1st Test Flashcards
1
Q
Seeks culture-level explanations for human behavior by exploring a specific culture in depth, utilizing primarily observational research
A
Anthropology
2
Q
Examines the influence of genes, hormones, brain functioning and structure and other elements of the nervous system, on all kinds of human behavior
A
Biological/physiological psychology
3
Q
Relationship that exists when a change in one variable can be shown to produce a change in another one
A
Causal relationship
4
Q
Form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
A
Classical conditioning
5
Q
Examines the nature, causes and consequences of mental disorders and dysfunction of individuals who deviate from the norm and seeks ways to treat them
A
Clinical psychology
6
Q
Seeks to explain mental processes such as memory, problem solving, decision-making language and the nature of consciousness
A
Cognitive psychology
7
Q
Type of society in which people’ self-concepts tend to be intimately tied to and defined by their group memberships, people subordinate personal preferences and goals to the group’s and where individual choices is not highly valued
A
Collective culture
8
Q
Group of participants that did not receive the treatment and serves as a comparison to assess the effects of the treatment
A
Control group
9
Q
In an experiment , a factor that changes along with the independent variable and can prevent a clear assessment of the effects of the IV and on the DV
A
Confound
10
Q
Two variables are correlated when a change in one variable is associated with a change in the other variable
A
Correlation
11
Q
System of enduring meanings, perceptions, attitudes, beliefs and practices shared by a large group of people
A
Culture
12
Q
Measured variable that is expected to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
A
Dependent variable
13
Q
Study in which one or more variables are systematically varied in order to examine the effects on one or more other variables
A
Experiment
14
Q
Incorrect belief that after a person has already learning the outcome of a particular event he or she would have accurately predicted the outcome before it occured
A
Hindsight bias
15
Q
Prediction about the nature of social phenomena, oftentimes in the form of a proposition about how two factors are related to one another
A
Hypothesis
16
Q
Manipulated variable that is expected to change the dependent variable
A
Independent variable (IV)
17
Q
Type of society in which people’s self-concepts tend to be stable and not tied to particular groups and people place their personal preferences and goals above those of the group and value individual choice
A
Individualistic culture
18
Q
Form of learning in which reinforcement is given or punishment is administered in order to increase or decrease a specific behavior
A
Instrumental conditioning
19
Q
Explanation for social behavior that is possessed by an ordinary (lay) person without advanced training in psychology and without using scientific methods
A
Lay theory
20
Q
Genes that tend to increase the chances of survival of their carrier are more likely to be passed on to a new generation
A
Natural Selection
21
Q
Investigates the development and nature of personality traits over the lifespan
A
Personality psychology
22
Q
Each participant in a study has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition
A
Random assignment
23
Q
Mental processes involved in perceiving, attending to, remembering, thinking about and making sense of oneself and others
A
Social cognition
24
Q
Learning by observing or hearing that someone else was reinforced or punished for engaging in a particular behavior
A
Social Learning
25
Scientific study of the social experiences and behaviors of individuals
Social psychology
26
Examines group-level phenomena such as societal trends, cultural norms, the effects of race or social class and so forth
Sociology
27
Set of interrelated statements that explain and predict patterns of observable events
Theory
28
Group of participants assigned to receive the treatment
Treatment group
29
Tendency to agree with or say "yes" to questions
Acquiescence bias
30
Who one is...
Actual self
31
Judging that one is above average on most desirable characateristics
Better-than-average effect
32
Believing that one is immune to cognitive biases that affect others
Bias blind spot
33
Variations in responding because of survey features encountered prior to answering a question
Context effects
34
Imagining what could have happened (but did not)
Counterfactual thinking
35
Contrasting one's own performance, ability or situation with individuals who did less well have weaker abilities or are in worse situations
Downward social comparison
36
Tendency to provide answers that are at the extremes of the response options
Extremity bias
37
Desire to perform a behavior as a result of external rewards
Extrinsic motivation
38
Idea that people infer their feelings from their facial expressions
Facial feedback hypothesis
39
Believing that one's opinions or behaviors are more common than they actually are
False consensus effect
40
Holding incorrect beliefs about how different one is from others
False uniqueness effect
41
Image of a hypothetical self that possesses the qualities and features that a person wishes they had
Ideal self
42
Incorrect belief that others can "read" our emotions or detect our lies merely by looking at our facial expressions
Illusion of transparency
43
Efforts to project the image of the self that a person wants others to have
Impression management
44
Attempts to get particular persons to like us
Ingratiation
45
Way we present ourselves to other people
Interpersonal self
46
Desire to engage in a behavior simply because it interesting or enjoyable
Intrinsic motivation
47
Looking internally at the self to examine who one is how one feels and so forth
Introspection
48
Trying to control one's thoughts or behavior in a way that produces the very thoughts or behavior that one is trying to avoid
Ironic process of mental control
49
Image of a hypothetical self who a person believes important others think they should be
Ought self
50
When one's intrinsic motivation - such as enjoyment experienced by simply enacting the behavior - is weakened by the presence of extrinsic motivation
Overjustification effect
51
Unintended variations in question responses that stem from procedural aspects or features of the survey instrument such as the wording of a question or the order of the questions
Response effects
52
Cognitive structures that organize knowledge about particular objects of thought such as concepts, experiences or roles
Schemas
53
Psychological apparatus that gives a person the capacity to consciously think about him or herself
Self
54
Set of beliefs a person has about the characteristics she or he possesses
Self-concept
55
Idea that each person has an actual, ideal and ought self
Self-discrepancy theory
56
Overall positive or negative evaluation of oneself
Self-esteem
57
Postulates that a person typically only makes social comparisons when this will improve her or his self-evaluation
Self-evaluation maintenance model (sem)
58
Arranging events that may reduce one's likelihood of success but also protect one's self esteem by serving as excuses for possible failure
Self-handicapping
59
Extent to which people chronically think about how they appear to others and as a consequence change their appearance and behavior to fit the circumstances
Self-monitoring
60
Idea that people sometimes infer their own attitudes in the same way that a third party might infer their attitudes by watching their behavior
Self-perception theory
61
Efforts designed to enhance one's self-image
Self-promotion
62
The capacity to control one's thoughts, feelings and behavior
Self-regulation
63
Individual's conscious response to a question or situation
Self report
64
Schema that organizes information about oneself with respect to specific domains of one's life
Self-schema
65
Taking credit for one's successes but blaming outsides factors for one's failures
Self-serving attributional bias
66
Seeking information that will confirm one's self-concept
Self-verification
67
Monitoring how one is doing and adjusting one's behavior accordingly in an effort to be liked by important others
Social comparison
68
Idea that people have a psychological mechanism - the sociometer - that assesses the strength and importance of social relationships and that these relationships strongly influence self-esteem
Sociometer hypothesis
69
Overestimation of the extent to which other people are observing and noticing one
Spotlight effect
70
Questionnaires that consist entirely of self-report items that can be administered on paper, computer, online or in interviews
Surveys
71
Idea that people will evaluate how they are doing using subjective standards when objective standards are not available
Theory of social comparison processes
72
Contrasting one's performance, ability or situation with individuals who performed better have stronger abilities or are in better situations
Upward social comparison
73
Mental energy needed to change the activities of the self to meet the desired standards
Willpower
74
Social Psychology is a unique field of study that
Examines the person in a group context accounting for multiple levels of analysis and focusing primarily on laboratory research
75
Three enduring issues underlying social psychology are
1. ) Rationality
2. ) Free will
3. ) Morality
76
Ringelmann and Triplett are important because they
Conducted early experiments in social psychology
77
Dr. Lipset thinks that agressive behavior in kids is solely the result of personality defects. From Lewinian perspective what other type of cause should she consider?
Environmental factors
78
The evolutionary approach focuses on....
How people are similar across cultures
79
Classical conditioning falls under which level of explanation?
Individual
80
Dr. Wilson argues that everyone interprets the world in the same way. Which guiding assumption is he denying?
Social behavior is cultural
81
Lay theories of social behavior are...
Often contradictory
82
When social psychologists conduct research what are the two kinds of relationships amongst variables that are possible for them to study?
1. ) Quasi-experimental
| 2. ) Descriptive
83
Olivia is running an experiment in which she believes that being smiled at will make a person more helpful. Olivia's belief is an example of...
A hypothesis
84
Social cognition is different from nonsocial cognition because it...
Has object (people) that think back
85
Two of the goals of social cognition are to.
1. ) Be accurate
| 2. ) Feel good about oneself
86
Responding instantly with gut-level disgust when asked to eat a cockroach demonstrates what type of response?
Automatic
87
You read the word "hamburger" then "french fries, McDonald's and ketchup" immediately come to mind. This occurs as a result of...
Spreading integration
88
Justin is asked to estimate what percentage of adults in the world own a personal computer. After thinking about the fact that almost every adult he knows has one he answers 99%. Justin relied on which heuristic?
Availability
89
Which of the following is most true about motivated reasoning? It exists...
Both for rapid and slow careful processing
90
Ms. Carry is a second grade teacher who believes that boys tend to be naughtier than girls. She pays more careful attention to the misbehavior of the boys in her class than that of the girls for the entire year and then concludes that she was right that boys are much naughtier than girls. Ms. Carry's thinking illustrates....
The confirmation bias
91
According to the appraisal model of stress what happens during the primary appraisal?
We interpret the event/situation as a negative threat, positive opportunity, or something that is irrelevant
92
According to the appraisal model of stress what happens during the secondary appraisal process?
An assessment of what the person can do in order to minimize or avoid the hard or maximize the benefit
93
Seeks to manage the emotions associated with the event or situation
Emotion focused coping
94
Westerners are most apt to examine things in comprehensive detail down to the smallest element whereas those from Eastern cultures prefer to look at the big picture. The Western way is referred to as...
Analytical
95
According to the text, non-conscious processes ______ the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals
Play a powerful role in determining
96
If you are filling out a questionnaire in response to the broad question "Who am I?" the questionnaire is attempting to assess you...
Self concept
97
Ishmael is training to be a physician. He knows his parents wanted him to be an engineer. According to Self Discrepancy Theory "engineer" who be an example of Ishmael's...
Ought self
98
The fact that people from East Asian Nations are more likely to say "yes" than "no" to questions reflects...
The acquiescence bias
99
According to your text moderately high self esteem is correlated to...
1. ) Overall physical and mental health
2. ) Life satisfaction
3. ) Higher intellect
100
The sociometer hypothesis postulates that self-esteem reflects...
The quality of the relationships we have with others
101
According to Self Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) theory, Sara is most likely compare her skiing ability to her younger sister's IF...
Her sister is a less skilled kier
102
A teenage who believes no one can possibly understand the depth of her love for her boyfriend, least of all her mom is engaging in...
False uniqueness effect
103
Emily claims that while other people exhibit clear cognitive biases she does not. She is demonstrating...
Bias blind spot
104
Brian is quite consistent in how he behaves across a wide variety of contests, Brain is likely...
Low in self monitoring
105
Louanne's hair is disheveled and slightly greasy. She thinks that everyone at her part has noticed it even though no one has. This situation illustrates the...
Spotlight effect
106
Seek to understand how other people affect the behavior thoughts and feelings of individuals
Social psychologist
107
T/F
Social psychology is a systematic examination of social phenomena that utilizes both traditional and novel scientific methods involving careful experimentation, advanced technology and sophisticated statistical analyses
True
108
T/F
Social psychology focuses on groups rather than individuals
False - individuals
109
Social psychologists study the individual's...
Social experiences
110
Experiences encompasses 2 aspects
1. ) Conscious
| 2. ) Nonconscious
111
Thoughts and feelings
Conscious
112
Processes, brain activation, hormone regulation
Nonconscious
113
6 fundamental questions of human existence
1. ) Do we have free will?
2. ) Are we independent or conformist?
3. ) Are we rational beings?
4. ) What is the self?
5. ) Do we need other people and if so why?
6. ) Are we inherently altruistic or selfish?
114
At the core of everything we think, feel or do
Self-concept
115
Our tendency to develop and maintain relationships with others
Sociality
116
Ringelmann noted what particular phenomenon?
That those who work individual put forth more effort than those in a group
117
Triplett noticed what particular phenomenon?
That those who work with/against work harder than those working indpendently
118
What two authors published the first two textbooks?
1. ) William McDougal
| 2. ) Edward Ross
119
What even has been called the beginning of experimental social psychology?
The redefining of the field by Floyd Allport in his 2nd generation textbook
120
Allport initiated a shift in focus from.
Group to the individual and from nonscientific to scientific investigations
121
During its formative years in the early 20th century social psychology was heavily influenced by B.F. Skinner's...
Behaviorism which focused solely on external causes and Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis which emphasized internal factors
122
During the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s Social Psych was heavily influenced by was event?
WW2
123
Three levels of explanations for social behavior
1. ) Evolutionary level
2. ) Contextual level
3. ) Idividual level
124
Emphasizes the genetic history of hte human race
Evolutionary level
125
Looks at group pressures, societal influences, and cultural background
Contextual levels
126
Asks about a person's own learning history, experiences and cognitive process
Individual level
127
4 fundamental principles of social psychology
1. ) Social behavior is purposive
2. ) Social behavior stems from both dispoitional and situational influences
3. ) Social behavior is Influenced by how people construe situations
4. ) Social behavior is cultural
128
Social behavior is purposive which is to say that...
It is intended to achieve specific goals
129
Social behavior stems from both dispositional and situational influences resulting in a
Combination of both the person and the situation
130
Social behavior is influenced by how people construe situations through
Thoughts, feelings and behavior all which are influenced by our construal of social situations
131
4 characteristics of science as a process are...
1. ) Creative
2. ) Dynamic
3. ) Honest
4. ) Self-correcting
132
Researchers need to be inventive and flexible when developing ways to explore social phenomena and test ideas
Creative process
133
It is progressive and forward looking, continually asking new questions while building opon what has been learned
Dynamic process
134
Scientists share what we know and how we know it allowing others to understand the methods and techniques used to make our discoveries
Honest process
135
Scientists sometimes make mistakes and through rigorous investigation research replication and with a fervent desire to find the truth we and/or other scientists will uncover and correct those mistakes
Self-correcting process
136
Social psychological science has 3 goals
1. ) Description
2. ) Explanation
3. ) Prediction
137
Kurt Lewin's field theory articulated.....
How social behavior is a product of the interactions between dispositional and situational influences on social behavior
138
The perspective that the mind operates independently of the body and is not constrained by it.
Dualism
139
Understanding the exact nature of the relationship between the two is called the
mind/body problem
140
Contemporary social psychologists view the mind as...
Embodied or inextricably bound up with the body
141
Social brain is now seen as the default...
State of mind and mental processing
142
We think about people differently than we think about things because...
1. )People think back,
2. ) people have special relevance for our goals,
3. )thinking about people involves social explanation
4. ) We just think more about people than nonpeople
5. ) Our brains process people differently from non people
143
People have a dual mind that consists of 2 parts
1. ) C-system (controlled system)
| 2. ) X-system (automatic system)
144
Which mind system is a slow and sequential processor that can engage in abstract thinking?
C-system or the controlled system
145
Which mind system is a rapid and parallel processor characterized by intuitive thinking?
X-system or austomatic system
146
4 Components of automaticity
1. ) It is unintentional
2. ) Occurs without conscious awareness
3. ) Is accomplished efficiently
4. ) Once began cannot be controlled
147
Priming occurs when a concept or other knowledge structure is...
Automatically triggered or activated by an environmental stimulus thereby becoming more likely to affect subsequent thoughts, feelings and behaviors
148
Process by which associated concepts are activated
Spreading activiation
149
People often rely on ______ when making judgments such as availability, representativeness and anchoring and adjustment heuristics along with ignoring the base rate
Heuristics
150
Social psychologists seek to create 3 things that are both reliable and valid
1. ) Surveys
2. ) Studies
3. ) Scales
151
How consistently each measurement of the same phenomenon produce approximately the same result under the same conditions
Reliable
152
The extent to which a particular measurement tool provides accurate results
Valid
153
Refers to the extent to which we can be sure that the purported cause (IV) is the only factor influencing the purported effect (DV)
Internal validty
154
Indicates how well the results of the study can be generalized or applied to other settings and populations
External validity
155
People engage in what three types of motivated reasoning?
1. ) Belief perseverance
2. ) Confirmation bias
3. ) Biased assimilation
156
Phenomenon of holding onto a belief when its validity has been undermined by the facts
Belief perseverance
157
Tendency to search only for evidence that supports one's beliefs and to ignore information that disagrees with them
Confirmation bias
158
Construing information so that it seems similar to or consistent with one's preferred perspective
Biased assimilation
159
Reasoning is subject to....
Cultural influences
160
Mental shortcut in which people use readily available information on which to base estimation and then adjust that estimate up or down to arrive at a final judgement
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
161
Mental shortcut in which people judge the frequency or liklihood of an event based on how easily relevant examples come to mind
Availability heuristic
162
Judging how likely an event is to occur based on unusual or atypical instances while ignoring its actually base rate or probability of occurrence
Base rate fallacy
163
Person's mental processing is influenced by her or his desires, feelings or goals
Motivated reasoning
164
Characteristics of East Asian thinking include..
- Holistic approach
- Tolerant of contradictions
- Focuses on big picture
165
Characteristics of North American thinking include...
- Analytic
- Avoids contradiction
- Relatively narrow focus
166
The self is a ______ _______ that gives a person the capacity to consciously think about themselves
Psycholigical apparatus
167
4 aspects included in the self
1. ) Self esteem
2. ) Self concept
3. ) Interpersonal Self
4. ) Executive self
168
Cognitive structures that organize knowledge about the world including ourselves
Schemas
169
States that we possess actual ideal and ought selves that vary in how different they are from each other
Self-discrepancy theory
170
______ or looking within is limited because we often are unaware of our mental processes even if we know their outcomes and also because it can change how we feel
Introspection
171
Involved looking at ourselves the way some one else might but applies primarily to when we are uncertain about how we feel
Self perception
172
States that facial expression and movements can alter rather than merely reflecter what we feel
Facial feedback hypthesis
173
Commonly used in social psychology research but may be biased since some people tend toward extreme responding are more likely to agree than disagree and/or are affected by other factors like context and question wording
Self reports
174
Advantageous because they are relatively cheap, easy to construct and facilitate gathering large quantities of data quickly
Surveys
175
If researchers are interested in uncovering cause and effect they should opt for...
Controlled experimentation
176
People are _____ motivated when they engage in the activity for its own sake
intrinsically
177
People are _____ motivated when they engage in activity for reasons other than for their own sake
Extrinsically
178
Occurs when external rewards undermine our intrinsic motivation
Overjustification
179
Our evaluation of how we are doing is closely linked to the quality of our relationships with other people or the extent to which they like and accept us
Self esteem or sociometer hypothesis
180
May be compromised because our willpower is a limited resource and may be thwarted when people ironically end up doing the opposite of what they intended
Self regulation
181
Extent to which people chronically think about how they appear to others and as a consequence change their appearance and behavior to fit the circumstances
Self monitoring
182
Efforts to project the image of hte self that a person wants others to have
Impression management
183
Desire to perform a behavior as a result of external rewards or pressures
Extrinsic motivation
184
Social psychology and clinical psychology
Are similar as they both use the same research methodology
185
Adaptive traits are ones that
Eventually spread to virtually all members of a species
186
3 components of social cognition are...
1. ) Memory
2. ) Attention
3. ) Perception
187
Social cognition is always
Conscious
188
The 2 components of self-evaluation maintenance theory are
1. ) Reflection
| 2. ) Introspection
189
How much willpower a person has is related to theri...
Self regulatory ability
