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1st Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Seeks culture-level explanations for human behavior by exploring a specific culture in depth, utilizing primarily observational research

A

Anthropology

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2
Q

Examines the influence of genes, hormones, brain functioning and structure and other elements of the nervous system, on all kinds of human behavior

A

Biological/physiological psychology

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3
Q

Relationship that exists when a change in one variable can be shown to produce a change in another one

A

Causal relationship

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4
Q

Form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

Examines the nature, causes and consequences of mental disorders and dysfunction of individuals who deviate from the norm and seeks ways to treat them

A

Clinical psychology

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6
Q

Seeks to explain mental processes such as memory, problem solving, decision-making language and the nature of consciousness

A

Cognitive psychology

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7
Q

Type of society in which people’ self-concepts tend to be intimately tied to and defined by their group memberships, people subordinate personal preferences and goals to the group’s and where individual choices is not highly valued

A

Collective culture

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8
Q

Group of participants that did not receive the treatment and serves as a comparison to assess the effects of the treatment

A

Control group

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9
Q

In an experiment , a factor that changes along with the independent variable and can prevent a clear assessment of the effects of the IV and on the DV

A

Confound

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10
Q

Two variables are correlated when a change in one variable is associated with a change in the other variable

A

Correlation

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11
Q

System of enduring meanings, perceptions, attitudes, beliefs and practices shared by a large group of people

A

Culture

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12
Q

Measured variable that is expected to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

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13
Q

Study in which one or more variables are systematically varied in order to examine the effects on one or more other variables

A

Experiment

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14
Q

Incorrect belief that after a person has already learning the outcome of a particular event he or she would have accurately predicted the outcome before it occured

A

Hindsight bias

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15
Q

Prediction about the nature of social phenomena, oftentimes in the form of a proposition about how two factors are related to one another

A

Hypothesis

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16
Q

Manipulated variable that is expected to change the dependent variable

A

Independent variable (IV)

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17
Q

Type of society in which people’s self-concepts tend to be stable and not tied to particular groups and people place their personal preferences and goals above those of the group and value individual choice

A

Individualistic culture

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18
Q

Form of learning in which reinforcement is given or punishment is administered in order to increase or decrease a specific behavior

A

Instrumental conditioning

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19
Q

Explanation for social behavior that is possessed by an ordinary (lay) person without advanced training in psychology and without using scientific methods

A

Lay theory

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20
Q

Genes that tend to increase the chances of survival of their carrier are more likely to be passed on to a new generation

A

Natural Selection

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21
Q

Investigates the development and nature of personality traits over the lifespan

A

Personality psychology

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22
Q

Each participant in a study has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition

A

Random assignment

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23
Q

Mental processes involved in perceiving, attending to, remembering, thinking about and making sense of oneself and others

A

Social cognition

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24
Q

Learning by observing or hearing that someone else was reinforced or punished for engaging in a particular behavior

A

Social Learning

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25
Q

Scientific study of the social experiences and behaviors of individuals

A

Social psychology

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26
Q

Examines group-level phenomena such as societal trends, cultural norms, the effects of race or social class and so forth

A

Sociology

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27
Q

Set of interrelated statements that explain and predict patterns of observable events

A

Theory

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28
Q

Group of participants assigned to receive the treatment

A

Treatment group

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29
Q

Tendency to agree with or say “yes” to questions

A

Acquiescence bias

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30
Q

Who one is…

A

Actual self

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31
Q

Judging that one is above average on most desirable characateristics

A

Better-than-average effect

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32
Q

Believing that one is immune to cognitive biases that affect others

A

Bias blind spot

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33
Q

Variations in responding because of survey features encountered prior to answering a question

A

Context effects

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34
Q

Imagining what could have happened (but did not)

A

Counterfactual thinking

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35
Q

Contrasting one’s own performance, ability or situation with individuals who did less well have weaker abilities or are in worse situations

A

Downward social comparison

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36
Q

Tendency to provide answers that are at the extremes of the response options

A

Extremity bias

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37
Q

Desire to perform a behavior as a result of external rewards

A

Extrinsic motivation

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38
Q

Idea that people infer their feelings from their facial expressions

A

Facial feedback hypothesis

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39
Q

Believing that one’s opinions or behaviors are more common than they actually are

A

False consensus effect

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40
Q

Holding incorrect beliefs about how different one is from others

A

False uniqueness effect

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41
Q

Image of a hypothetical self that possesses the qualities and features that a person wishes they had

A

Ideal self

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42
Q

Incorrect belief that others can “read” our emotions or detect our lies merely by looking at our facial expressions

A

Illusion of transparency

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43
Q

Efforts to project the image of the self that a person wants others to have

A

Impression management

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44
Q

Attempts to get particular persons to like us

A

Ingratiation

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45
Q

Way we present ourselves to other people

A

Interpersonal self

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46
Q

Desire to engage in a behavior simply because it interesting or enjoyable

A

Intrinsic motivation

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47
Q

Looking internally at the self to examine who one is how one feels and so forth

A

Introspection

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48
Q

Trying to control one’s thoughts or behavior in a way that produces the very thoughts or behavior that one is trying to avoid

A

Ironic process of mental control

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49
Q

Image of a hypothetical self who a person believes important others think they should be

A

Ought self

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50
Q

When one’s intrinsic motivation - such as enjoyment experienced by simply enacting the behavior - is weakened by the presence of extrinsic motivation

A

Overjustification effect

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51
Q

Unintended variations in question responses that stem from procedural aspects or features of the survey instrument such as the wording of a question or the order of the questions

A

Response effects

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52
Q

Cognitive structures that organize knowledge about particular objects of thought such as concepts, experiences or roles

A

Schemas

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53
Q

Psychological apparatus that gives a person the capacity to consciously think about him or herself

A

Self

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54
Q

Set of beliefs a person has about the characteristics she or he possesses

A

Self-concept

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55
Q

Idea that each person has an actual, ideal and ought self

A

Self-discrepancy theory

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56
Q

Overall positive or negative evaluation of oneself

A

Self-esteem

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57
Q

Postulates that a person typically only makes social comparisons when this will improve her or his self-evaluation

A

Self-evaluation maintenance model (sem)

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58
Q

Arranging events that may reduce one’s likelihood of success but also protect one’s self esteem by serving as excuses for possible failure

A

Self-handicapping

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59
Q

Extent to which people chronically think about how they appear to others and as a consequence change their appearance and behavior to fit the circumstances

A

Self-monitoring

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60
Q

Idea that people sometimes infer their own attitudes in the same way that a third party might infer their attitudes by watching their behavior

A

Self-perception theory

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61
Q

Efforts designed to enhance one’s self-image

A

Self-promotion

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62
Q

The capacity to control one’s thoughts, feelings and behavior

A

Self-regulation

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63
Q

Individual’s conscious response to a question or situation

A

Self report

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64
Q

Schema that organizes information about oneself with respect to specific domains of one’s life

A

Self-schema

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65
Q

Taking credit for one’s successes but blaming outsides factors for one’s failures

A

Self-serving attributional bias

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66
Q

Seeking information that will confirm one’s self-concept

A

Self-verification

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67
Q

Monitoring how one is doing and adjusting one’s behavior accordingly in an effort to be liked by important others

A

Social comparison

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68
Q

Idea that people have a psychological mechanism - the sociometer - that assesses the strength and importance of social relationships and that these relationships strongly influence self-esteem

A

Sociometer hypothesis

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69
Q

Overestimation of the extent to which other people are observing and noticing one

A

Spotlight effect

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70
Q

Questionnaires that consist entirely of self-report items that can be administered on paper, computer, online or in interviews

A

Surveys

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71
Q

Idea that people will evaluate how they are doing using subjective standards when objective standards are not available

A

Theory of social comparison processes

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72
Q

Contrasting one’s performance, ability or situation with individuals who performed better have stronger abilities or are in better situations

A

Upward social comparison

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73
Q

Mental energy needed to change the activities of the self to meet the desired standards

A

Willpower

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74
Q

Social Psychology is a unique field of study that

A

Examines the person in a group context accounting for multiple levels of analysis and focusing primarily on laboratory research

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75
Q

Three enduring issues underlying social psychology are

A
  1. ) Rationality
  2. ) Free will
  3. ) Morality
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76
Q

Ringelmann and Triplett are important because they

A

Conducted early experiments in social psychology

77
Q

Dr. Lipset thinks that agressive behavior in kids is solely the result of personality defects. From Lewinian perspective what other type of cause should she consider?

A

Environmental factors

78
Q

The evolutionary approach focuses on….

A

How people are similar across cultures

79
Q

Classical conditioning falls under which level of explanation?

A

Individual

80
Q

Dr. Wilson argues that everyone interprets the world in the same way. Which guiding assumption is he denying?

A

Social behavior is cultural

81
Q

Lay theories of social behavior are…

A

Often contradictory

82
Q

When social psychologists conduct research what are the two kinds of relationships amongst variables that are possible for them to study?

A
  1. ) Quasi-experimental

2. ) Descriptive

83
Q

Olivia is running an experiment in which she believes that being smiled at will make a person more helpful. Olivia’s belief is an example of…

A

A hypothesis

84
Q

Social cognition is different from nonsocial cognition because it…

A

Has object (people) that think back

85
Q

Two of the goals of social cognition are to.

A
  1. ) Be accurate

2. ) Feel good about oneself

86
Q

Responding instantly with gut-level disgust when asked to eat a cockroach demonstrates what type of response?

A

Automatic

87
Q

You read the word “hamburger” then “french fries, McDonald’s and ketchup” immediately come to mind. This occurs as a result of…

A

Spreading integration

88
Q

Justin is asked to estimate what percentage of adults in the world own a personal computer. After thinking about the fact that almost every adult he knows has one he answers 99%. Justin relied on which heuristic?

A

Availability

89
Q

Which of the following is most true about motivated reasoning? It exists…

A

Both for rapid and slow careful processing

90
Q

Ms. Carry is a second grade teacher who believes that boys tend to be naughtier than girls. She pays more careful attention to the misbehavior of the boys in her class than that of the girls for the entire year and then concludes that she was right that boys are much naughtier than girls. Ms. Carry’s thinking illustrates….

A

The confirmation bias

91
Q

According to the appraisal model of stress what happens during the primary appraisal?

A

We interpret the event/situation as a negative threat, positive opportunity, or something that is irrelevant

92
Q

According to the appraisal model of stress what happens during the secondary appraisal process?

A

An assessment of what the person can do in order to minimize or avoid the hard or maximize the benefit

93
Q

Seeks to manage the emotions associated with the event or situation

A

Emotion focused coping

94
Q

Westerners are most apt to examine things in comprehensive detail down to the smallest element whereas those from Eastern cultures prefer to look at the big picture. The Western way is referred to as…

A

Analytical

95
Q

According to the text, non-conscious processes ______ the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals

A

Play a powerful role in determining

96
Q

If you are filling out a questionnaire in response to the broad question “Who am I?” the questionnaire is attempting to assess you…

A

Self concept

97
Q

Ishmael is training to be a physician. He knows his parents wanted him to be an engineer. According to Self Discrepancy Theory “engineer” who be an example of Ishmael’s…

A

Ought self

98
Q

The fact that people from East Asian Nations are more likely to say “yes” than “no” to questions reflects…

A

The acquiescence bias

99
Q

According to your text moderately high self esteem is correlated to…

A
  1. ) Overall physical and mental health
  2. ) Life satisfaction
  3. ) Higher intellect
100
Q

The sociometer hypothesis postulates that self-esteem reflects…

A

The quality of the relationships we have with others

101
Q

According to Self Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) theory, Sara is most likely compare her skiing ability to her younger sister’s IF…

A

Her sister is a less skilled kier

102
Q

A teenage who believes no one can possibly understand the depth of her love for her boyfriend, least of all her mom is engaging in…

A

False uniqueness effect

103
Q

Emily claims that while other people exhibit clear cognitive biases she does not. She is demonstrating…

A

Bias blind spot

104
Q

Brian is quite consistent in how he behaves across a wide variety of contests, Brain is likely…

A

Low in self monitoring

105
Q

Louanne’s hair is disheveled and slightly greasy. She thinks that everyone at her part has noticed it even though no one has. This situation illustrates the…

A

Spotlight effect

106
Q

Seek to understand how other people affect the behavior thoughts and feelings of individuals

A

Social psychologist

107
Q

T/F

Social psychology is a systematic examination of social phenomena that utilizes both traditional and novel scientific methods involving careful experimentation, advanced technology and sophisticated statistical analyses

A

True

108
Q

T/F

Social psychology focuses on groups rather than individuals

A

False - individuals

109
Q

Social psychologists study the individual’s…

A

Social experiences

110
Q

Experiences encompasses 2 aspects

A
  1. ) Conscious

2. ) Nonconscious

111
Q

Thoughts and feelings

A

Conscious

112
Q

Processes, brain activation, hormone regulation

A

Nonconscious

113
Q

6 fundamental questions of human existence

A
  1. ) Do we have free will?
  2. ) Are we independent or conformist?
  3. ) Are we rational beings?
  4. ) What is the self?
  5. ) Do we need other people and if so why?
  6. ) Are we inherently altruistic or selfish?
114
Q

At the core of everything we think, feel or do

A

Self-concept

115
Q

Our tendency to develop and maintain relationships with others

A

Sociality

116
Q

Ringelmann noted what particular phenomenon?

A

That those who work individual put forth more effort than those in a group

117
Q

Triplett noticed what particular phenomenon?

A

That those who work with/against work harder than those working indpendently

118
Q

What two authors published the first two textbooks?

A
  1. ) William McDougal

2. ) Edward Ross

119
Q

What even has been called the beginning of experimental social psychology?

A

The redefining of the field by Floyd Allport in his 2nd generation textbook

120
Q

Allport initiated a shift in focus from.

A

Group to the individual and from nonscientific to scientific investigations

121
Q

During its formative years in the early 20th century social psychology was heavily influenced by B.F. Skinner’s…

A

Behaviorism which focused solely on external causes and Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis which emphasized internal factors

122
Q

During the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s Social Psych was heavily influenced by was event?

A

WW2

123
Q

Three levels of explanations for social behavior

A
  1. ) Evolutionary level
  2. ) Contextual level
  3. ) Idividual level
124
Q

Emphasizes the genetic history of hte human race

A

Evolutionary level

125
Q

Looks at group pressures, societal influences, and cultural background

A

Contextual levels

126
Q

Asks about a person’s own learning history, experiences and cognitive process

A

Individual level

127
Q

4 fundamental principles of social psychology

A
  1. ) Social behavior is purposive
  2. ) Social behavior stems from both dispoitional and situational influences
  3. ) Social behavior is Influenced by how people construe situations
  4. ) Social behavior is cultural
128
Q

Social behavior is purposive which is to say that…

A

It is intended to achieve specific goals

129
Q

Social behavior stems from both dispositional and situational influences resulting in a

A

Combination of both the person and the situation

130
Q

Social behavior is influenced by how people construe situations through

A

Thoughts, feelings and behavior all which are influenced by our construal of social situations

131
Q

4 characteristics of science as a process are…

A
  1. ) Creative
  2. ) Dynamic
  3. ) Honest
  4. ) Self-correcting
132
Q

Researchers need to be inventive and flexible when developing ways to explore social phenomena and test ideas

A

Creative process

133
Q

It is progressive and forward looking, continually asking new questions while building opon what has been learned

A

Dynamic process

134
Q

Scientists share what we know and how we know it allowing others to understand the methods and techniques used to make our discoveries

A

Honest process

135
Q

Scientists sometimes make mistakes and through rigorous investigation research replication and with a fervent desire to find the truth we and/or other scientists will uncover and correct those mistakes

A

Self-correcting process

136
Q

Social psychological science has 3 goals

A
  1. ) Description
  2. ) Explanation
  3. ) Prediction
137
Q

Kurt Lewin’s field theory articulated…..

A

How social behavior is a product of the interactions between dispositional and situational influences on social behavior

138
Q

The perspective that the mind operates independently of the body and is not constrained by it.

A

Dualism

139
Q

Understanding the exact nature of the relationship between the two is called the

A

mind/body problem

140
Q

Contemporary social psychologists view the mind as…

A

Embodied or inextricably bound up with the body

141
Q

Social brain is now seen as the default…

A

State of mind and mental processing

142
Q

We think about people differently than we think about things because…

A
  1. )People think back,
  2. ) people have special relevance for our goals,
  3. )thinking about people involves social explanation
  4. ) We just think more about people than nonpeople
  5. ) Our brains process people differently from non people
143
Q

People have a dual mind that consists of 2 parts

A
  1. ) C-system (controlled system)

2. ) X-system (automatic system)

144
Q

Which mind system is a slow and sequential processor that can engage in abstract thinking?

A

C-system or the controlled system

145
Q

Which mind system is a rapid and parallel processor characterized by intuitive thinking?

A

X-system or austomatic system

146
Q

4 Components of automaticity

A
  1. ) It is unintentional
  2. ) Occurs without conscious awareness
  3. ) Is accomplished efficiently
  4. ) Once began cannot be controlled
147
Q

Priming occurs when a concept or other knowledge structure is…

A

Automatically triggered or activated by an environmental stimulus thereby becoming more likely to affect subsequent thoughts, feelings and behaviors

148
Q

Process by which associated concepts are activated

A

Spreading activiation

149
Q

People often rely on ______ when making judgments such as availability, representativeness and anchoring and adjustment heuristics along with ignoring the base rate

A

Heuristics

150
Q

Social psychologists seek to create 3 things that are both reliable and valid

A
  1. ) Surveys
  2. ) Studies
  3. ) Scales
151
Q

How consistently each measurement of the same phenomenon produce approximately the same result under the same conditions

A

Reliable

152
Q

The extent to which a particular measurement tool provides accurate results

A

Valid

153
Q

Refers to the extent to which we can be sure that the purported cause (IV) is the only factor influencing the purported effect (DV)

A

Internal validty

154
Q

Indicates how well the results of the study can be generalized or applied to other settings and populations

A

External validity

155
Q

People engage in what three types of motivated reasoning?

A
  1. ) Belief perseverance
  2. ) Confirmation bias
  3. ) Biased assimilation
156
Q

Phenomenon of holding onto a belief when its validity has been undermined by the facts

A

Belief perseverance

157
Q

Tendency to search only for evidence that supports one’s beliefs and to ignore information that disagrees with them

A

Confirmation bias

158
Q

Construing information so that it seems similar to or consistent with one’s preferred perspective

A

Biased assimilation

159
Q

Reasoning is subject to….

A

Cultural influences

160
Q

Mental shortcut in which people use readily available information on which to base estimation and then adjust that estimate up or down to arrive at a final judgement

A

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

161
Q

Mental shortcut in which people judge the frequency or liklihood of an event based on how easily relevant examples come to mind

A

Availability heuristic

162
Q

Judging how likely an event is to occur based on unusual or atypical instances while ignoring its actually base rate or probability of occurrence

A

Base rate fallacy

163
Q

Person’s mental processing is influenced by her or his desires, feelings or goals

A

Motivated reasoning

164
Q

Characteristics of East Asian thinking include..

A
  • Holistic approach
  • Tolerant of contradictions
  • Focuses on big picture
165
Q

Characteristics of North American thinking include…

A
  • Analytic
  • Avoids contradiction
  • Relatively narrow focus
166
Q

The self is a ______ _______ that gives a person the capacity to consciously think about themselves

A

Psycholigical apparatus

167
Q

4 aspects included in the self

A
  1. ) Self esteem
  2. ) Self concept
  3. ) Interpersonal Self
  4. ) Executive self
168
Q

Cognitive structures that organize knowledge about the world including ourselves

A

Schemas

169
Q

States that we possess actual ideal and ought selves that vary in how different they are from each other

A

Self-discrepancy theory

170
Q

______ or looking within is limited because we often are unaware of our mental processes even if we know their outcomes and also because it can change how we feel

A

Introspection

171
Q

Involved looking at ourselves the way some one else might but applies primarily to when we are uncertain about how we feel

A

Self perception

172
Q

States that facial expression and movements can alter rather than merely reflecter what we feel

A

Facial feedback hypthesis

173
Q

Commonly used in social psychology research but may be biased since some people tend toward extreme responding are more likely to agree than disagree and/or are affected by other factors like context and question wording

A

Self reports

174
Q

Advantageous because they are relatively cheap, easy to construct and facilitate gathering large quantities of data quickly

A

Surveys

175
Q

If researchers are interested in uncovering cause and effect they should opt for…

A

Controlled experimentation

176
Q

People are _____ motivated when they engage in the activity for its own sake

A

intrinsically

177
Q

People are _____ motivated when they engage in activity for reasons other than for their own sake

A

Extrinsically

178
Q

Occurs when external rewards undermine our intrinsic motivation

A

Overjustification

179
Q

Our evaluation of how we are doing is closely linked to the quality of our relationships with other people or the extent to which they like and accept us

A

Self esteem or sociometer hypothesis

180
Q

May be compromised because our willpower is a limited resource and may be thwarted when people ironically end up doing the opposite of what they intended

A

Self regulation

181
Q

Extent to which people chronically think about how they appear to others and as a consequence change their appearance and behavior to fit the circumstances

A

Self monitoring

182
Q

Efforts to project the image of hte self that a person wants others to have

A

Impression management

183
Q

Desire to perform a behavior as a result of external rewards or pressures

A

Extrinsic motivation

184
Q

Social psychology and clinical psychology

A

Are similar as they both use the same research methodology

185
Q

Adaptive traits are ones that

A

Eventually spread to virtually all members of a species

186
Q

3 components of social cognition are…

A
  1. ) Memory
  2. ) Attention
  3. ) Perception
187
Q

Social cognition is always

A

Conscious

188
Q

The 2 components of self-evaluation maintenance theory are

A
  1. ) Reflection

2. ) Introspection

189
Q

How much willpower a person has is related to theri…

A

Self regulatory ability

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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