
7
Q
Describe flatworms.
A
Bilateral symmetry. Gastrovascular cavity. No real body cavity. Eyespots. Sex organs. Some are parasites.
8
Q
Describe annelids.
A
Bilateral symmetry. Complete digestive tract. Closed circulatory system. Body cavity. Body segments.
9
Q
Describe roundworms.
A
Bilateral symmetry.
Complete digestive tract.
No body segments.
10
Q
Describe mollusks.
A
Three main parts: muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle Open circulatory system. External shell for most. Gills. Bilateral symmetry. Radula- file like organ.
11
Q
Describe Arthropods.
A
Bilateral symmetry.
Body segments: head, thorax, abdomen.
Hard exoskeleton.
12
Q
Describe Echinoderms.
A
All are marine life. Endoskeleton. Larval bilateral symmetry. Water vascular system and tune feet. Spiny surface. Has a mouth and can regenerate.
13
Q
Describe Chordates.
A
Animals with backbones.
14
Q
Name the different chordates.
A
Lancelets. Tunicates. Fishes. Amphibians. Reptiles. Mammals.
15
Q
All chordates are recognized by what four features?
A
Tail, Notochord, Hollow Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal slits
16
Q
Which two chordates groups are considered invertebrates?
A
Lancelets and Tunicates
17
Q
What do all vertebrates have in common?
A
An endoskeleton that includes a backbone and a skull.
18
Q
Name all of the types of Chordates.
A
Lancelets - Tunicates - Hagfishes - Lampreys - Cartilaginous Fish - Bony Fish - Amphibians - Reptiles - Mammals
19
Q
Hagfishes
A
Have a skull.
Lack a jaw.
No recognizable backbone.
20
Q
Lampreys
A
Have skull and backbone.
No jaw.
21
Q
Cartilaginous Fish
A
Mainly predators due to flexible skeletons.
Need constant movement to get water through gills.
22
Q
Bony Fishes
A
First group to have internal skeletons reinforced by Calcium.
Swim bladder to maintain buoyancy.
Include Lobe-finned group.
23
Q
All terrestrial vertebrates that have four limbs.
A
Tetrapods
Amphibians were the first tetrapods
Reptiles were the second
24
Q
Describe Amphibians.
A
Live on land but must reproduce in water.
Gills infancy to lungs in adulthood.
Musculoskeletal system with four limbs.
Moist skin.
25
Animals that develop inside a fluid filled amniotic egg.
Amniotes
Mammals and Reptiles
26
Animals that must obtain heat from the environment.
Ectotherms
27
Animals that have a metabolism that maintains the heat in their body.
Endotherm
28
What are theropods?
A group that display adaptations for flight.
| Feathers, light bones, and strong limbs.
29
Describe Mammals.
Monotremes
Marsupials
Eutherians
Tetrapods that produce milk in mammary glands.
30
What are the only surviving egg laying mammals?
Monotremes
| Duck-Billed Platypus and 4 species of Echidna
31
Describe Eutherians.
Placenta connects developing fetus and uterine wall.
Mother supplies resources needed to keep offspring alive.
Amniotic sac encased around developing babies.
32
What order to humans belong to?
Primates
Apes
Humans
33
Describe primates.
```
Large brains.
Binocular vision.
Limber joints, limbs and digits.
Complex behaviors.
Extended parental care.
Non-anthropoids and anthropoids.
```
34
Human lineage, the hominins, split from other primates how many years ago?
5-7 million years ago
35
The study of the structure of an organisms body parts.
Anatomy
36
The study of functions of an organisms body parts.
Physiology
37
Cells working together create a .
Tissue
38
Consists of cells scattered throughout an extra cellular matrix.
Connective Tissue
39
Covers the whole surface of the body, including your digestive tract.
Epithelial Tissue (epithelium)
40
Communicates signals between your brain and the rest of your body.
Nervous Tissue
41
Muscle tissue consists of bundles of long cells, each of which contains specialized proteins that allow it to contract.
Muscle Fibers
42
Muscle tissue found in blood vessels and the digestive tract.
Smooth Muscle
43
Found in heart tissue.
Cardiac Muscle
44
Tissue that attaches to your bone.
Skeletal Muscle
45
The tendency to maintain a constant internal environment.
Homeostasis
46
Organs such as skin, hair, and nails that protect the body against physical harm.
Integumentary System
47
What is your gut known as?
Alimentary Canal
48
What is the site of ingestion?
Mouth, oral cavity
49
Where does food go down?
Esophagus
50
Food moves through the esophagus down to the stomach with contractions known as?
Peristalsis
51
Cells lining the stomach secrete what that contain what enzymes?
Secretes Gastric juice that has pepsin.
52
Chemical digestion is completed here.
Small intestine
53
What is the main portion of the large intestine and what's it do?
Colon
| Water is absorbed
54
Remaining wastes is stored in the .
Rectum
55
Two sphincter muscles regulate the opening of the .
Anus
56
Secretes specific digestive chemicals into the alimentary canal via ducts.
Accessory Organs
57
Food processing stages. Go.
Ingestion (eating)
Digestion (mechanical and chemical)
Absorption
Elimination
58
The use of physical processes to break down food into smaller pieces.
Mechanical Digestion
59
The use of enzymes to perform hydrolysis, chemical reactions that use water to break bonds within large molecules.
Chemical Digestion
60
The uptake of these small nutrient molecules, primarily by the cells that line extensive folds of the small intestine.
Absorption
61
The disposal of undigested matter from the body.
Elimination
62
Food provides energy (fuel) also known as what?
ATP
63
Food provides this because the body cannot provide it itself.
Essential nutrients
64
What are the four categories of essential nutrients?
Minerals
Vitamins
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
65
The alteration of inhalation and exhalation of air from your lungs.
Breathing
66
Conveys oxygen from the lungs to body cells.
Circulatory System
67
The exchange of gases occurs between the what?
Blood Capillaries and Alveoli
68
Often caused by long term exposure to tobacco smoke or air pollution.
Emphysema
69
Most commonly caused by a viral infection of the bronchioles.
Bronchitis
70
Long term inflammation of the airway in our lungs.
Asthma
71
Carries blood away from the heart.
Arteries
72
Carries blood to the heart.
Veins
73
Joins the Arterioles to the Venules
Capillaries
74
Shuttles blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary Circuit
75
Shuttles blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Systemic Circuit
76
Increases the risk of heart attack, heart disease, and stroke.
(High blood pressure)
Hypertension
77
Occurs when the doesn't carry enough oxygen.
Anemia
78
Where does blood enter the heart at?
Atria then a short distance to the ventricles.
79
When do the heart muscles relax?
During Diastole
80
When does the heart muscle contract?
During Systole
81
Nervous tissue that times heartbeats.
Sinoatrial Node
82
Blockage is called a myocardial infarction or?
Heart Attack
83
What do red blood cells do?
Transport oxygen using hemoglobin
84
What do white blood cells do?
Fights infections.
85
Immediately after damage, these forms a sticky plug that can seal a minor break.
Platelets
86
Molecules of this cross link to form a clot, which, if on your skin, is called a scab.
Fibrin
87
Protects against pathogens using a huge number and variety of defenses.
Immune System
88
Sweep particles outward until they can be expelled.
Cilia
89
Forms a protective outer layer that most viruses and bacteria cannot penetrate.
Skin
90
Cell damage triggers this.
It triggers Inflammatory Response.
| White blood cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria.
91
A branching network filled with lymph fluid.
Lymphatic System
92
What are the two types of Lymphocytes?
B cells
| T cells
93
What do B cells do?
Secrete antibodies and proteins that circulate in the blood.
94
Antigen exposure will stimulate rapid multiplication of lymphocytes.
Clonal Selection
95
What do T cells do?
Stimulate the production of several types of immune cells to take on invaders.
96
Purposely exposing the immune system to an antigen, which stimulates the production of memory cells.
Vaccination
97
Chemical signals produced by the endocrine tissue that are transported but the bloodstream and affect target cells throughout the body.
Hormones
98
Control center of the endocrine system.
Hypothalamus
99
Receives signals from the hypothalamus.
Pituitary
100
Help regulate blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid glands
101
Regulates oxygen consumption, metabolism, blood calcium levels, and body temperature.
Thyroid gland
102
Regulates blood glucose levels though the secretion of hormones.
Pancreas
103
Regulate metabolism and responses to stress.
Adrenal glands
104
The control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved ions.
Osmoregulation
105
Disposes of wastes and helps regulates the concentration of water and dissolved substances within the body.
Urinary System
106
The central organs of the unitary system.
Kidneys
107
Blood supply to and from the kidneys.
Renal artery and vein
108
Stores urine
Urinary bladder
109
A tube through which urine is expelled.
Urethra
110
The nervous system is divided into these two groups.
Central Nervous System
| Peripheral Nervous System
111
The central nervous system is protected by a layer of connective tissue called.
Meninges
112
Nerve cells that carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another.
Neurons
