Final

Question 1

flexors

Answer 1

antagonistic muscle that bends the joint during a contraction

Question 2

extensors

Answer 2

antagonistic muscle that straightens the joint during a contraction

Question 3

myofibril

Answer 3

a bundle of protein filaments running through the center of the muscle fiber

Question 4

actin

Answer 4

a cytoskeletal protein in myofibrils

Question 5

myosin

Answer 5

a motor protein that grabs actin and walks along the actin filament

Question 6

sarcomeres

Answer 6

segments of the muscle fiber

Question 7

motor unit

Answer 7

a single motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers that it contracts

Question 8

spinal nerves

Answer 8

31 pairs of nerves that emanate from the spinal cord

Question 9

ventral roots

Answer 9

carry motor commands from the brain to the body

Question 10

thalamotomy

Answer 10

surgical destruction of the sub thalamic nucleus

Question 11

pallidotomy

Answer 11

surgical destruction of the globus pallidus internal segment

Question 12

6-OHDA

Answer 12

a toxin that kills dopamine releasing neurons so that D1 neurons become underexcited

Question 13

Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 13

learning to expect the uncontrolled stimulus when the controlled stimulus occurs
experimenter, not the subject, controls when the uncontrolled stimulus occurs

Question 14

operant conditioning

Answer 14

learning to choose or act to produce a desired outcome

subject controls when the reinforcement occurs

Question 15

positive reinforcement

Answer 15

behavior is strengthened by delivery of rewarding reinforcement

Question 16

negative reinforcement

Answer 16

behavior is strengthened by cessation to an aversive stimulus

Question 17

punishment

Answer 17

behavior is weakened by delivery of an aversive stimulus

Question 18

extinction

Answer 18

behavior is weakened by withholding an expected delivery of reward or an expected withdrawal of an aversive stimulus

Question 19

cerebellum

Answer 19

“little brain”

primary functions - adaptive motor control and balance

Question 20

pre-training/baseline

Answer 20

uncontrolled stimulus elicits an uncontrolled response from the subject but the controlled stimulus elicits no response

Question 21

training/acquisition

Answer 21

controlled stimulus and uncontrolled stimulus are paired repeatedly so that the subject learns the controlled stimulus predicts the uncontrolled stimulus

Question 22

testing

Answer 22

controlled stimulus is presented without the uncontrolled stimulus and the subject generates a controlled response

Question 23

extinction

Answer 23

controlled stimulus is repeatedly presented by itself so that the subject learns the controlled stimulus no longer predicts the uncontrolled stimulus
controlled response diminishes and finally disappears

Question 24

inferior olive

Answer 24

conveys info about the uncontrolled stimulus to the interpositus nucleus

Question 25

Hebb’s rule

Answer 25

when two cells are active at the same time, the synapse between them becomes stronger and stays stronger for a long time afterwards

Question 26

periaqueductal gray

Answer 26

‘sausage-like’ columns that surround the aqueduct in the midbrain and brainstem and drive defensive responses

Question 27

iconic memories

Answer 27

the briefest memories that store sensory impressions that only last a few seconds

Question 28

encoding

Answer 28

sensory info is passed into short-term memory

Question 29

consolidation

Answer 29

short-term memory info is transferred into intermediate and then long-term storage

Question 30

retrieval

Answer 30

stored info is recalled form long-term to short-term memory

Question 31

auditory fear conditioning

Answer 31

tone controlled stimulus is presented in a novel context

Question 32

contextual fear conditioning

Answer 32

rat is returned to the training context without presenting the tone controlled stimulus

Question 33

non-declarative/procedural memory

Answer 33

shown by performance rather than conscious recollection

Question 34

skill learning

Answer 34

learning to perform a task requiring motor coordination

Question 35

priming/repetition priming

Answer 35

a change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to the stimulus

Question 36

conditioning

Answer 36

the association of two stimuli or of a stimulus and a response

Question 37

declarative memory

Answer 37

memory for facts and past events acquired through learning that can be stated or described in words

Question 38

semantic memory

Answer 38

generalized memory for facts and info

Question 39

episodic memory

Answer 39

detailed autobiographical memory of event sequences from the past

Question 40

theta rhythm

Answer 40

a 6-8 Hz oscillation that occurs in the hippocampus during voluntary movement

Question 41

sharp-wave ripples

Answer 41

synchronous bursts of activity that occur in the hippocampus

Question 42

microendoscope

Answer 42

a tiny video camera implanted on the head over a miniature microscope lens