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Biology 3 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What types of animals belong to the phylum chordate?

A

Mostly vertebrates, with some invertebrates

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2
Q

What sorts of animal groups belong to the phylum chordate?

A

lancelets, tunicates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals.

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3
Q

What four features define a chordate?

A

(In the embryo stage) A hollow nerve cord, a tail, a notochord, and pharyngeal slits

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4
Q

What are the two invertebrate groups that are classified as chordate?

A

lancelets and tunicates

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5
Q

What are Lancelets?

A

small animals that capture food by filtering water through their mouths.

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6
Q

What are tunicates?

A

Tunicates are sessile and feed by filtering seawater

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7
Q

What is an endoskeleton?

A

An internal system of bones.

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8
Q

What is a notochord?

A

A flexible rod that runs along the top side of the back.

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9
Q

what does sessile mean?

A

fixed in one place, immobile

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10
Q

what animal groups are tetrapods?

A

amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

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11
Q

T or F. To be a chordate means that you are also a vertebrate.

A

False. Invertebrates like the tunicates and lancelets are also chordates.

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12
Q

What group were the first vertebrates to evolve?

A

The fishes

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13
Q

When did fish first evolve?

A

540 mya

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14
Q

Humans belong to what domain, kingdom, and phylum?

A

eukaryotes, animals, chordates

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15
Q

nerve cord

A

nervous tissue that develops into the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

True or False: Human embryos have tails.

A

True. this is a feature of all chordates.

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17
Q

The first chordates to speciate were which two groups?

A

the lancelets and tunicates

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18
Q

lancelets and tunicates can be encountered on land. (T or F)

A

False.

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19
Q

True or False. Tunicates and lancelets do not have backbones or skulls.

A

True.

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20
Q

Hagfishes have a spine, but exists only as an evolutionary remnant as an adult. (T or F)

A

True

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21
Q

What are hagfishes used for in human society?

A

They are hunted for fake leather.

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22
Q

What do both lampreys and hagfishes lack?

A

they both lack jaws.

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23
Q

The second major branch of the phylogenetic tree of chordates is the evolution of ________

A

chordates that are vertebrates.

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24
Q

What is the third major evolution in the chordate phylogenetic tree?

A

Chordates with jaws.

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25
Q

What were the first jawed vertebrates to evolve?

A

The cartilaginous fishes.

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26
Q

What is the main feature of all cartilaginous fishes?

A

A flexible backbone made of cartilage.

Also, fins for swimming and a strong tail.

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27
Q

What are two modern cartilaginous fishes?

A

Sharks and stingrays.

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28
Q

The fourth major development in the phylogenetic tree chordate is the development of organisms with ________

A

calcium-hardened bony skeletons.

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29
Q

What are some adaptations of the bony fishes?

A

A protective flap that pushes water over the gills and a swim bladder to maintain buoyancy.

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30
Q

What animal groups have bony skeletons hardened with calcium?

A

Bony fishes, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles.

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31
Q

The majority of fish today are made up of what group?

A

Bony fishes

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32
Q

The fifth major development in the chordates’ phylogenetic tree is the development of _________

A

tetrapods

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33
Q

What animal group were the first tetrapods to evolve?

A

Amphibians

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34
Q

Characteristics of amphibians

A

Must lay eggs in the water, young have gills; adults usually have lungs and legs to move on land, moist skin

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35
Q

examples of modern amphibians

A

frogs, toads, and salamanders

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36
Q

The sixth major evolution of the chordate phylogenetic tree is the evolution of the_______ ___.

A

amniotic egg

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37
Q

What essentially is the environment of an amniotic egg?

A

An aquatic one that allowed creatures (reptiles) to reproduce away from the water.

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38
Q

Who were the first animals to develop the amniotic egg?

A

Reptiles

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39
Q

Main features of reptiles

A

scaly, waterproof skin and the amniotic egg

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40
Q

examples of modern reptiles

A

snakes, turtles, lizards, alligators, and birds

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41
Q

100 million years ago, what group of animals dominated the land?

A

Reptiles

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42
Q

100 mill. years ago, every land animal larger than a dog was a ______.

A

reptile

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43
Q

The final evolution of the chordates’ phylogenetic tree is the evolution of _______.

A

mammals

44
Q

What are two key features of mammals?

A

Mammary glands that produce milk to feed young and hair that provides insulation.

45
Q

What group of animals dominates the modern terrestrial landscape?

A

Mammals.

46
Q

Which lineage was the first to develop jaws?

A

The fish lineage.

47
Q

Modern fishes include what major lineages?

A

The hagfishes, the lampreys, the cartilaginous fishes, and the bony fishes.

48
Q

Are most cartilaginous fishes predators?

A

Yes

49
Q

Examples of bony fishes

A

Barracuda, goldfish, flying gurnard, thorny seahorse, yellow-ribbon sweetlips

50
Q

T or F. All terrestrial vertebrates are tetrapods.

A

True.

51
Q

amnion

A

the innermost membrane that encloses the embryo of a mammal, bird, or reptile.

52
Q

ectotherms

A

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.

53
Q

what animals are ectotherms?

A

most non-bird reptiles

54
Q

endotherm

A

an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat; a warm-blooded animal.

55
Q

are birds endotherms?

A

Yes

56
Q

What adaptations make birds good for flight?

A
  • feathers, which aid in flight and provide insulation and waterproofing
  • strong, light honeycombed bones and powerful breast muscles
57
Q

modern mammals can be divided into what three groups?

A

monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians

58
Q

monotremes

A

the last of the mammals that lay eggs

59
Q

What species of monotremes are the only ones to exist today?

A

The duckbilled platypus and four species of echidna.

60
Q

marsupial

A

a mammal that gives birth to a tiny embryonic offspring that completes its development in its mother’s
pouch, attached to a nipple, after a brief pregnancy

61
Q

Why are most marsupials found in Australia?

A

60 mya, Australia split off from other continents. The isolation from the evolution of later mammal groups allowed marsupials to diversify intensely.

62
Q

characteristics of eutherians

A

offspring are born fully developed after maturing with a placenta, which connects the fetus to the uterine wall. This system allows nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the
mother’s blood
supply.

63
Q

Many mammals are born encased in what?

A

An amniotic sac.

64
Q

Examples of eutherians.

A

dogs, bats, cetaceans (aquatic mammals)

65
Q

Within mammals, humans belong to what group?

A

Primates

66
Q

Characteristics of primates

A

large brains, binocular vision, limber joints, limbs, and digits, complex behaviors, extended parental care.

67
Q

Primates can be divided into two groups, _________ & _________.

A

nonanthropoid and anthropoid

68
Q

Examples of nonanthropoids

A

tarsiers, lemurs, lorises, pottos

69
Q

Examples of anthropoids

A

apes, old world monkeys, new world monkeys

70
Q

The human evolutionary branch, the hominins, split off how many years ago?

A

5 to 7 mya

71
Q

How many species of hominin fossils have been discovered?

A

Around 20

72
Q

Out of the 20 hominin species, how many have survived?

A

1, ours.

73
Q

What was the name of the oldest known hominin to evolve?

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

74
Q

Which hominin was the second to evolve and the earliest to display bipedalism, a key human trait?

A

Australopithecus afarensis

75
Q

“Lucy” was an Australopithecus afarensis (T or F)

A

Tru

76
Q

When did Australopithecus afarensis evolve?

A

3.9 to 2.9 mya

77
Q

The oldest known member of our own genus was a species known as _______.

A

Homo habilis

78
Q

When did homo habilis evolve?

A

2.4 to 1.7 mya

79
Q

What was significant about Homo erectus?

A

It was the first hominin species known to have migrated out of Africa to other continents

80
Q

when did homo erectus evolve?

A

1.8 to 1.3 mya

81
Q

when did Homo neanderthalensis evolve?

A

350,000 to 30,000 years ago

82
Q

True or False: Homo sapiens and Neanderthals were direct relatives.

A

False, but they most likely interbred.

83
Q

How long ago did homo sapiens evolve?

A

200,000 yrs ago

84
Q

Describe homo sapiens’ path of migration away from Africa.

A

From Africa, our species spread into Asia (approximately 50,000 years ago), and then to Europe and Australia.

85
Q

If the history of the world were a 24 hour day, how long before midnight would the genus Homo arrive?

A

34 seconds before midnight

86
Q

Homo sapiens would arrive how long before the stroke of midnight if the world’s history were the length of a full day?

A

Less than four seconds before the stroke of midnight.

87
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of living things found on earth

88
Q

the similarities between domain bacteria and arcahea

A

both are small, single-celled organisms with no nuclei

89
Q

characteristics of archaea

A

prokaryotic, small, simple, inhabit extremes like salty or hot environments

90
Q

where are bacteria found?

A

everywhere that life is found

91
Q

characteristics of domain Eukarya

A

organisms are eukaryotic, which means larger, more complex cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

92
Q

What are the three (mostly agreed upon) known kingdoms of Eukarya?

A

Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and Protist

93
Q

What does the protist category consist of?

A

Organisms that don’t seem to fit under plant, animal, or fungi.

94
Q

Most protists are single-celled. (T or F)

A

True

95
Q

Examples of protists

A

amoebas, paramecium, seaweed

96
Q

True or False, seaweed is a protist.

A

True

97
Q

if animals are consumers, and plants are producers, fungi are _________.

A

decomposers

98
Q

Why are fungi important?

A

Their means of decomposing to get energy recycles chemical nutrients in an ecosystem.

99
Q

examples of fungi

A

mushrooms, truffles (a kind of mushroom) yeast, and molds

100
Q

plants

A

photosynthetic organisms that make sugar using the sun’s energy

101
Q

the first major plant group to evolve

A

the byrophytes

102
Q

byrophyte examples

A

mosses

103
Q

byrophyte characteristics

A

lack vascular tissue, so aren’t very tall, and require water for sperm to circulate, so grow in moist environments

104
Q

second major plant group to evolve

A

ferns

105
Q

fern characteristics

A

seedless, but vascular, could grow taller than mosses. Sperm requires water, so growth happened in moist areas

106
Q

gymnosperms

A

conifers, cone-bearing plants, not fruit-bearing

107
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants

Biology 3 (11 decks)

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