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Science of Human Communication > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tidal Volume

A

amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a single cycle of respiration

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2
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

amount of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

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3
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

amount of air that can be exhaled above tidal volume

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4
Q

Residual Volume

A

the air that remains in thelungs, even after maximum exhalation

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5
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

total amount of air the lungs are capable of holding

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6
Q

The laryngeal Bone

A

hyoid bone :

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7
Q

Where does the hyoid bone sit?

A

small U shaped bone at the top of the larynx (attachment for the tongue)

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8
Q

What are the (9) laryngeal cartilage

A 
thyroid 
cricoid
arytenoid
corniculate 
cuniform
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9
Q

How does a speaker change vocal pitch

A

they change the frequency because that is the subjective measure of pitch

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10
Q

How does pitch differ between speakers

A
  • -For older children, vocal folds lengthen and thicken, causing decrease in fundamental frequency
  • -At puberty male larynges become longer and thicker, causing decrease in fundamental frequency
  • -Female larynges undergo similar development but not as extrmeme
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11
Q

The source filter theory

A

The source of a sound pushes air through a filter that acts the same for everyone and that is how we make sounds

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12
Q

Formants

A

the peaks in spectral energy, at what frequencies there is the most energy

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13
Q

F1

A

tells about how high the tongue is in the out when making vowels

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14
Q

F2

A

is whether the tongue is in the front or the back of the mouth. These both determine the different frequencies of each peak

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15
Q

What is the relationship between F1 and F2?

A

the relationship expalins the position of the tongue in the mouth as well as the different fequencies for each vowel sound

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16
Q

What determines differencess in formant frequencies frequencies between different speaker?

A

Your age, sex, and as you get older for males their vocal cords get thinner and female vocal cords get thicker

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17
Q

What is articulation?

A

Articulation is modifying the output of the respiratory and phonatory systems to create individual speech sounds.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of articulation?

A

to manipulate resonance by altering the shape of the articulatory cavities

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19
Q

What is the velopharyngeal port

A

the velum and the oral cavity that constricts in order to close off the nasal cavity

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20
Q

How is the velopharyngeal port related to speech?

A

your velum makes contact when you want to produce oral sounds, it opens when you make nasal sounds

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21
Q

What is the distinction between vowel production and consonant production ?

A

Vowel production doesn’t restrict airflow consonant production does. And in vowels one thing is being manipulated that is the tongue. For consonants there are mutltiple things being manipulated

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22
Q

Manner

A

the way air is flowing; so like what is happening with the air when you are saying something

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23
Q

Place

A

where the air is being constricted in your mouth

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24
Q

voicing

A

wheher the vocal folds are activated during articulation

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25
Q

What are stop consonants

A

they are produced by completely blocking the flow of air then releasing it as a burst

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26
Q

What are nasals

A

they are produced like stop consonants except that velum is lowered to allow air to resonate in the nasal cavity

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27
Q

How do tongue tip position, lip, and ptich play into vowel production

A

They add to the formants in distinguishing vowels from each other

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28
Q

What is coarticulation

A

In conversational speech we’re producing 150-200 words a minute or about 10 phonemes each second.

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29
Q

Coarticulation affects speech production

A

because when we produce phonemes so rapidly, adjacent phonemes affect each other they overlap in frequency

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30
Q

What is lack of segmentablility

A

the phonemes that you don’t know wha’ts befre and after that its impossible to separate phonemes from surrounding ones

31
Q

conduction

A

passing along sound vibration in the air

32
Q

transduction

A

changing from one from of energy to another

33
Q

What are the four structures of the outer ear

A

the pinna
concha
typanic membrane
external auditory canal

34
Q

What are the four functions of the outer ear

A

the four functions are conduction, resonance, protection and localization

35
Q

What is the landmark between the outer and middle ear?

A

The landmark between the outer and middle ear is the typanic membrane

36
Q

What are the structures in the middle ear?

A

ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes)
The eustachian tube (connects to the middle ear to the nasopharynx)
also impedence mismatching

37
Q

impedence mismatching

A

the middle ear helps to overcome the impedence mismatch between the outer, middle and inner ear.

38
Q

why is it necessary in the auditory system?

A

it ensures the adequate transmission of sound energy to inner ear. The ossicular chain increses thepressure by 32x

39
Q

The middle ear both amplifies and attenuates loud sounds. What causes amplification?

A

The surface area differences between the TM and the oval window of the cochlea, the lever action of the ossicles (malleus longer than incus so malleus moves a greater distance and incus moves with greater force) and
the conical shape and flexibility of the TM

40
Q

What are the interaural timing differences ?

A

how your brain integrates the two sounds coming in your ear at different times. The time difference can help you localize the sound or find out where it is coming from

41
Q

What is the interaural level differences ?

A

Your brain is integrating the loudness in each ear, it also helps you localize because its easier to find out where the sound is coming from

42
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the cochlea? Which is the ascending path, and the descending path?

A

Scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani. The scala vestibuli is the ascending path and the scala tympani is the descending path

43
Q

Which is the difference between the base and the apex?

A

apex: farthest away/inward from Middle ear space
Base: closest to middle ear

44
Q

What are the two physical features that contribute to what happens at the base and apex of the basilar membrane?

A

the apex is narrow and the base is wider

45
Q

What is the actual organ of hearing?

A

Organ of Corti is located behind the typanic membrane.

46
Q

Where is the organ of corti located?

A

It rests upon the basilar membrane .

47
Q

What are the sensory receptors called ?

A

Hair cells

48
Q

What is the pattern of movement within the cochlea called?

A

Tonotopic organization: it is along the basilar membrane which vibrates in response to sound. it is a traveling wave and vibration depends on frequency of the sound. The higher frequencies go towards the basilar the lower frequencies go to the apical end. That is because the lower frequencies are going to go slower

49
Q

tonotopic organization

A

frequency organized by a place along the basilar membrane. (each plot onthe Basilar Membrane tuned to a different frequency) near the base of high frequencies PEAK near BASE

50
Q

inner hair cells

A

transduce mechanical vibration into electrical signals

51
Q

outer hair cells

A

vibrate in response to sound as a result they also produce sounds in the ear called acoustic emissions

52
Q

How do auditory brainstem implants work?

A

ABI stimulates the cochlear nucleus, they don’t work for everyone

53
Q

afferent fibers

A

send sensory info from the brain back down in the cochlea

54
Q

efferent fibers

A

send sensory info from the brain, back down to the cochlea.

55
Q

Where in the brain is the Auditory Cortex?

A

Temporal lobe

56
Q

What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex?

A

Frequency
intensity
timing

57
Q

What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex?
Frequency

A

the brain knows which frequencies are in the sound by where in the CAS neurons are firing

58
Q

What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex?
Intensity

A

the brain knows the relative amplitude of a sond by how many neurons fire and how fast they fire

59
Q

What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex?
Timing

A

Timing is very important for separating detailed informaiton about a sond
(ie voice onset time, or when the folds vibrate during speech)

60
Q

What are the two sources of info in the speech stream?

A

Phonetic Variables

Speker Variables

61
Q

Phonetic Variables

A

place, manner and voicing

62
Q

Speaker Variables

A

size, shape of vocal tract, subglottal pressure

63
Q

Is categorical perception the same in all languages ?

A

there is categorical perception across languages but it varies across languages.

64
Q

The studies that compared CP in English/ Spanish and English/Japanese: What did they find?

A

they found that Spanish speakers start voicing sooner than English speakers. This affects how they percieve the same toekns CP depends on your language (nurture)

65
Q

What are the three basic claims of the Motor Theory?

A
    • you learn to speak ont based on what you hear but based on how you produce it.
  • -Relative to perceiving the phonemes we learn the ways to produce them. How you produce the sound helps you learn the sound
  • -perception is species specifi
66
Q

First basic claim of the Auditory Theory?

A

Perception is not based on production

—speech perception is like the perception of any auditory sound (General Mechanisms)

67
Q

Second basic claim of Auditory Theory?

A

Perception is not species - specific

–any species with a comparable auditory system should percieve speech like humans do

68
Q

Third basic claim of Auditory Theory?

A

perception may be innate

–because the auditory system is pretty much fully developed at birth, speech percpetion abilites may be innate

69
Q

what are fricatives

A

produced when air is forced through a narrow constriction creating a noisy airflow

70
Q

what are affricates

A

produced with a stop like closure with a fricative release

71
Q

approximants

A

produced when articulators approach one another but don’t actually touch (ie. they approximate one another)

72
Q

Liquids

A

a type of approximant that (rolls off the tongue)

73
Q

Glide

A

a type of of aproximant that refers to the gradual articulatory motions that characterize these phonemes

74
Q

diphthongs

A

vowels that start with one constriction but move to another

Science of Human Communication (3 decks)

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