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Science of Human Communication > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do we define sound?

A

physical properties and perceptual properties

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2
Q

Physical properties of sound

A

defines the physical and mathematical properties of sound

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3
Q

perceptual properties of sound

A

defines the way in which we percieve sounds – based human perception

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4
Q

What is the SHM?

A

Harmonic– repeating motion

simple– restoring force proportional to displacement

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5
Q

Inertia

A

resistance of a physical object to any change in its state of motino

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6
Q

potential energy

A

energy due to position fof teh body or the arrangement of the particles of the system usually associated with restoring forces

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7
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy due to its motino

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8
Q

velocity

A

rate of change with discplacement

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9
Q

gravity

A

force with which all physical bodies attract each other. That thing that gives wright to physical object and causes physical objects to fall toward the group when dropped from a height

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10
Q

cycle

A

one complete repition

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11
Q

elasticity

A

the counter force providing movment

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12
Q

newton’s first law of motion

A

an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. AN object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an extrernal forces

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13
Q

hooke’s law

A

the magnitude of restoring force (elasticity) is proportional to the displacement from rest

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14
Q

How does SHM explain sound?

A

air is made up of a bunch of molecules each with its own pattern of motion. if an object in that bunch of molecules begins to vibrate as in SHM the air molecules will also vibrate in SHM

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15
Q

Compression

A

this high pressure region with molecules close together

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16
Q

rarefaction

A

low- pressure area

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17
Q

What are the two requrements for sound

A

source and a medim

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18
Q

two requirement that both have the same two features necesssary for sound.

A

mass and elasticity

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19
Q

Transverse waves

A

a wave in which the particles of the meduium are displaced in a direction perpendicular to the directon of energy transport

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20
Q

surface waves

A

a wave in which particles of the medium undego circular motin

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21
Q

longitudinal waves

A

a wae in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction which the wave moves
this type of wave is sound

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22
Q

Waveform

A

a series of comles waves to look at speech visually, amplitude, frequency, time and variation all of it

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23
Q

What is the range of frequency is relevant for human being

A

20 hz-20,000hz

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24
Q

what is the spectrum or frequency line spectrum?

A

we represent the frequency of a wave easily. and amplitude is represented on the y axis and frequency on the x axis

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25
Q

period

A

the time it took to complete one cycle

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26
Q

how does temperature affect the speed of sound

A

sound is tranmitted through a medium that has its own pattern of motion. motion depends on temperature so speed of sound varies with temperature

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27
Q

amplitude

A

sound intensity

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28
Q

displacement

A

change in position the distance from a reference desceibe both distance and direction

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29
Q

instantaneous amplitude

A

the magnitude at the point of maximum displacement relative to the magnitude at equilibrium

30
Q

peak to peak amplitude

A

the difference in magnitude of displacement between two opposite valence peak points in a wave

31
Q

Root Mean Square

A

a statistical measure of the magnitude of varying wave

32
Q

_______ is the most useful or relates best to listeners perceptions

A

pressure

33
Q

Force

A

force be thought of as any push or pusll applied to an object

34
Q

pressure

A

XXXX

35
Q

reference point for measuring sound and amplitude?

A

dynes

36
Q

dynes

A

a measure of weight (measure the absolute pressre level)

37
Q

decibel

A

measure of the relative difference in sound pressure between two sounds

38
Q

observed pressure

A

p0

39
Q

reference sound pressure

A

pr

40
Q

two features of the decibel formula that makes it good for measuring sound

A

logarithmic scale

ration scale

41
Q

logarithmic scale

A

reduces the rance of human sensitivity to a manageable scale

42
Q

ration scale

A

compares sound pressure to reference value starts the scale at 0 for human

43
Q

How do we calculate the decibel value of two sounds added together

A

the pressure in dynes/ cm2 doubles

44
Q

damping

A

decrease in amplitude

45
Q

phase

A

a measurement of where in the cycle so think about how you can measaure it when around a circle. Measured in degrees, that’s, how you know what degree the phase is

46
Q

3 main properties of a sound wave

A

single frequency
pure tones
used for audiometry

47
Q

intereference

A

combining waves lead to interference

48
Q

construction interference

A

where the combination results in an increase in amplitude

49
Q

destructive interference

A

where the combinaton results in a decrease in amplitude

50
Q

a complex harmonic wave

A

a nice complex wave

51
Q

fundamental frequency

A

lowest frequency

52
Q

harmonics

A

higher frequency components that are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

53
Q

a complex wave is periodic

A

if it is repeating

54
Q

a fourier series

A

a complex wave in wich all the frequency components are related

55
Q

square wave

A

odd harmonics; sounds harsh

56
Q

triangle wave

A

odd harmonics; not as harsh high frequency fall off at a faster rate

57
Q

sawtooth wave

A

all harmonics; closest to the vocal source= most relevant to speech because it is the most like speech like the sound our vocal cords make

58
Q

what is the definition of resonance

A

resonance is defined as the increase in amplitude that occurs when an object vibrates at is preferred frequency

59
Q

preferred frequency

A

the point of vibration in which objects start to resonate

60
Q

a child on a swing

A

a child on a swing is essentially a pendulum. The swing will vibrate at a frequency determined by its length. an increase in amplitude is called resonance

61
Q

mechanical resonance

A

when an external force is applied to a system vibrated in SHM or at the perfect times, its amplitude increased but its frequency stays the same

62
Q

acoustic resonance

A

involves achange in frequency of the otupt more than one resonant frequency

63
Q

for acoustic resonance what determines the preferred frequency

A

determined by the physical properties of the structure meaning length

64
Q

what are the two consequences of acoustic resonance

A

the sound coming is low and the sound is coming out louder; increase in amplitude the sound that comes back isfiltered

65
Q

traveling wave

A

the type of wave that is shown traveling through a medium

66
Q

standing wave

A

its the pattern resulting from the presence of two waves (sometimes more) of the same frequency with different direction of travel within the same medium

67
Q

nodes

A

are where there is no displacement of the particles (no displacement)

68
Q

antinodes

A

are where the displacement is maximum

69
Q

why do we talk about a tube when talking about acoustic resonance

A

the sound that resonates will have a wavelength that is proportional to the length of the tube

70
Q

what is a feature of sound matters for tube resonance

A

the length– that’s what ‘s changing. besides it’s preferred frequency it will also vibrate a harmonics of its preferred frequency

71
Q

What happens at a tube’s end? what happens at a tube’s close end?

A

node at wall of the tube and an antinode at the opening

Science of Human Communication (3 decks)

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