final!

Question 1

aggression

Answer 1

physical and verbal behavior intended to cause harm

intention for immediate consequences

Question 2

hostile aggression

Answer 2

driven by anger and performed as an end itself, reactive aggression

Question 3

instrumental aggression

Answer 3

intended to harm as a means to another goal

Question 4

Instinct Theory

Answer 4

aggression is an innate, unlearned behavior, seen in all species, people have aggressive behavior inside that must be released

Question 5

Neural Influences

Answer 5

certain parts of the brain are responsible for aggression, particularly the limbic system (amygdala)

Question 6

biochemical influences

Answer 6

alcohol and drugs, testosterone

higher testosterone = less pleased with life

Question 7

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Answer 7

frustration triggers a readiness to aggress, sometimes tend to displace hostility to a safer target

Question 8

Frustration-Aggression Theory, revised

Answer 8

frustration causes anger, which causes aggression

Question 9

relative deprivation

Answer 9

perception that one is less well-off than others

happiness tends to be lower, crime rates higher in communities and nations with large income inequality

Question 10

social learning theory

Answer 10

we reward aggressive behavior

Question 11

observational learning

Answer 11

physical punishment and aggression are related, disciplining children with physical punishment teaches children how to punish bad behavior

Question 12

aversive incidents

Answer 12

heat, pain, crowding cause aggression

Question 13

gender and aggression

Answer 13

females and males are equally aggressive, but the difference is in direct or indirect aggression choices

Question 14

aggression cues

Answer 14

influence affect, behavior, cognition

ex: having guns nearby

Question 15

media influences on aggression

Answer 15

People that saw sexually violent video had rape myth increase
Showing neutral, erotic, and aggressive erotic film to men, then have them teach nonsense syllables to learners in shock paradigm (Milgram)
Viewers of aggressive erotic films administered greater, longer shocks in comparison to the other group of people, but only toward women
Minorities are virtually absent (on TV) and when they do show up, they are often victims or criminals

Question 16

media’s effects on behavior

Answer 16

Huesmann TV study:
Evaluated on desire to be like TV character, judgment of real-ness, aggressive behavior
Early childhood exposure to TV violence predicted aggressive behavior for both males and females 15 years later
Identification with same-sex TV characters and perception that violence is realistic also predicted adult aggression in adulthood

Question 17

essay question - effects of video games - character identification

Answer 17

Teenage boys played realistic violent and non-realistic, non-violent video games
Random assignment, each boy only played one game
Boys rated how much they identified with the game character, how realistic the game was, and how immersive the game was
Could blast noise to their partner, told that a certain level would cause the other person to lose their hearing
The more people identified with a violent video game, the louder they would blast the noise (higher aggression level)
The more people identified with a nonviolent game character, the quieter they would blast the noise (lower aggression level)
Conclusion: playing violent video games causes aggression behavior

Question 18

essay question - effects of video games - response to fight

Answer 18

Boys played a violent or nonviolent video game for 20 minutes
Heard a staged fight outside
Researchers measured whether or not they helped in the fight, how long they took to help
Participants rated how serious they thought the fight was
People were more likely to help if they had been playing a nonviolent video game
Time before helping was much longer for those that played the violent video game
Non-violent video game people perceived the fight as more serious

Question 19

group influences

Answer 19

diffusion of responsibility increases with distance and with numbers

Question 20

social contagion

Answer 20

groups magnify aggressive tendencies

Question 21

catharsis theory

Answer 21

watching violence allows one to release pent-up energy

Question 22

social learning approach to aggression

Answer 22

In experiments, children become less aggressive when caregivers ignore their aggressive behavior and reinforce their nonaggressive behavior
Punishment: aversive behavior because it models the behavior it seeks to prevent

Question 23

intro to chapter 11

Answer 23

Satisfy the need to belong with autonomy and competence
Ostracized people exhibit heightened activity in a brain cortex area that also activates in response to physical pain
Ostracism’s social pain increases aggression

Question 24

proximity

Answer 24

best predictor for friendship is physical proximity

Question 25

functional distance

Answer 25

how often people's paths cross

Question 26

mere exposure

Answer 26

if you're exposed to something multiple times, your attitude toward that thing becomes more favorable

Question 27

physical attractiveness

Answer 27

attractiveness is the best predictor of how often women date, but the physical attractiveness didn't predict how often men date

Question 28

complementarity

Answer 28

people are attracted to those whose needs are complementary to their own

Question 29

matching phenomenon

Answer 29

liking those who like us | dissimilarity in physical attractiveness increases the risk of breaking up

Question 30

reward theory of attraction

Answer 30

people are attracted to those that provide some reward

Question 31

passionate love

Answer 31

a state of intense longing for union with another

Question 32

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 32

arousal x its label = emotion you experience something, interpret the experience, then identify the emotion ambiguous arousal can be translated into an emotional state

Question 33

companionate love

Answer 33

intimacy + commitment | the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined

Question 34

fatuous love

Answer 34

passion + commitment

Question 35

romantic love

Answer 35

intimacy + passion

Question 36

the power of persuasive eyewitnesses

Answer 36

Jurors believe confident eyewitness | Less details is probably the more accurate eyewitness

Question 37

when eyes deceive

Answer 37

Eyewitnesses are more confident than correct Jurors find confident witnesses more believable Those exhibiting the most emotion in the London Dungeon’s Horror Labyrinth made the most mistakes in identifying someone they had encountered We are most at risk for false recollections made with high confidence with faces of another race

Question 38

misinformation effect

Answer 38

incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

Question 39

retelling

Answer 39

retelling events commits people to their recollections, accurate or not

Question 40

reducing error in court

Answer 40

Train place interviewers to not ask leading questions, ask for open-ended answers Minimize false lineup identifications - Put similar people in a lineup - Show them a sequence of people instead of them all at once Educate jurors

Question 41

the defendant's characteristics

Answer 41

beautiful people seem like good people | similarity to jurors also influences liking

Question 42

reactance

Answer 42

a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom, arises when someone threatens our sense of freedom ex: a judge orders that a testimony be ignored

Question 43

jury selection

Answer 43

jurors should understand instructions and statistical information

Question 44

"death-qualified" jurors

Answer 44

How does it affect the court system? Does it prevent time or is it a deterrent? Most murders are crimes of passion, they aren't thinking of the death sentence

Question 45

essay question on persuasion

Answer 45

- showed 2 different videos of Obama - independent variable: the video showed (neutral or humorous) - dependent variable: if their opinions changed or not on Obama politically (Is he a good politician? Is he a good person? Do you agree with his immigration policies?) - people that watched humorous videos rated higher than those that watched neutral videos - 2 routes of persuasion: central and peripheral

Question 46

essay question on weapon cue effect

Answer 46

- you are more likely to be aggressive when you are just around a weapon - study with truck that had a gun and an aggressive sticker - when truck was stalled at a light, people were more likely to honk and be aggressive - more people honked when there was an aggressive sticker "vengeance" - less people honked when sticker was neutral

Question 47

essay question - social rejection and eating behavior

Answer 47

- group of people that were offered either fattening food or a healthier choice - the ones that were socially accepted took the healthier food, people that were socially rejected took the more fattening choice - independent variable: either rejected or accepted - dependent variable: what they chose to eat (healthy or unhealthy)