final Flashcards
effect of smoking on prenatal development
low birth weight, miscarriage, cleft lip
methylation
a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression
chaos
gives children a sense of powerlessness engendering anxiety and low self esteem. stability has many positive effects such as enhanced language development and academic achievement while reducing many negative behaviors such as sexual risk taking and alcohol/drug abuse.
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
studied how culture is transferred from one generation to the next. Children develop cognitively by the activities that they are taught by adults in their particular culture. These activities influence how they think.
percent of births that are to single mothers
40%
maternal depression
attachment difficulties, delayed motor development,
paternal derpression
aggression, over reactivity, pessimistic world view
low birth weight
stroke, heart disease, diabetes
high birth weight
breast, prostate, and other cancers
anoxia
brain injury, poor language and cognitive skills
birth trauma
if trauma is severe, long term difficulties increase in likelihood, but if trauma is mild, effects of trauma is minimal if child is reared in a sensitive and caring family
preterm infants
higher risk of parental abuse, brain abnormalities
affluence
affluent youth’s are more likely to have high levels of anxiety and depression than their low ses counterparts
cohort effect
short fall of longitudinal research design because it studies subjects living in a particular zeitgeist that influences them in ways that make the results of the study ungeneralizable
positives of longitudinal studies
permits study of:
common patterns
individual differences
relationships between in earlier and later behaviors
negatives of longitudinal studies
cohort effect
practice effect
biased sampling
selective attrition
positives for cross sectional studies
more efficient than longitudinal
negatives for cross sectional studies
no study of individual development
cohort effects
assimilation
we use current schemes to interpret the external world
accomodation
we create new schemes or adjust old ones when we discover that the way we currently see the world does not seem to fit the environment`
organization
infant creates new schemes, rearranges old ones, connects different schemes together without directly interacting with the environment
adaptation
learning new schemes through direct interaction with the environment
Piaget’s theories
Sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
trust vs mistrust
completely meeting a child’s needs in a warm manner fosters trust. If not done child can develop into an adult that is independent and struggles with intimacy.
autonomy vs shame and doubt
parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices
what is prominent in preoperational stage
egocentric thinking
Sensorimotor activity and what it gives way to in early childhood
mental representation
deficiency in concrete operatoinal stage
abstract thought
central executive
part of information processing model that controls what is paid attention to and selects, applies, and monitors mental strategies
what you are are sensing without paying attention to
sensory register
drawback of information processing model
unable to put it into a comprehensive theory
a not b search error
tests object permanence.
Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development
complex mental activities originate from social interaction
zone of proximal development
within the child’s range of mastery
scaffolding
adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance
secure attatchment
parent used as a secure base. Parents are emotionally attuned, accurately provided for needs, responded sensitively, and consistently
avoidant
emotionally unresponsive to parent. Not distressed when she leaves. Mom causes anxiety and is overstimulating
insecure resistant
Infants do not explore at first. When with the mother the infant combines clinginess and resistant behaviors. From inconsistent caregiving.
disorganized
show confuesed, contradictory behaviors upon reunion. dazed facial expression. Neglect.
best predictor of attachment security
prompt, consistent and appropriate caregiving
infancy
trust vs mistrust
early childhood
autonomy vs shame
play age 3-6
initiative vs guilt
school age
industry vs inferiority
adolescence
identity vs confusion
short 5-HTTLPR gene
makes child highly susceptible to the effects of both good and bad parenting
differentiation theory
Theory by Gibson that infants actively search for invariant or stable and unchanging features of the environment
affordance
the action possibilities that a situation offers an organism with certain motor capabilities
the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes
conservation
children focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features
centration
parental style that forms a postitive self concept
a warm, sensitive parent-child relationsip is needed
frequent punishment
promotes immediate compliance, but not long lasting changes in behavior
to increase the effectiveness of punishment
1) consitency
2) warm child parent relationship
3) explanations
best forms of discipline
encourage good conduct by building a mutually respectful bond with the child, letting the child know before hand how to act, and praising mature behavior
authoritative
most successful, hight acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techiques, appropriate autonomy granting
authoritarian
low acceptance and involvement, high coercive control, low autonomy granting
permissive
high acceptance, low involvement, engage in little control
uninvolved
low acceptance, low involvement, neglectful
Gilligan’s moral development
individual survival
goodness as self sacrifice
morality of nonviolence
adoption and iq
Adoptees in caring homes show substantial IQ increases compared to non-adopted children
Sternberg’s theory
Anayltical (componential), creative(experiential), and practical (Contextual) intelligence
Catell’s theory
crystalized intelligence: information, skills, and strategies that can be used in problem solving
fluid intelligence: information processing abilities, memory and reasoning
Spearman’s G
intelligence is an underlying factor that underlies everything a person does
key themes in adolescent self concepts
1) social virtues
2) being positively regarded by others
most important factor for positive adjustment after divorce is
effective parenting
