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USH > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Name the candidates for the 1960 election and one fact abut the democratic runner.

A

John F. Kennedy (D)– Catholic, so Protestant Christians feared him in office

Richard Nixon (R)

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2
Q

TV Debates

A

Presidential debates on television used for the first time in the 1960 election

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3
Q

Flexible Response

A

Kennedy’s new military strategy that refused to threaten with the use of nuclear weapons and instead increase conventional forces such as creating the Green Beret

(they still developed nuclear weapons to keep Soviet power in check)

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4
Q

Fidel Castro

A

communist that took over Cuba

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5
Q

Bay of Pigs Invasion

A
  • Cuban exiles’ attempts to stop Fidel Castro
  • invasion of Cuba from the beaches of Florida
  • help from Kennedy canceled last minute
  • failure that made Kennedy pay communists ransom for survivors and kept Castro in power
  • made people mad at Kennedy
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6
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A
  • missiles from Soviets begin to assemble in Cuba
  • Kennedy puts embargo on Cuba
  • Khrushchev told not to enter the water or they will be blasted
  • Khrushchev ignores until he sees Kennedy’s fleet so he tells his ships to return to Russia
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7
Q

Khrushchev

A

Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis

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8
Q

Berlin Wall

A

wall built by Khrushchev to keep east Berlin in not west Berlin out

represented Communist Oppression

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9
Q

Hot Line

A

phone connecting Khrushchev and Kennedy directly to each other

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10
Q

Limited Test Ban Treaty

A

United States and Soviets agree to no testing of nuclear weapons

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11
Q

Berlin Crisis

A

East Berliners fled to West Berlin and brought communist ideals with them but when they left it also hurt the economy that kept changing

Berlin Wall created to solve problem

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12
Q

New Frontier

A

space exploration

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13
Q

space race

A

race to new areas of science in space

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14
Q

NASA

A

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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15
Q

Peace Corps

A

program established by Kennedy that asked young people to go around the world and help countries to assist poverty abroad

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16
Q

How did Kennedy’s assassination happen and in what year?

A

1963; Kennedy arrived in Texas and was riding in an open Limousine with police escorts when shots from an apartment building were fired and hit Kennedy who was then rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead

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17
Q

Lee Harvey Oswald

A

Kennedy’s assassin

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18
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

separate but equal court case

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19
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

laws about segregation

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20
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A

African American man who fought against racism and with a team of law students began to take away Plessy v. Ferguson

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21
Q

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

A

Equal separation doesn’t actually exist

African American girl wasn’t allowed to go to white school that was closer than black school so President Eisenhower allowed her to go and gave her guards

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22
Q

Rosa Parks

A

lady who refused to give up her seat on bus to white person and was arrested

her stance led many people to begin striking bus lines

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23
Q

Martin Luther King, Jr.

A

man who read about Gandhi’s nonviolent resistance and followed his examples

gave the “I Have a Dream Speech”

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24
Q

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

A

nonviolent protest group for civil rights

Ella Baker encourage university to found it

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25
Q

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

A

group that carried on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class citizenship

King and other leaders founded it

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26
Q

Sit-ins

A

African Americans who sat in white chairs at restaurants nonviolently

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27
Q

Freedom Riders

A

Groups of whites and blacks that rode buses through south to seek publicity and test the segregation in the deep south

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28
Q

James Meredith

A

African American that won a court case that allowed him to enroll into a white school but then governor didn’t let him register so President Kennedy sent military escort to help him

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29
Q

Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)

A
  • president that succeeds Kennedy
  • fights for civil rights
  • fights poverty

(Vice President: Hubert Humphrey)

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30
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

act passed by LBJ that prohibited discrimination of any kind anywhere

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31
Q

Selma Campaign

A

Protest march against discrimination for voters that turned extremely violent and grew to 25,000+ and television cameras captured scene and the entire world becomes aware of discrimination problem

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32
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A

Got rid of literacy test that had been for blacks and allowed more voting

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33
Q

Name the two kinds of segregation, what the difference is, and which one is harder to change.

A

De facto segregation: by practice/custom; harder to change because it is a mindset

De jure segregation: by law

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34
Q

Watt Riot

A
  • one of the worst racial riots
  • Watts Street, Los Angeles
  • very violent
  • made people realize Africans wanted economic equality
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35
Q

Nation of Islam

A

group of Black Muslims

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36
Q

Malcolm X

A
  • studied Muhammad’s stuff in prison
  • decided violence is the only way
  • “do whatever it takes for equality” mentality
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37
Q

Who is James Earl Ray and what date in history is he famous for?

A

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assassin on April 3, 1968

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38
Q

Black Power

A

the call for black people to begin to define their own goals and lead their own organizations and avoid the help of whites for fear of provoking others

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39
Q

Black Panthers

A

political party that meant to fight police brutality in ghettos (like Black Lives Matter)

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40
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1968

A

most important civil rights legislation since Reconstruction that ended discrimination in housing which ended de jure segregation

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41
Q

Affirmative action

A

special efforts to enroll or hire discriminated groups that made quotas for whites to be hired

“reverse discrimination”

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42
Q

Name the four presidents in order who were in office during the Vietnam War.

A

Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon

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43
Q

Who ends the Vietnam War and how?

A

Nixon; flies in with helicopter and picks up military and just leaves

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44
Q

Who sent the U.S. military into Vietnam and who increased the amount of soldiers?

A

Ike began the Vietnam War and Kennedy increased the amount of military involvement

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45
Q

Ngo Dinh Diem

A

South Vietnam’s president (anti-communist); very corrupt though so Kennedy orders CIA to mess with him

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46
Q

Ho Chi Minh

A

communist leader of Vietcong that lead attacks on Diem government

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47
Q

Who did the U.S. fight against in the Vietnam War?

A

almost anyone who wasn’t communist (didn’t like Diem though despite him being anti-communist)

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48
Q

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A
  • network of paths along the Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia borders
  • underground paths made it nearly impossible to effectively bomb
  • had been in French control but was left for U.S.
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49
Q

Domino theory

A

Ike’s theory that if one communist country fell then others would follow

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50
Q

Jack Ruby

A

man who killed Lee Harvey Oswald (Kennedy’s assassin)

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51
Q

Warren Commission

A

group that investigated and determined that Lee Harvey Oswald was Kennedy’s assassin

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52
Q

War on Poverty

A

the battle against world poverty where LBJ begins to build up the welfare system (people paid not to work :P)

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53
Q

Economic Opportunity Act (EOA)

A

act that approved nearly $1 billion worth of youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training in an effort to remove property

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54
Q

Great Society

A

LBJ’s vision of a country without poverty or racial injustice

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55
Q

Name the candidates for the 1964 election and one fact about the Republican candidate.

A

Lyndon B. Johnson (D)

Barry Goldwater (R); extremely conservative and merely ran because each party had to have someone rather than that he wanted to win a lot

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56
Q

Medicare

A
  • passed by LBJ

- healthcare for old people with social security

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57
Q

Medicaid

A
  • passed by LBJ

- extended healthcare for any person whose income is less than national poverty rate

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58
Q

Reapportionment

A

the way states redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in them

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59
Q

Miranda rights

A

the rights given to people that are accused of a crime

example: the right to remain silent

60
Q

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

A
  • the closest declaration of war on Vietnam the entire time

- Congress approved LBJ to prevent further aggression from Vietnam

61
Q

U.S.S Maddox

A

ship attacked by North Vietnamese in the Tonkin Gulf

62
Q

Robert McNamara

A

LBJ’s secretary of defense during Vietnam War and eventually resigns

63
Q

Dean Rusk

A

LBJ’s secretary of state

64
Q

William Westmoreland

A

U.S. general during the Vietnam War that fought during the Tet Offensive

65
Q

Napalm bombs

A
  • bombs that clear dense forests by burning

- used in Vietnam War to locate guerrilla soldiers

66
Q

Agent Orange

A

leaf-killing toxic chemical used in the Vietnam War by U.S.

67
Q

Search-and-destroy missions

A

missions that U.S. soldiers would perform that consisted of civilian interrogations, death of livestock to those suspected to have ties with Vietcong, and the burning of villages

68
Q

Draft-selective service system

A

all males had to register to be randomly selected to fight in wars

69
Q

Students for Democratic Society (SDS)

A
  • founded based off of the New Left ideals

- called for a restoration of democracy and greater individual freedoms

70
Q

New Left

A

growing youth movement during the Vietnam War

71
Q

Doves

A

anti-war people during Vietnam

72
Q

Hawks

A

pro-war people during Vietnam

73
Q

Tet Offensive

A
  • huge invasion that overruns capital of south Vietnam and militarily it is a disaster for Vietnam cuz we kill most of them but psychologically it worked for them
  • Americans begin to change ideas about war
74
Q

Walter Cronkite

A
  • man who realizes that U.S. seems to be winning via the Tet Offensive but notices Vietnam has strength to come across border and invade
  • Are we winning or not? he concludes we aren’t winning
75
Q

Clark Clifford

A
  • replaces McNamara under LBJ as secretary of defense

- first of cabinet to doubt USA is winning war and he tells Johnson

76
Q

Name the candidates for the 1968 election and explain how the candidates were chosen.

A

Hubert Humphrey vs. Nixon
-Nixon wins

LBJ announces he won’t be running for president so Eugene McCarthy begins to campaign for democratic spot and does well until Robert Kennedy comes along which begins well but ends with his assassination and then Humphrey, LBJ’s vice president, decides to run and the people chose him

LBJ (D), Eugene McCarthy (D-dove), Robert Kennedy (D), Hubert Humphrey (D), Nixon (R)

77
Q

Hubert Humphrey

A

LBJ’s vice president and losing candidate for presidential election in 1968

78
Q

Democratic Convention in Chicago

A

Democratic convention in Chicago to chose candidate for 1968 election when thousands of anti-war protesters showed up

79
Q

Richard Nixon

A

Republican candidate for president in 1968 and wins

80
Q

Vietnamization

A

Nixon’s plan for gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops in Vietnam War so Vietnamese would rely less on them and fight for themselves

81
Q

Henry Kissinger

A

Nixon’s National Security Adviser and really is the one that ends the war an suggests vietnamization

82
Q

Silent majority

A

group of pro-war people that Nixon appealed to even though they didn’t protest

83
Q

My Lai massacre

A

U.S. soldiers attacked so commander went in and killed all Viatnamese villagers

84
Q

Invasion of Cambodia

A

U.S. movement into Cambodia in an effort to clear out North Vietnamese and Vietcong supply centers

85
Q

Kent State University

A

massive student protest where National Guard called to put out riot at school and somehow National Guard shoots so people get mad at army

86
Q

Pentagon Papers

A

huge document leaked that showed the government wasn’t actually trying to get out of Vietnam and made anti-war people even more mad but didn’t weaken Nixon administration too much

87
Q

The Fall of Saigon

A

cease-fire agreement failed between North V. and South V. and North abruptly invaded south and captured Saigon which led to South Vietnam soon after surrendering to the North

88
Q

War Powers Act

A

stipulated that president must tell Congress within 48 hours pf sending forces into a hostile area without a declaration of war

89
Q

Cesar Chavez

A

man that noticed farm workers in CA were barely paid and given no rights as employees so barely above slaves so he organized them into the UFWOC

90
Q

United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC)

A
  • mostly Hispanic group that went on strike during farming season to be noticed
  • Latinos began to gain political power
  • people realized not just African Americans gain civil rights
91
Q

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A

Group that realized government had made promises about free stuff if they stayed on the reservation and that the government hadn’t paid up so they got attorneys

92
Q

Betty Friedan

A

woman that worked on feminist movement

93
Q

Equal Work Equal Pay

A

rule that people who work the same should get the same

94
Q

Feminism

A

The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

95
Q

National Organization of Women (NOW)

A

pushed for women’s rights such as child care, jobs, etc

96
Q

Gloria Steinem

A

Feminist, journalist, and political activist

97
Q

Roe V. Wade

A

abortion allowed ruling

98
Q

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A

Guaranteed women and men equal rights

99
Q

Counterculture

A

a movement made up of mostly youths that challenged the current culture

(the beginning of hippie vans)

100
Q

The Beatles

A

Music group from England

101
Q

Woodstock

A

famous music festival

Like a counterculture camp meeting

102
Q

New Federalism

A

Nixon’s plan to distribute a portion of federal power to state and local governments

(Government help states by giving back some tax to states)

103
Q

Stagflation

A

Time without inflation or deflation where the economy is stagnant

104
Q

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

A

countries that decided they would raise oil prices cuz they thought they were too low so they decided to stop shipping oil to U.S. so people were only allowed to buy gas on some days

105
Q

Realpolitik

A

Henry Kissinger’s belief to ignore little countries, even if communist, and only worry about the strong ones

106
Q

Detente

A

the relaxation of tensions between world superpowers

107
Q

SALT I Treaty

A

treaty that limited number of intercontinental callistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles with Soviet Union and U.S.

108
Q

Nixon’s trip to China/Moscow

A

He talks to communists even though he is known as the ultimate communist fighter

109
Q

Watergate

A

Building that held Democrat campaign headquarters and there was a burglary with files scattered

110
Q

Plumbers

A

People who were discovered to have carried out the Watergate burglary

111
Q

Committee to Reelect the President (CRP)

A

group that is thought to have come up with breaking into the headquarters but the plumbers actually carried out the act

112
Q

John Sirica

A

Judge over Watergate and was convinced plumbers were working for someone

113
Q

Sam Ervin (or Sam Irving?)

A

Got programs playing and people would listen to them a lot about politics during time of Watergate

114
Q

Nixon Tapes

A

Nixon recorded every conversation that happened in the oval office

They come out and it implicates that Nixon was involved with Watergate but there is an 18 minute gap with someone from Watergate that he was talking to

115
Q

Saturday Night Massacre

A

problem with Nixon tapes came up so Nixon told his attorney general to fire someone but he refused and resigned and when the deputy attorney general refused he was fired by Nixon

116
Q

Impeachment

A

efforts to get rid of president

The charge is from house and then trial is in the senate

117
Q

Nixon Resignation

A

He resigns from presidency before he was impeached

118
Q

Gerald Ford

A
  • first person to become vice president and president without being elected
  • Nixon’s successor
119
Q

Nixon Pardon

A

Gerald Ford pardons Nixon because he wants U.S. to focus on future and not past in the time of tribulation

-good idea but it lost him next election

120
Q

Whip Inflation Now (WIN)

A

Ford decided he wanted to get rid of inflation immediately

121
Q

Name the candidates for the 1976 Presidential Election and explain why the winner won.

A

Jimmy Carter (D) vs. Gerald Ford (R)

Carter wins because he was a peanut farmer and represented small town “power”

122
Q

National Energy Act

A

Carter placed a tax on gas-guzzling cars, removed price controls on oil and gas produced in U.S., and extended tax credits for alternative energy

123
Q

Panama Canal Treaty

A

Roosevelt had built the Panama Canal and the U.S. controlled it until the treaty where the U.S. gave back the canal to Panama control

124
Q

Camp David Accords

A

Intense negotiations for a few days that led to Egypt saying it would allow Israel to exist in harmony

125
Q

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

A

man that led a revolution in Iran and took American hostages and put them on TV and they held them 444 days

Iran and US don’t get along today

126
Q

Earth day

A

environmental awareness day passed by Carter

127
Q

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A

agency given power to regulate environmental research and standards

passed by Nixon

128
Q

Three Mile Island

A

Nuclear plant that released bad stuff and started protest march against nuclear power in Pennsylvania

129
Q

Entitlement programs

A

Provided guaranteed benefits to particular groups

130
Q

New Right

A

Focused energy on getting back to morals cuz of stuff like abortion and other social issues going on

131
Q

Affirmative action

A

policies giving advantages to minorities

132
Q

Reverse discrimination

A

favoring one group over another on the basis of race or gender

133
Q

Berkeley v. Ucalf

A

Black man denied admission to medical school even though he was smarter

Court case against reverse discrimination

134
Q

Moral Majority

A

Christians who say country is out of control so morals need to come back

135
Q

Name the candidates 1980 election

A 
Jimmy Carter (D) vs. Ronald Reagan (R)
Reagan wins
136
Q

Reagonomics

A

Reagan’s philosophy of three parts:

  • Budget cuts
  • Tax cuts
  • Increased defense spending
137
Q

Supply-side economics

A

the theory that if you have wealthy people and help them stay wealthy then it will eventually trickle down to poor people

138
Q

Stars Wars

A

Reagan’s preparation for fighting on earth and in space (missiles not aliens… dang it)

officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

139
Q

Sandra Day O’Connor

A

first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court

140
Q

Deregulation

A

the removing of regulations

141
Q

Clarence Thomas/Anita Hill

A

Clarence Thomas was to take over Thurgood Marshall’s position and was appointed but was accused of sexually harassing Anita Hill so debate went up about that

142
Q

Sally Ride

A

First lady astronaut

143
Q

Christa McAuliffe

A

Rides on Challenger that blows up

144
Q

Name the candidates of the 1984 Presidential Election and the vice president of the democratic party and why they were important?

A

Walter Mondale (D) vs. Ronald Reagan (R)

Walter Mondale’s vice was Geraldine Ferraro and she was the first woman to run for vice president

Reagan wins

145
Q

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)

A

a virus that destroyed the immune system and caused from bodily fluid contamination or sexual interactions

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