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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the most common causes of death?

A

Cardiovascular disease, cancers, strokes, chronic lung disease, unintentional accidents, suicides

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2
Q

Name the 2 frames of health communication .

A

Gain frame and loss frame

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3
Q

Gain Frame

A

Emphasizes benefits associated with behaving a certain way

Ex. Health promoting behavior, risk averse

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4
Q

Loss Frame

A

Emphasizes cost associated with not behaving this way

Ex. Illness detection behaviors, risk seeking

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5
Q

Mouth Rinse Study

A

Gain and Loss Frame; slide 18-21 on health communications

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6
Q

Approach-orientation

A

People who actively seek out positive and good things: gain frame
“When I see an opportunity for something I like, I get excited right away”

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7
Q

Avoidance-orientated

A

People who actively try to avoid negative things: loss frame

“I worry about making mistakes”

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8
Q

Message Framing and Type of Person Study

A

Approach and Avoidance people; slide 26-30 of health communications

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9
Q

Paradox of Personal Relevance

A

The people that relate to the information the most are the least likely to accept it

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10
Q

Self Affirmation Theory

A

The goal of the self system is to maintain global self integrity

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11
Q

How do people respond to threading health information?

A
  1. Change their health behavior
  2. Deny the health information
  3. Affirm the self in alternative domain
    - family, religion
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12
Q

Reducing Defensiveness I Study

A
  1. Affirmation essay or not
  2. Watch video about AIDS in young people
  3. Measure risk for HIV and whether they take condoms
    Results: affirmed people reported feeling more at risk for HIV, twice as likely to buy condoms
    Slide 35-36 of health communications
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13
Q

Reducing Defensiveness II Study

A
  1. Affirm self or not
  2. Read threatening coffee article
  3. Measures acceptance of information and intentions to change behavior
    Results: Affirmed coffee drinkers more likely to accept risk, more likely to intend to change behavior
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14
Q

Effective interventions are based on _____

A

Theory

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15
Q

Scare Tactics

A

Intended tomaniplate public opinion about a particular issue by arousing fear or alarm; does not work

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16
Q

Effective interventions target _______ and appropriate levels

A

Multiple; individual, couple, family, community

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17
Q

Effective interventions are usually intense in ____ and _____

A

Larger size results in larger changes, more likely to lead to sustained behavior change

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18
Q

Stanford 5-city study

A

Slide 9 in behavior change

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19
Q

D.A.R.E study

A

Slide 10-11 behavior change

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20
Q

Active Peer Pressure

A

An actual demand; not so common

Ex. Have a drink or you are a loser

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21
Q

Passive Peer Pressure

A

Internalized norm, very common

Ex. You noticed that the cool kids are drinking

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22
Q

Effective interventions target people who are ___________ at ______

A

Don’t miss people who ARE at risk even if it’s hard to find them
Don’t target people who are NOT at risk even if they are right in front of you

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23
Q

Effective interventions are tailored to the ________

A

Understandable language, relatable interveners

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24
Q

American Legacy Foundation

A

Slide 19-22 anti smoking

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25
Q

Effective interventions keep ____ and ______ prevention distinct

A

Primary: keep someone from starting something unhealthy/getting illness
Secondary: intervening early to stop a behavior before it gets worse/reduce the damage an illness causes

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26
Q

Do abstinence pledges work?

A

Slide 25 in behavior change

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27
Q

Effective interventions are ______

A

Slide 29 behavior change

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28
Q

Effective interventions are appropriate for individuals levels of readiness to _____

A

Slide 30 in behavior change

29
Q

Preventing Teen Pregnancy

A

Baby stimulator programs: virtual infant parenting of a realistic child (13-15 yo)
Free long term birth control: IUDs or implants

30
Q

Name the 5 Behavior change models

A
  1. Health belief model
  2. Theory of planned behavior
  3. Diffusion of innovations model
  4. Stages of change model
  5. Self regulation models/strategies
31
Q

Health belief model

A
  1. Belief that there is a health threat

2. Belief that a behavior can reduce threat

32
Q

Health belief model study

A

HBM interventions: 40% had a mammogram in the next 6 months

Control group: 17%

33
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

Attitudes are a function of: beliefs about the outcome of an action, evaluation of the outcome
Norms are a functions of: perception of other’s support, motivation to comply with others’ wishes

34
Q

Perceived behavioral control

A

An individual’s belief in her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce a certain outcome

35
Q

Diffusion of Innovation model

A

Knowledge, persuasion, behavior change, confirmation

- opinion leaders: influence others decision

36
Q

Diffusion of Innovation Model Study

A
  1. Identify opinion leaders
  2. Train opinion leaders
    - how to share safe sex
  3. Opinion leaders spread the word
    Results: unsafe sex decreased by 30% in this approach no change in control towns
37
Q

Stages of change model

A

PCPAM:

  1. Pre contemplation: person does not recognize the problem
  2. Contemplation: seriously considering the possibility of change
  3. Preparation: making a commitment to change
  4. Action: modifying behavior for 3-6 months
  5. Maintenance: modifying lifestyle to avoid relapse (6+ months)
38
Q

Self regulation models

A

The process that people use to set, pursue, and attain goals

39
Q

Self Regulation Strategies

A
  1. Prospective strategies
  2. Automated strategies
  3. Reconstrual strategies
  4. Effortful inhabition of temptation
40
Q

Prospective strategies

A

Think of a challenge that might come up them commit to a will help avoid the problem

41
Q

Automated strategies

A

Making something into a habit by pairing it with repeated behavior
- Implementation Intentions

42
Q

Implementation intentions

A

If-then plans for doing a particular behavior in a particular behavior in a particular context
“If I am in line at the snack bar, then I will order an apple.”

43
Q

Implementation intentions study

A
  1. List ways you can overcome a barrier
  2. Form into implementation intentions
    Ex. If I am going on a date, then I will put a condom in my purse
    Results: pregnancy rates 40% lower for 2 years
44
Q

Reconstrual strategies

A

Cool construal: abstract, distance, high-level, rational
- effective for self control
Ex. Candy has lots of calories and c an lead to weight gain
Hot construal: concrete, immediate, low-level, emotional
- less effective for self control
Ex. This chocolate is caramel and yummy, makes me happy when I eat it

45
Q

Effortful Inhibition of Temptation

A

Using willpower to resist something you want

Fails often

46
Q

Ice cream diet study I

A

The eating of non dieters is influenced by hunger than by cognitive, social or emotional factors
- Doesn’t matter if they’re: stressed, if another is in the room, after a preload

47
Q

Ice Cream Study II

A

The eating of dieters is influenced by hunger than by cognitive, social or emotional factors than by hunger
- eat more if they’re: stressed, if another is in the room, after a preload

48
Q

Development and Eating

A

Amount of calories eaten at particular meals from day to day : highly variable
Amount of calories eaten per day from day to day: highly stable
Conclusion: children regulate their intake by day

49
Q

What determines what people eat

A

Parents decide: what foods to offer, when meals will occur, where
Kids decide: how much to eat, whether to eat at all

50
Q

Semi starvation study

A

WWII slide 25-30; even though they were eating they were still hinge this continued after a year of study

51
Q

Name some psychological effects of starvation

A 
Obsession with food
Eating rituals 
Weak
Tired
Irritable 
No self control
Apathetic
52
Q

Effects on exercise on health

A

Average weight loss 7 pounds

58 obese subjects exercise 5 times a week for 12 weeks burned 500 calories

53
Q

Overall benefits of exercise

A

Improves: heart rate, blood pressure, waist circumference

54
Q

Beta waves

A

Awake
High frequency
Low voltage

55
Q

Alpha waves

A

Awake, but relaxed getting ready for bed
Higher voltage
More regular

56
Q

Sleep stage 1

A

Transitional stage
Theta brain waves
Lasts from 10 seconds to 10 minutes

57
Q

Sleep stage 2

A

Theta waves
Sleep spindles
Lasts 10-20 minutes
Beginning of actual sleep

58
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

Theta and delta

59
Q

Sleep Stage 4

A

Only delta waves
Deepest stage of sleep
Important for: restoration and growth
Immune functioning

60
Q

Stage 5 REM

A

Rapid eye movement
Paradoxical sleep
Memory storage and retention, learning, organization

61
Q

Physical consequences of sleep and deprivation

A 
Drowsiness 
Colds and sleep
Weight gain
Heart disease
Poor athletic performance
62
Q

Psychological consequences of sleep and deprivation

A

Worsens mood
Increased stress and anxiety
Reduced mental functioning
Memory problems

63
Q

Sleep hygiene

A

Promotion of good sleep habits and regular sleep

64
Q

Mortality

A

Females are healthier

Life span, death rates, causes

65
Q

Morbidity

A

Disability, hospital usage, physician visits

66
Q

Sources of biological differences

A
  1. Hormone differences (cardiovascular system)
  2. Recessive X chromosome disorders (hemophilia)
  3. Different parts (testicular or prostate cancer)
67
Q

Men vs women

Social support, stress, social roles

A

Social support: women have more
Stress: women=men?
Social roles: women approach, men avoidant

68
Q

What illnesses are found late in women

A

Heart disease, HIV

Women die from this because they thing it’s a man’s diseases

69
Q

Longitudinal studies of aging stereotypes

A

People with negative views of aging:

  • did worse on hearing tests
  • less likely to engage in preventative health behaviors
  • died sooner

Health Psychology (3 decks)

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