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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Acting to benefit others and not for one’s own sake

A

Altruism

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2
Q

Postulates that seeing another person in distress causes a person to feel negative arousal and the person will use the least costly path to reduce the arousal; decision to help is based on a cost/benefit analysis

A

Arousa;” cost reward model

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3
Q

Explanation that people who fail to help in emergencies do so because they are uncaring

A

Bystander apathy

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4
Q

Phenomenon that as the number of onlookers in an emergency increases the likelihood that any one person will help decrease

A

Bystander effect

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5
Q

Help provided by witnesses to victims or potential victims in an amergency

A

Bystander intervention

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6
Q

Extent to which one focuses on the family or extended ingroup as opposed to oneself as the primary social unity

A

Cultural embeddedness

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7
Q

Explanation of the true purpose of the research an exploration and reduction of possible negative effects of participation and a clarification of what actually happened during the study (if there was ambiguity or decption )

A

Debriefing

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8
Q

Phenomenon in which, as the number of bystanders increases, individuals mentally spread responsibility for intervening across many others

A

Diffusion of responsibility

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9
Q

Helping other people because it brings internal and/or external rewards to the helper

A

Egoism

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10
Q

Other-oriented emotion elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of a person in need

A

Emphatic concern

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11
Q

Idea that emphatic concern produces an altruistic motivation to relieve the needs of a valued other

A

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

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12
Q

Ability of one’s genes to survive both in one’s own offspring and in one’s (genetic) relatives

A

Inclusive fitness

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13
Q

Written agreement to participate in research

A

Informed consent

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14
Q

Idea that people get what they deserve and deserve whatever they got

A

Just-world hypothesis

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15
Q

Traits that tend to facilitate the survival of an individual’s genetic relatives are selected for

A

Kin selection

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16
Q

People often help in order to manage their moods especially when they are sad

A

Mood management hypothesis

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17
Q

Making a study similar to the relevant real world setting in all important respects

A

Mundane realism

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18
Q

Postulates that witnessing the distress of others causes a person to feel sadness or related negative emotions and that the person is motivated to act in order to reduce those emotions

A

Negative state relief model

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19
Q

Social rule stating that people should offer help to and avoid harming those who have helped them

A

Norm of reciprocity

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20
Q

When a person incorrectly assumes that others know more than he or she does

A

Pluralistic ignorance

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21
Q

Behavior that is intended to benefit others

A

Prosocial behavior

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22
Q

Tendency to engage in prosocial behavior

A

Prosociality

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23
Q

When every individual in a population has an equal probability of being chose for inclusion in the study

A

Random selection or sampling

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24
Q

When people help others because the others have previously helped them or are expected to help them in the future

A

Reciprocal helping

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25
Q

When a study sample that mirrors the relevant population on the variables that matter, such as frequencies of gender, age, language, or ethnicity

A

Representative sampling

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26
Q

Norm that states that one should help those who need one’s help

A

Social responsibility norm

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27
Q

Idea that altruistic motivation for helping is possible and specifies the factors that can lead to it

A

Theory of empathy- induced altruistic motivation

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28
Q

Behavior that is intended to proximately harm another person who is motivated to avoid that harm

A

Agression

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29
Q

Words, images and objects in the environment that trigger aggression related thoughts can increase aggression

A

Aggressive cues

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30
Q

Examines data from preexisting sources or archives such as newspapers, historical records or speeches

A

Archival research

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31
Q

Idea that almost any aversive event can produce aggressive behavior, provided that that event generates negative affect

A

Cognitive neoassociationist theory (of hostile or emotional aggression)

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32
Q

Society in which people, especially males are highly protective of their reputation and very sensitive and reactive to personal insults, humiliation and other threats to their honor

A

Culture of honor

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33
Q

Aggression that occurs when the target is present

A

Direct aggression

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34
Q

Arousal produced by one stimulus spilling over and strengthening a person’s emotional response to a different one

A

Excitation transfer

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35
Q

Idea that aggression is always caused by frustration and frustration is always the result of frustration

A

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

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36
Q

Behavior aimed specifically at harming another person, typically stems from anger, sometimes called emotional aggression

A

Hostile aggression

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37
Q

Tendency to interpret the intentions and behavior of others as hostile of threatening

A

Hostile attribution bias

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38
Q

Aggression that occurs when the target is NOT present

A

Indirect aggression

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39
Q

Behavior intended to harm another but the behavior is merely a means to a nonaggressive end

A

Instrumental aggression

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40
Q

Idea that exposure to violence in the media can cause aggression in the real world

A

Media violence hypothesis

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41
Q

When a person intentionally elicits an aggressive response from another through the use of insults, physical aggression blocking goal attainment, teasing or similar behaviors

A

Provocation

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42
Q

Aggression that is intended to disrupt relationships such as gossip rumor spreading and social exclusion

A

Relational aggression

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43
Q

Extreme aggression that is intended to inflict serious harm

A

Violence

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44
Q

When the presence of a weapon- such as a rifle or revolver - makes aggression more likely

A

Weapons effect

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45
Q

Procedure in which members of a group are encouraged to generate as many ideas as they can within a specific amount of time

A

Brainstorming

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46
Q

Close examination of an event, person or group

A

Case study

47
Q

Group primarily based on the attachments that members have to each other (rather than to the group itself)

A

Common-bond group

48
Q

Group primarily based on the attachments members have to the group itself (Rather than to other members) even in the absence of direct interaction among group members

A

Common-identity group

49
Q

Postulates that leadership effectiveness is contingent upon both the behavior of the leader and aspects of the situation

A

Contingency model of leadership

50
Q

Idea that dissent within a group leads to an uncomfortable conflict that members are motivated to reduce and consequently either change their own opinions or try to change those of others

A

Conversion theory

51
Q

Psychological state characterized by loss of self awareness and the sense of personal responsibility

A

Deindividuation

52
Q

Idea that the actor is distracted from focusing on the task at hand, thereby creating a conflict between the need to concentrate on that task and minimizing the distraction caused by others

A

Distraction-conflict theory

53
Q

Extent to which outside observers can easily conceptualize a collection of individuals as a true group

A

Entitativity

54
Q

Concern about how others are going to judge one’s performance

A

Evaluation apprehension

55
Q

When group members exert little or no effort because they believe that their contribution to the group task is dispensable or not important tot the overall group output

A

Free riding

56
Q

Two or more individuals who perceive themselves as part of a unit and who both influence ach other and are independent

A

Group

57
Q

Strength of the bonds that hold group members together and keep them in the group

A

Group cohesiveness

58
Q

Degree to which a collection of individuals is grouplike

A

Groupiness

59
Q

Tendency for group discussion to enhance the initial leanings of the individuals prior to discussion

A

Group polarization

60
Q

Type of faulty thinking in groups that strives to maintain cohesion and achieve unanimity at the expense of adequately evaluating the information and options available to the group

A

Group think

61
Q

Process by which a person influences group members to work toward common goals

A

Leadership

62
Q

Presence of others while one is performing a task leads to physiological arousal which in turn affects how well the person performs

A

Mere presence

63
Q

When numerical minority in a group changes the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors of the majority

A

Minority influence

64
Q

Postulates that effective decision-making consists of four stages of deliberation and subsequent action: orientation, discussion, decision and implementation

A

Orientation-discussion-decision-implementation (ODDI) model

65
Q

Reduction in the ability of a group to engage in good problem solving that stems from shortcomings in group interaction

A

Process loss

66
Q

Tendency for groups to spend too much time discussing information that all members possess rather than unshared information

A

Shared information bias

67
Q

Presence of others improves performance on well learned or easy tasks but decreases it on novel or difficult ones

A

Social facilitation

68
Q

Postulates that immersion in groups can heighten one’s sense of self

A

Social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)

69
Q

When individuals exert less effort when working in a group as opposed to working alone

A

Social loafing

70
Q

Genes that facilitate successful social living are more likely to be passed to a new generation

A

Social selection

71
Q

Individuals who use transactions-offering benefits (e.g. money, promotion etc) to members in exchange for their energy and effort to motivate the group to work toward shared goals

A

Transactional leaders

72
Q

Group memory that is the combination of the memories of individuals

A

Transactive memory

73
Q

Individuals who offer a compelling vision that inspires followers to set aside personal needs and work hard toward loftier overarching goals

A

Tranformational leaders

74
Q

When faced with a choice to save his best friend or his sister from a house fire Raphael save his sister. His behavior illustrates:

A

Kin selection

75
Q

On the way to class Jarrod encounters a man who is sitting on the sidewalk and crying out in pain. What factor would decrease the likelihood that Jarrod would stop to help?

A

Being under time pressure

76
Q

Wally and his classmates fail to help another student who appears to be having a seizure because they look around and no one is acting like help is necessary. This failure to help ullustrates

A

Pluralistic ignorance

77
Q

Troy wants to increase the likelihood that his mother will give charity for malnourished children. One strategy that is suggested by research on empathy would be for Troy to

A

Convince her to value their welfare

78
Q

Jezebel possesses emphatic self efficacy. This means…

A

Believes that she is able to help others in need

79
Q

According to research described in the text, one personality dimension that positively correlates with prosocial behavior….

A

Agreeableness

80
Q

What is true about nonemergency helping

A

Women are more likely to do it

81
Q

Erica sees the world as a place where people deserve what they get and is therefore opposed to public assistance for the poor this perspective is called….

A

Just world hypothesis

82
Q

Chapter 8 concludes by saying that proscial behavior represents the core of our

A

Moral being

83
Q

Howard donates thousands of dollars each eyar to the local homeless shelter because he was told that if he donates enough he will get his name on a plague. Howard’s motivation is mostly…

A

Egoistic

84
Q

Katerina pushes someone in order to be first in line represents what….

A

Instrumental aggression

85
Q

George grew up in a household in which he frequently witnessed his father become physically aggressive toward his mother. As an adult George is often physically aggressive toward his wife. The relationship between his childhood experiences and his adult behavior may be partially a result of…

A

Scripts he has learned

86
Q

Whenever Brian is frustrated he becomes aggressive is consistent with…

A

The original frustration aggression hypothesis

87
Q

Melina is playing a game in which she shock he opponent to punish him. The presence of a handgun in a room while she is playing is likely to increase her aggressiveness as long as she….

A

Is angered by her opponent

88
Q

Research on the culture of honor found that insults increase the release of ______ and ______ in the insulted persons

A

Cortisol

Testoterone

89
Q

Dr. Hamm is interested in studying the effects of a personality variable, extraversion on aggression. Which part of the General Aggression Model would this variable fall under?

A

Inputs

90
Q

Sawyer frequently posts comments on Facebook that criticize his ex girlfriends new boyfriend. This is example of aggression

A

Relational

91
Q

When Lucy drinks alcohol she becomes more verbally aggressive toward her boyfriend. One likely reason is that alcohol can

A

Impair executive function

92
Q

What theory best explains why chronically abused children and adults have a higher likelihood to engage in aggressive behavior

A

Hostile attribution bias

93
Q

Say you are advising Georgina on how to reduce aggression in her high school class. What would you advise her to do?

A

Model desirable behaviors

94
Q

Duanne believes that people from New Zealand are all pretty much the same in their psychological characteristics and that they are not very hard working. This is an example of…

A

Stereotyping

95
Q

One way that intergroup threat theory builds on realistic group conflict theory is that it explicitly includes ____ as well as _____

A

Symbolic resources

Material resources

96
Q

Professor Clinche claims that his nation’s economic problems are caused by immigrants (although this is untrue) He is engaging in…

A

Scapegoating

97
Q

When Red Sox fans disparage New York Yankees players’ mistakes are indicating poor performance and ineptness while excusing their own teams’ similar mistakes on bad calls and bad field conditions they are engaging in the

A

Ultimate attribution error

98
Q

John believes that women that women are emotionally sensitive, warm and in need of protection from men. John is demonstrating….

A

Benevolent sexism

99
Q

If a bank has a loan policy that indirectly prevents most people from a particular ethnicity from getting a loan the bank is likely guilty of

A

Institutional discrimination

100
Q

Roger is Caucasian and the only non-Asian person in his computer science class and he is afraid that he will confirm the stereotype that Caucasian Americans perform worse than Asian Americans on computer science tests. According to the concept of stereotype threat which of the following is most likely to happen. Roger will

A

Perform worse than he usually does because of his concern over confirming the stereotype

101
Q

In order for the Common Ingroup Identity Model to work people need to

A

Recategorize

102
Q

Coach Connor divided his basketball players into two groups so that they could practice against each other. Even before they played, the two teams were already insulting each other. This illustrates

A

The effects of minimal groups

103
Q

Contact between groups that are hostile to one another is more likely to reduce hostility if they

A

See each other as equals and receive support from local authorities

104
Q

An example of a common identity group is

A

An ethnicity

105
Q

People who have “liked” the New York Yankees’ Facebook fan page is an example of a group with….

A

Low entitativity

106
Q

Sarah is just learning how to play tennis and still struggles with the basics. According to research on social facilitation how is an audience likely to change her performance in comparison to no audience

A

Worsen

107
Q

Renaldo is working with 5 other to push a car out of a ditch. As he believes that his contribution does not add much to the overall group effort he is likely to

A

Try less hard than he would have alone

108
Q

After his political part lost an important election, Tom participated in the beating of several supporters of the winning party. According to the SIDE perspective on deinviduduation, Tom became immersed in the group and this….

A

increased his sense of self

109
Q

Before discussion members of a town government are not sure whether the town should build a new bridge but mildly leaned toward doing so. After an open discussion about the pros and cons of the bridge all of the members become much more certain that the bridge should be built

A

Group polarization

110
Q

Ludwig, Martin and Hannah are on their company’s board of directors they are opposed to a policy that the other 9 board member support. What would you not recommend they do as they try to win the argument?

A

Threaten the majority

111
Q

Edwina is a dynamic, charismatic leader who is in the process of moving the company she is president of in an entirely new direction. She is probably best described as a _____ leader

A

Transformational

112
Q

According to the _____ of leadership members will accept, support and follow their leader to the degree that the leader is seen as reflecting the core values, attitudes and beliefs of the group

A

Social identity theory

113
Q

______ is associated with labeling the types of tasks groups perform

A

Steiner

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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