Final Flashcards
1
Q
Acting to benefit others and not for one’s own sake
A
Altruism
2
Q
Postulates that seeing another person in distress causes a person to feel negative arousal and the person will use the least costly path to reduce the arousal; decision to help is based on a cost/benefit analysis
A
Arousa;” cost reward model
3
Q
Explanation that people who fail to help in emergencies do so because they are uncaring
A
Bystander apathy
4
Q
Phenomenon that as the number of onlookers in an emergency increases the likelihood that any one person will help decrease
A
Bystander effect
5
Q
Help provided by witnesses to victims or potential victims in an amergency
A
Bystander intervention
6
Q
Extent to which one focuses on the family or extended ingroup as opposed to oneself as the primary social unity
A
Cultural embeddedness
7
Q
Explanation of the true purpose of the research an exploration and reduction of possible negative effects of participation and a clarification of what actually happened during the study (if there was ambiguity or decption )
A
Debriefing
8
Q
Phenomenon in which, as the number of bystanders increases, individuals mentally spread responsibility for intervening across many others
A
Diffusion of responsibility
9
Q
Helping other people because it brings internal and/or external rewards to the helper
A
Egoism
10
Q
Other-oriented emotion elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of a person in need
A
Emphatic concern
11
Q
Idea that emphatic concern produces an altruistic motivation to relieve the needs of a valued other
A
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
12
Q
Ability of one’s genes to survive both in one’s own offspring and in one’s (genetic) relatives
A
Inclusive fitness
13
Q
Written agreement to participate in research
A
Informed consent
14
Q
Idea that people get what they deserve and deserve whatever they got
A
Just-world hypothesis
15
Q
Traits that tend to facilitate the survival of an individual’s genetic relatives are selected for
A
Kin selection
16
Q
People often help in order to manage their moods especially when they are sad
A
Mood management hypothesis
17
Q
Making a study similar to the relevant real world setting in all important respects
A
Mundane realism
18
Q
Postulates that witnessing the distress of others causes a person to feel sadness or related negative emotions and that the person is motivated to act in order to reduce those emotions
A
Negative state relief model
19
Q
Social rule stating that people should offer help to and avoid harming those who have helped them
A
Norm of reciprocity
20
Q
When a person incorrectly assumes that others know more than he or she does
A
Pluralistic ignorance
21
Q
Behavior that is intended to benefit others
A
Prosocial behavior
22
Q
Tendency to engage in prosocial behavior
A
Prosociality
23
Q
When every individual in a population has an equal probability of being chose for inclusion in the study
A
Random selection or sampling
24
Q
When people help others because the others have previously helped them or are expected to help them in the future
A
Reciprocal helping
25
When a study sample that mirrors the relevant population on the variables that matter, such as frequencies of gender, age, language, or ethnicity
Representative sampling
26
Norm that states that one should help those who need one’s help
Social responsibility norm
27
Idea that altruistic motivation for helping is possible and specifies the factors that can lead to it
Theory of empathy- induced altruistic motivation
28
Behavior that is intended to proximately harm another person who is motivated to avoid that harm
Agression
29
Words, images and objects in the environment that trigger aggression related thoughts can increase aggression
Aggressive cues
30
Examines data from preexisting sources or archives such as newspapers, historical records or speeches
Archival research
31
Idea that almost any aversive event can produce aggressive behavior, provided that that event generates negative affect
Cognitive neoassociationist theory (of hostile or emotional aggression)
32
Society in which people, especially males are highly protective of their reputation and very sensitive and reactive to personal insults, humiliation and other threats to their honor
Culture of honor
33
Aggression that occurs when the target is present
Direct aggression
34
Arousal produced by one stimulus spilling over and strengthening a person's emotional response to a different one
Excitation transfer
35
Idea that aggression is always caused by frustration and frustration is always the result of frustration
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
36
Behavior aimed specifically at harming another person, typically stems from anger, sometimes called emotional aggression
Hostile aggression
37
Tendency to interpret the intentions and behavior of others as hostile of threatening
Hostile attribution bias
38
Aggression that occurs when the target is NOT present
Indirect aggression
39
Behavior intended to harm another but the behavior is merely a means to a nonaggressive end
Instrumental aggression
40
Idea that exposure to violence in the media can cause aggression in the real world
Media violence hypothesis
41
When a person intentionally elicits an aggressive response from another through the use of insults, physical aggression blocking goal attainment, teasing or similar behaviors
Provocation
42
Aggression that is intended to disrupt relationships such as gossip rumor spreading and social exclusion
Relational aggression
43
Extreme aggression that is intended to inflict serious harm
Violence
44
When the presence of a weapon- such as a rifle or revolver - makes aggression more likely
Weapons effect
45
Procedure in which members of a group are encouraged to generate as many ideas as they can within a specific amount of time
Brainstorming
46
Close examination of an event, person or group
Case study
47
Group primarily based on the attachments that members have to each other (rather than to the group itself)
Common-bond group
48
Group primarily based on the attachments members have to the group itself (Rather than to other members) even in the absence of direct interaction among group members
Common-identity group
49
Postulates that leadership effectiveness is contingent upon both the behavior of the leader and aspects of the situation
Contingency model of leadership
50
Idea that dissent within a group leads to an uncomfortable conflict that members are motivated to reduce and consequently either change their own opinions or try to change those of others
Conversion theory
51
Psychological state characterized by loss of self awareness and the sense of personal responsibility
Deindividuation
52
Idea that the actor is distracted from focusing on the task at hand, thereby creating a conflict between the need to concentrate on that task and minimizing the distraction caused by others
Distraction-conflict theory
53
Extent to which outside observers can easily conceptualize a collection of individuals as a true group
Entitativity
54
Concern about how others are going to judge one's performance
Evaluation apprehension
55
When group members exert little or no effort because they believe that their contribution to the group task is dispensable or not important tot the overall group output
Free riding
56
Two or more individuals who perceive themselves as part of a unit and who both influence ach other and are independent
Group
57
Strength of the bonds that hold group members together and keep them in the group
Group cohesiveness
58
Degree to which a collection of individuals is grouplike
Groupiness
59
Tendency for group discussion to enhance the initial leanings of the individuals prior to discussion
Group polarization
60
Type of faulty thinking in groups that strives to maintain cohesion and achieve unanimity at the expense of adequately evaluating the information and options available to the group
Group think
61
Process by which a person influences group members to work toward common goals
Leadership
62
Presence of others while one is performing a task leads to physiological arousal which in turn affects how well the person performs
Mere presence
63
When numerical minority in a group changes the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors of the majority
Minority influence
64
Postulates that effective decision-making consists of four stages of deliberation and subsequent action: orientation, discussion, decision and implementation
Orientation-discussion-decision-implementation (ODDI) model
65
Reduction in the ability of a group to engage in good problem solving that stems from shortcomings in group interaction
Process loss
66
Tendency for groups to spend too much time discussing information that all members possess rather than unshared information
Shared information bias
67
Presence of others improves performance on well learned or easy tasks but decreases it on novel or difficult ones
Social facilitation
68
Postulates that immersion in groups can heighten one's sense of self
Social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)
69
When individuals exert less effort when working in a group as opposed to working alone
Social loafing
70
Genes that facilitate successful social living are more likely to be passed to a new generation
Social selection
71
Individuals who use transactions-offering benefits (e.g. money, promotion etc) to members in exchange for their energy and effort to motivate the group to work toward shared goals
Transactional leaders
72
Group memory that is the combination of the memories of individuals
Transactive memory
73
Individuals who offer a compelling vision that inspires followers to set aside personal needs and work hard toward loftier overarching goals
Tranformational leaders
74
When faced with a choice to save his best friend or his sister from a house fire Raphael save his sister. His behavior illustrates:
Kin selection
75
On the way to class Jarrod encounters a man who is sitting on the sidewalk and crying out in pain. What factor would decrease the likelihood that Jarrod would stop to help?
Being under time pressure
76
Wally and his classmates fail to help another student who appears to be having a seizure because they look around and no one is acting like help is necessary. This failure to help ullustrates
Pluralistic ignorance
77
Troy wants to increase the likelihood that his mother will give charity for malnourished children. One strategy that is suggested by research on empathy would be for Troy to
Convince her to value their welfare
78
Jezebel possesses emphatic self efficacy. This means...
Believes that she is able to help others in need
79
According to research described in the text, one personality dimension that positively correlates with prosocial behavior....
Agreeableness
80
What is true about nonemergency helping
Women are more likely to do it
81
Erica sees the world as a place where people deserve what they get and is therefore opposed to public assistance for the poor this perspective is called....
Just world hypothesis
82
Chapter 8 concludes by saying that proscial behavior represents the core of our
Moral being
83
Howard donates thousands of dollars each eyar to the local homeless shelter because he was told that if he donates enough he will get his name on a plague. Howard's motivation is mostly...
Egoistic
84
Katerina pushes someone in order to be first in line represents what....
Instrumental aggression
85
George grew up in a household in which he frequently witnessed his father become physically aggressive toward his mother. As an adult George is often physically aggressive toward his wife. The relationship between his childhood experiences and his adult behavior may be partially a result of...
Scripts he has learned
86
Whenever Brian is frustrated he becomes aggressive is consistent with...
The original frustration aggression hypothesis
87
Melina is playing a game in which she shock he opponent to punish him. The presence of a handgun in a room while she is playing is likely to increase her aggressiveness as long as she....
Is angered by her opponent
88
Research on the culture of honor found that insults increase the release of ______ and ______ in the insulted persons
Cortisol
| Testoterone
89
Dr. Hamm is interested in studying the effects of a personality variable, extraversion on aggression. Which part of the General Aggression Model would this variable fall under?
Inputs
90
Sawyer frequently posts comments on Facebook that criticize his ex girlfriends new boyfriend. This is example of aggression
Relational
91
When Lucy drinks alcohol she becomes more verbally aggressive toward her boyfriend. One likely reason is that alcohol can
Impair executive function
92
What theory best explains why chronically abused children and adults have a higher likelihood to engage in aggressive behavior
Hostile attribution bias
93
Say you are advising Georgina on how to reduce aggression in her high school class. What would you advise her to do?
Model desirable behaviors
94
Duanne believes that people from New Zealand are all pretty much the same in their psychological characteristics and that they are not very hard working. This is an example of...
Stereotyping
95
One way that intergroup threat theory builds on realistic group conflict theory is that it explicitly includes ____ as well as _____
Symbolic resources
| Material resources
96
Professor Clinche claims that his nation's economic problems are caused by immigrants (although this is untrue) He is engaging in...
Scapegoating
97
When Red Sox fans disparage New York Yankees players' mistakes are indicating poor performance and ineptness while excusing their own teams' similar mistakes on bad calls and bad field conditions they are engaging in the
Ultimate attribution error
98
John believes that women that women are emotionally sensitive, warm and in need of protection from men. John is demonstrating....
Benevolent sexism
99
If a bank has a loan policy that indirectly prevents most people from a particular ethnicity from getting a loan the bank is likely guilty of
Institutional discrimination
100
Roger is Caucasian and the only non-Asian person in his computer science class and he is afraid that he will confirm the stereotype that Caucasian Americans perform worse than Asian Americans on computer science tests. According to the concept of stereotype threat which of the following is most likely to happen. Roger will
Perform worse than he usually does because of his concern over confirming the stereotype
101
In order for the Common Ingroup Identity Model to work people need to
Recategorize
102
Coach Connor divided his basketball players into two groups so that they could practice against each other. Even before they played, the two teams were already insulting each other. This illustrates
The effects of minimal groups
103
Contact between groups that are hostile to one another is more likely to reduce hostility if they
See each other as equals and receive support from local authorities
104
An example of a common identity group is
An ethnicity
105
People who have "liked" the New York Yankees' Facebook fan page is an example of a group with....
Low entitativity
106
Sarah is just learning how to play tennis and still struggles with the basics. According to research on social facilitation how is an audience likely to change her performance in comparison to no audience
Worsen
107
Renaldo is working with 5 other to push a car out of a ditch. As he believes that his contribution does not add much to the overall group effort he is likely to
Try less hard than he would have alone
108
After his political part lost an important election, Tom participated in the beating of several supporters of the winning party. According to the SIDE perspective on deinviduduation, Tom became immersed in the group and this....
increased his sense of self
109
Before discussion members of a town government are not sure whether the town should build a new bridge but mildly leaned toward doing so. After an open discussion about the pros and cons of the bridge all of the members become much more certain that the bridge should be built
Group polarization
110
Ludwig, Martin and Hannah are on their company's board of directors they are opposed to a policy that the other 9 board member support. What would you not recommend they do as they try to win the argument?
Threaten the majority
111
Edwina is a dynamic, charismatic leader who is in the process of moving the company she is president of in an entirely new direction. She is probably best described as a _____ leader
Transformational
112
According to the _____ of leadership members will accept, support and follow their leader to the degree that the leader is seen as reflecting the core values, attitudes and beliefs of the group
Social identity theory
113
______ is associated with labeling the types of tasks groups perform
Steiner
