FINAL Flashcards
What are the 7 properties of life?
ability to reproduce growth and development carried by genes energy use order/structure consist of cell(s) response to the environment evolution
List the levels of organization from atom to biosphere.
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
atom
the fundamental unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element capable of displaying the properties of that element. made up of subatomic particles.
molecule
a group of atoms bonded together (ex: DNA)
organelle
a component of the cell that performs a specific function (ex: the nucleus)
cell
the fundamental unit of life. nothing smaller than a cell is capable of having all of life’s properties.
tissue
an integrated group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function (ex: epithelial tissue)
organ
consists of multiple tissues that cooperate to perform a specific task, like pumping blood
organ system
a group of organs that work together to perform a vital function, like the circulatory system.
organism
an individual living being
population
a group of interacting indivs. of one species
community
consists of all the interacting populations of organisms occupying the same ecosystem. Includes plants, animals, and microorganisms.
ecosystem
incl. all the living organisms in one particular area as WELL AS the nonliving components that affect life, such as soil, air, and sunlight.
T or F: An ecosystem does not include nonliving components.
FALSE
steps of the scientific method
observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusion
control
the group that is used to establish a baseline for an experiment from which change is measured, for example, a standard recipe
dependent variable
the response, output, or effect under investigation
independent variable
what is being manipulated as a potential cause
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A CONTROL, DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IN AN EXPERIMENT
.
hypothesis
a proposed explanation for an observation. Must be testable.
theory
a well-substantiated explanation that is much broader in scope than a hypothesis. Supported by a large and growing body of evidence and explains a number of observations.
is a virus alive? why or why not?
no. it does not display all of the properties of life. It cannot reproduce, it is not composed of cells.
main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic cells lack a membrane enclosed nucleus, are much smaller, older, and make up single-celled organisms only
element
substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. Elements make up all matter.
what four elements make up 96% of the weight of living things?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
what determines atomic number?
the number of protons
isotope
atoms of an element that vary in the number of neutrons
ion
atoms of an element that vary in the number of electrons
atomic weight
corresponds to the number of protons plus neutrons averaged across all naturally occurring forms of the element
solvent
the dissolving agent
solute
what gets dissolved into solution
what makes something an acid?
An acid is a chemical that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. pH between 0 and 7.
the pH scale runs from ___ to ____.
0 to 14
at what pH is a solution neutral?
7
what makes something a base?
bases are chemicals that remove hydrgoen ions (H+) from solution by combining them with hydroxide ions (OH-) to form water molecules. have a pH from 7 to 14.
Why does carbon readily form backbones of organic molecules?
unlike other elements, carbon can bond with up to four other atoms.
four main categories of organic molecule
lipid, carbohydrate, proteins, nucleic acids
main function of carbohydrates
made of one or more simple sugars, common sources of dietary energy for animals and a structural component of plants
main function of lipids
all lipids are hydrophobic; can store energy, maintain cell fluidity, or help materials pass through the cell.
main function of proteins
play specific roles in cells and in the body, such as those having to do with transport, antibiotic defense, muscle movement, enzymes, and structure (keratin)
nucleic acids
molecules that serve as hereditary material or interpreters of hereditary material for cell function
monomer of carbohydrates
monosachharides
polymer of carbohydrates
polysaccharides
monomer of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
polymer of lipids
triglyceride
monomer of proteins
amino acids
polymer of proteins
polypeptides
how many kinds of amino acids are there?
20
monosachharide
the building block of carbohydrates.
give two examples of monosaccharides
glucose and frcutose
isomers
molecules that have the same numbers and kinds of atoms but differ in the arrangement of atoms
disaccharide
a double sugar formed by joining two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis reaction
example of a disaccharide
when fructose and glucose react, sucrose is formed.
what organic molecule is an enzyme?
proteins
how do enzymes work and what do they do?
enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required without being changed itself. Almost no chemical reaction occurs without the help of an enzyme.
what part of the enzyme binds to the substrate?
the active site
what are the two nucleic acids?
RNA and DNA
