FINAL Flashcards
Tidal Volume
amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a single cycle of respiration
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be exhaled above tidal volume
Residual Volume
the air that remains in thelungs, even after maximum exhalation
Total Lung Capacity
total amount of air the lungs are capable of holding
The laryngeal Bone
hyoid bone :
Where does the hyoid bone sit?
small U shaped bone at the top of the larynx (attachment for the tongue)
What are the (9) laryngeal cartilage
thyroid cricoid arytenoid corniculate cuniform
How does a speaker change vocal pitch
they change the frequency because that is the subjective measure of pitch
How does pitch differ between speakers
- -For older children, vocal folds lengthen and thicken, causing decrease in fundamental frequency
- -At puberty male larynges become longer and thicker, causing decrease in fundamental frequency
- -Female larynges undergo similar development but not as extrmeme
The source filter theory
The source of a sound pushes air through a filter that acts the same for everyone and that is how we make sounds
Formants
the peaks in spectral energy, at what frequencies there is the most energy
F1
tells about how high the tongue is in the out when making vowels
F2
is whether the tongue is in the front or the back of the mouth. These both determine the different frequencies of each peak
What is the relationship between F1 and F2?
the relationship expalins the position of the tongue in the mouth as well as the different fequencies for each vowel sound
What determines differencess in formant frequencies frequencies between different speaker?
Your age, sex, and as you get older for males their vocal cords get thinner and female vocal cords get thicker
What is articulation?
Articulation is modifying the output of the respiratory and phonatory systems to create individual speech sounds.
What is the purpose of articulation?
to manipulate resonance by altering the shape of the articulatory cavities
What is the velopharyngeal port
the velum and the oral cavity that constricts in order to close off the nasal cavity
How is the velopharyngeal port related to speech?
your velum makes contact when you want to produce oral sounds, it opens when you make nasal sounds
What is the distinction between vowel production and consonant production ?
Vowel production doesn’t restrict airflow consonant production does. And in vowels one thing is being manipulated that is the tongue. For consonants there are mutltiple things being manipulated
Manner
the way air is flowing; so like what is happening with the air when you are saying something
Place
where the air is being constricted in your mouth
voicing
wheher the vocal folds are activated during articulation
What are stop consonants
they are produced by completely blocking the flow of air then releasing it as a burst
What are nasals
they are produced like stop consonants except that velum is lowered to allow air to resonate in the nasal cavity
How do tongue tip position, lip, and ptich play into vowel production
They add to the formants in distinguishing vowels from each other
What is coarticulation
In conversational speech we’re producing 150-200 words a minute or about 10 phonemes each second.
Coarticulation affects speech production
because when we produce phonemes so rapidly, adjacent phonemes affect each other they overlap in frequency
What is lack of segmentablility
the phonemes that you don’t know wha’ts befre and after that its impossible to separate phonemes from surrounding ones
conduction
passing along sound vibration in the air
transduction
changing from one from of energy to another
What are the four structures of the outer ear
the pinna
concha
typanic membrane
external auditory canal
What are the four functions of the outer ear
the four functions are conduction, resonance, protection and localization
What is the landmark between the outer and middle ear?
The landmark between the outer and middle ear is the typanic membrane
What are the structures in the middle ear?
ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes)
The eustachian tube (connects to the middle ear to the nasopharynx)
also impedence mismatching
impedence mismatching
the middle ear helps to overcome the impedence mismatch between the outer, middle and inner ear.
why is it necessary in the auditory system?
it ensures the adequate transmission of sound energy to inner ear. The ossicular chain increses thepressure by 32x
The middle ear both amplifies and attenuates loud sounds. What causes amplification?
The surface area differences between the TM and the oval window of the cochlea, the lever action of the ossicles (malleus longer than incus so malleus moves a greater distance and incus moves with greater force) and
the conical shape and flexibility of the TM
What are the interaural timing differences ?
how your brain integrates the two sounds coming in your ear at different times. The time difference can help you localize the sound or find out where it is coming from
What is the interaural level differences ?
Your brain is integrating the loudness in each ear, it also helps you localize because its easier to find out where the sound is coming from
What are the 3 chambers of the cochlea? Which is the ascending path, and the descending path?
Scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani. The scala vestibuli is the ascending path and the scala tympani is the descending path
Which is the difference between the base and the apex?
apex: farthest away/inward from Middle ear space
Base: closest to middle ear
What are the two physical features that contribute to what happens at the base and apex of the basilar membrane?
the apex is narrow and the base is wider
What is the actual organ of hearing?
Organ of Corti is located behind the typanic membrane.
Where is the organ of corti located?
It rests upon the basilar membrane .
What are the sensory receptors called ?
Hair cells
What is the pattern of movement within the cochlea called?
Tonotopic organization: it is along the basilar membrane which vibrates in response to sound. it is a traveling wave and vibration depends on frequency of the sound. The higher frequencies go towards the basilar the lower frequencies go to the apical end. That is because the lower frequencies are going to go slower
tonotopic organization
frequency organized by a place along the basilar membrane. (each plot onthe Basilar Membrane tuned to a different frequency) near the base of high frequencies PEAK near BASE
inner hair cells
transduce mechanical vibration into electrical signals
outer hair cells
vibrate in response to sound as a result they also produce sounds in the ear called acoustic emissions
How do auditory brainstem implants work?
ABI stimulates the cochlear nucleus, they don’t work for everyone
afferent fibers
send sensory info from the brain back down in the cochlea
efferent fibers
send sensory info from the brain, back down to the cochlea.
Where in the brain is the Auditory Cortex?
Temporal lobe
What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex?
Frequency
intensity
timing
What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex?
Frequency
the brain knows which frequencies are in the sound by where in the CAS neurons are firing
What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex?
Intensity
the brain knows the relative amplitude of a sond by how many neurons fire and how fast they fire
What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex?
Timing
Timing is very important for separating detailed informaiton about a sond
(ie voice onset time, or when the folds vibrate during speech)
What are the two sources of info in the speech stream?
Phonetic Variables
Speker Variables
Phonetic Variables
place, manner and voicing
Speaker Variables
size, shape of vocal tract, subglottal pressure
Is categorical perception the same in all languages ?
there is categorical perception across languages but it varies across languages.
The studies that compared CP in English/ Spanish and English/Japanese: What did they find?
they found that Spanish speakers start voicing sooner than English speakers. This affects how they percieve the same toekns CP depends on your language (nurture)
What are the three basic claims of the Motor Theory?
- you learn to speak ont based on what you hear but based on how you produce it.
- -Relative to perceiving the phonemes we learn the ways to produce them. How you produce the sound helps you learn the sound
- -perception is species specifi
First basic claim of the Auditory Theory?
Perception is not based on production
—speech perception is like the perception of any auditory sound (General Mechanisms)
Second basic claim of Auditory Theory?
Perception is not species - specific
–any species with a comparable auditory system should percieve speech like humans do
Third basic claim of Auditory Theory?
perception may be innate
–because the auditory system is pretty much fully developed at birth, speech percpetion abilites may be innate
what are fricatives
produced when air is forced through a narrow constriction creating a noisy airflow
what are affricates
produced with a stop like closure with a fricative release
approximants
produced when articulators approach one another but don’t actually touch (ie. they approximate one another)
Liquids
a type of approximant that (rolls off the tongue)
Glide
a type of of aproximant that refers to the gradual articulatory motions that characterize these phonemes
diphthongs
vowels that start with one constriction but move to another
