Final Flashcards
What are the most common causes of death?
Cardiovascular disease, cancers, strokes, chronic lung disease, unintentional accidents, suicides
Name the 2 frames of health communication .
Gain frame and loss frame
Gain Frame
Emphasizes benefits associated with behaving a certain way
Ex. Health promoting behavior, risk averse
Loss Frame
Emphasizes cost associated with not behaving this way
Ex. Illness detection behaviors, risk seeking
Mouth Rinse Study
Gain and Loss Frame; slide 18-21 on health communications
Approach-orientation
People who actively seek out positive and good things: gain frame
“When I see an opportunity for something I like, I get excited right away”
Avoidance-orientated
People who actively try to avoid negative things: loss frame
“I worry about making mistakes”
Message Framing and Type of Person Study
Approach and Avoidance people; slide 26-30 of health communications
Paradox of Personal Relevance
The people that relate to the information the most are the least likely to accept it
Self Affirmation Theory
The goal of the self system is to maintain global self integrity
How do people respond to threading health information?
- Change their health behavior
- Deny the health information
- Affirm the self in alternative domain
- family, religion
Reducing Defensiveness I Study
- Affirmation essay or not
- Watch video about AIDS in young people
- Measure risk for HIV and whether they take condoms
Results: affirmed people reported feeling more at risk for HIV, twice as likely to buy condoms
Slide 35-36 of health communications
Reducing Defensiveness II Study
- Affirm self or not
- Read threatening coffee article
- Measures acceptance of information and intentions to change behavior
Results: Affirmed coffee drinkers more likely to accept risk, more likely to intend to change behavior
Effective interventions are based on _____
Theory
Scare Tactics
Intended tomaniplate public opinion about a particular issue by arousing fear or alarm; does not work
Effective interventions target _______ and appropriate levels
Multiple; individual, couple, family, community
Effective interventions are usually intense in ____ and _____
Larger size results in larger changes, more likely to lead to sustained behavior change
Stanford 5-city study
Slide 9 in behavior change
D.A.R.E study
Slide 10-11 behavior change
Active Peer Pressure
An actual demand; not so common
Ex. Have a drink or you are a loser
Passive Peer Pressure
Internalized norm, very common
Ex. You noticed that the cool kids are drinking
Effective interventions target people who are ___________ at ______
Don’t miss people who ARE at risk even if it’s hard to find them
Don’t target people who are NOT at risk even if they are right in front of you
Effective interventions are tailored to the ________
Understandable language, relatable interveners
American Legacy Foundation
Slide 19-22 anti smoking
Effective interventions keep ____ and ______ prevention distinct
Primary: keep someone from starting something unhealthy/getting illness
Secondary: intervening early to stop a behavior before it gets worse/reduce the damage an illness causes
Do abstinence pledges work?
Slide 25 in behavior change
Effective interventions are ______
Slide 29 behavior change
Effective interventions are appropriate for individuals levels of readiness to _____
Slide 30 in behavior change
Preventing Teen Pregnancy
Baby stimulator programs: virtual infant parenting of a realistic child (13-15 yo)
Free long term birth control: IUDs or implants
Name the 5 Behavior change models
- Health belief model
- Theory of planned behavior
- Diffusion of innovations model
- Stages of change model
- Self regulation models/strategies
Health belief model
- Belief that there is a health threat
2. Belief that a behavior can reduce threat
Health belief model study
HBM interventions: 40% had a mammogram in the next 6 months
Control group: 17%
Theory of planned behavior
Attitudes are a function of: beliefs about the outcome of an action, evaluation of the outcome
Norms are a functions of: perception of other’s support, motivation to comply with others’ wishes
Perceived behavioral control
An individual’s belief in her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce a certain outcome
Diffusion of Innovation model
Knowledge, persuasion, behavior change, confirmation
- opinion leaders: influence others decision
Diffusion of Innovation Model Study
- Identify opinion leaders
- Train opinion leaders
- how to share safe sex - Opinion leaders spread the word
Results: unsafe sex decreased by 30% in this approach no change in control towns
Stages of change model
PCPAM:
- Pre contemplation: person does not recognize the problem
- Contemplation: seriously considering the possibility of change
- Preparation: making a commitment to change
- Action: modifying behavior for 3-6 months
- Maintenance: modifying lifestyle to avoid relapse (6+ months)
Self regulation models
The process that people use to set, pursue, and attain goals
Self Regulation Strategies
- Prospective strategies
- Automated strategies
- Reconstrual strategies
- Effortful inhabition of temptation
Prospective strategies
Think of a challenge that might come up them commit to a will help avoid the problem
Automated strategies
Making something into a habit by pairing it with repeated behavior
- Implementation Intentions
Implementation intentions
If-then plans for doing a particular behavior in a particular behavior in a particular context
“If I am in line at the snack bar, then I will order an apple.”
Implementation intentions study
- List ways you can overcome a barrier
- Form into implementation intentions
Ex. If I am going on a date, then I will put a condom in my purse
Results: pregnancy rates 40% lower for 2 years
Reconstrual strategies
Cool construal: abstract, distance, high-level, rational
- effective for self control
Ex. Candy has lots of calories and c an lead to weight gain
Hot construal: concrete, immediate, low-level, emotional
- less effective for self control
Ex. This chocolate is caramel and yummy, makes me happy when I eat it
Effortful Inhibition of Temptation
Using willpower to resist something you want
Fails often
Ice cream diet study I
The eating of non dieters is influenced by hunger than by cognitive, social or emotional factors
- Doesn’t matter if they’re: stressed, if another is in the room, after a preload
Ice Cream Study II
The eating of dieters is influenced by hunger than by cognitive, social or emotional factors than by hunger
- eat more if they’re: stressed, if another is in the room, after a preload
Development and Eating
Amount of calories eaten at particular meals from day to day : highly variable
Amount of calories eaten per day from day to day: highly stable
Conclusion: children regulate their intake by day
What determines what people eat
Parents decide: what foods to offer, when meals will occur, where
Kids decide: how much to eat, whether to eat at all
Semi starvation study
WWII slide 25-30; even though they were eating they were still hinge this continued after a year of study
Name some psychological effects of starvation
Obsession with food Eating rituals Weak Tired Irritable No self control Apathetic
Effects on exercise on health
Average weight loss 7 pounds
58 obese subjects exercise 5 times a week for 12 weeks burned 500 calories
Overall benefits of exercise
Improves: heart rate, blood pressure, waist circumference
Beta waves
Awake
High frequency
Low voltage
Alpha waves
Awake, but relaxed getting ready for bed
Higher voltage
More regular
Sleep stage 1
Transitional stage
Theta brain waves
Lasts from 10 seconds to 10 minutes
Sleep stage 2
Theta waves
Sleep spindles
Lasts 10-20 minutes
Beginning of actual sleep
Stage 3 sleep
Theta and delta
Sleep Stage 4
Only delta waves
Deepest stage of sleep
Important for: restoration and growth
Immune functioning
Stage 5 REM
Rapid eye movement
Paradoxical sleep
Memory storage and retention, learning, organization
Physical consequences of sleep and deprivation
Drowsiness Colds and sleep Weight gain Heart disease Poor athletic performance
Psychological consequences of sleep and deprivation
Worsens mood
Increased stress and anxiety
Reduced mental functioning
Memory problems
Sleep hygiene
Promotion of good sleep habits and regular sleep
Mortality
Females are healthier
Life span, death rates, causes
Morbidity
Disability, hospital usage, physician visits
Sources of biological differences
- Hormone differences (cardiovascular system)
- Recessive X chromosome disorders (hemophilia)
- Different parts (testicular or prostate cancer)
Men vs women
Social support, stress, social roles
Social support: women have more
Stress: women=men?
Social roles: women approach, men avoidant
What illnesses are found late in women
Heart disease, HIV
Women die from this because they thing it’s a man’s diseases
Longitudinal studies of aging stereotypes
People with negative views of aging:
- did worse on hearing tests
- less likely to engage in preventative health behaviors
- died sooner
