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PSYCH 350 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of behaviors
affect, behavior, cognition

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2
Q

social influences shaping our behavior

A

we adapt to our context

our cultures help define our situations

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3
Q

social behavior is biologically rooted

A

our inherited human nature predisposes us to behave in ways that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce
goal: to perpetuate our DNA

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4
Q

not-so-obvious ways values enter psychology

A

science is subjective based on culture

sometimes scientists may put labels on people as if they’re facts, but they’re really making value judgments

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5
Q

hindsight bias

A

after finding out the results, you think, “oh I knew it all along” / “that’s common sense”

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6
Q

correlational research

A

detecting natural associations
how much two or more variables are related to each other
quantified with r from -1.0 (opposite correlation) to 1.0 (exact correlation)

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7
Q

experimental research

A

searching for cause and effect

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8
Q

independent variable

A

involves manipulation

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that you’re observing how it changes when you manipulate the independent variable

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10
Q

mundane realism

A

measure of external validity

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11
Q

experimental realism

A

the extent to which situations created in social psychology experiments are real and impactful to participants

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12
Q

demand characteristics

A

subtle cues that make the participant aware of what the experimenter expects to find

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13
Q

random assignment

A

how you manipulate the variable

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14
Q

random sampling

A

how you gather your population

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15
Q

looking glass self

A

how other perceive you influences who you think you are (ex: I am kind because others tell me I’m kind)—seeing ourselves at center stage

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16
Q

spotlight effect

A

others are paying less attention to your behavior than you think they are

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17
Q

illusion of transparency

A

the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

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18
Q

self-schemas

A

beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

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19
Q

possible selves

A

images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future

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20
Q

self-esteem

A

sense of self-worth

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21
Q

humanistic theory

A

if real self and ideal self are completely aligned, then there is no mental illness—if they are discrepant, mental illness occurs

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22
Q

self-knowledge

A

How can I explain and predict myself?

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23
Q

individualism

A

being unique and different, self-reliance, emphasis on exchange and competition, emphasis on confidence, tend to be more liberal—only 15% of the world population

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24
Q

collectivism

A

being part of a group, group identity, social and norms are defined by the group, high regard to authority, tend to be more conservative, more modest

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25
Q

interdependent self

A

measure of individualism and collectivism

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26
Q

independent self-concept

A

self is separate from people around you

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27
Q

interdependent self-concept

A

(part of a collectivistic group) your self-concept is connected to your relationships with other people in your social circle

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28
Q

impact bias

A

overestimation the emotional impact of a future event

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29
Q

immune neglect

A

unawareness or underestimation of one’s tendency to cope with negative events

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30
Q

planning fallacy

A

tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

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31
Q

affect forecasting

A

asking people how they would feel if a particular event happened to them

32
Q

narcissism

A

high narcissism + high self-esteem = high aggression

33
Q

high non-fluctuating self esteem

A

most depressed

34
Q

self-efficacy

A

a sense that one is competent and effective

very related to job and academic achievement

35
Q

perceived self-control

A

we try to control our environments, we like to feel in-control

36
Q

learned helplessness

A

no matter what I do, I’ll be punished, so I might as well stay here (dog experiment)

37
Q

belief in a just world

A

“If I study hard, I will get an A.”

can cause us to blame the victim

38
Q

internal locus of control

A

rewards and punishments are produced by their own actions

39
Q

external locus of control

A

rewards and punishments are independent of what they do, not the result of effort

40
Q

self-serving bias

A

we perceive ourselves favorably

we associate ourselves with success but distance ourselves from failure (internal vs. external locus of control)

41
Q

unrealistic optimism

A

increases our vulnerability

believing ourselves immune to misfortune

42
Q

defensive pessimist

A

a pessimistic idea becomes the motivation to study more

43
Q

false consensus effect/bias

A

on the matter of opinion, people tend to overestimate the proportion of people that will agree with us

44
Q

false uniqueness effect/bias

A

on the matter of ability, we underestimate the proportion of persons that share our skills

45
Q

false modesty

A

putting down oneself or building up another person but not really meaning it

46
Q

self-handicapping

A

protecting one’s self-image by deliberately sabotaging oneself
protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that become a handy excuse for later failure (ex: athletes and alcohol)

47
Q

study with drugs to increase IQ

A

65% of the high score group took the decrease drug

25% of the low score group took the decrease drug

48
Q

self-presentation

A

the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals

49
Q

self-monitoring

A

being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression

50
Q

priming

A

perceiving and interpreting events, activation of certain associations in memory

51
Q

embodied cognition

A

the mutual influence of bodily sensations on social judgment (ex: holding a warm drink causes people to treat others more warmly)

52
Q

media views

A

people think that the media is biased against their view

53
Q

Kruger and Denning study

A

participants who score at the bottom of grammar, logic, and humor tend to be overconfident of such skills

54
Q

reconstruction

A

constructing the feeling of your memories to match your present feeling

55
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to search for information that confirms one’s perceptions

56
Q

counterregulation effect

A

what the heck effect w/milkshakes

57
Q

overconfidence phenomenon

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

58
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts

59
Q

representative heuristic

A

quick judgment of whether someone fits a category (ex: Prof Y)

60
Q

availability heuristic

A

quick judgment based on the immediate example that comes to their mind

61
Q

counterfactual thinking

A

imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t
“what if?”
the more significant and unlikely the event, the more intense the counterfactual thinking

62
Q

illusory correlation

A

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

63
Q

belief perseverence

A

once we have decided that we believe something, we tend to keep believing it, even in the face of disconforming evidence

64
Q

illusion of control

A

tendency for humans to believe that they can control outcomes that they really have no influence on whatsoever (ex: athletes not washing socks)

65
Q

dispositional attribution

A

attributing someone’s behavior to an internal characteristic (ex: she’s lazy)

66
Q

situational attribution

A

attributing someone’s behavior to an external characteristic (ex: her parents didn’t take care of her)

67
Q

misattribution

A

mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

68
Q

the fundamental attribution error

A

our tendency to underestimate situational influence and overestimate dispositional influence on others’ behavior

69
Q

Why do we make the fundamental attribution error?

A 
actor/observer difference/perspective
self-fulfilling prophecy
camera perspective bias
self-awareness
cultural differences
70
Q

actor/observer difference/perspective

A

when we act, the situation is the situation of our attention, but when other people act, they are the center of our attention

71
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

video w/kids getting smarter when teachers thought they would (climate factor, input factor, response opportunity factor, feedback factor)

72
Q

camera perspective bias

A

when the camera is focused on a subject, people think they are honest
when the camera is focused on the detective, people think the subject is being forced to confess

73
Q

self-awareness

A

leads to self-consciousness (internal attribution) rather than situational consciousness

74
Q

cultural differences (fundamental attribution error)

A

Americans (individualistic people) do more personal attributions
Indians (collectivistic people) do more situational attributions
increases with age

75
Q

behavior =

A

f(personality x environment) [Kurt Lewin]

76
Q

misinformation effect

A

integrating misinformation into one’s memory after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

PSYCH 350 (4 decks)

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