Final Flashcards
John Winthrop
- wealthy English Puritan lawyer
- leading figure in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
- also first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
European Settlements in North American colonies
- began as early as 10th century when Norse sailors explored and settled areas on the shores of present-day Greenland and Canada
- extensive colonization began in 1492 with Christopher Columbus
- large scale European exploration, colonization, and industrial development followed shortly after
- Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas
- smaller powers such as France also founded colonies
- the period shortly after 1492 is known as the Columbian exchange; a dramatically widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease
- eventually the entire Western Hemisphere came under the ostensible control of European governments
- religious immigration
- forced immigration
- enslavement
Triangular trade
- trade among three ports or regions
- usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come
Middle passage
the sea journey taken by slave ships from West Africa to West Indies
Columbian Exchange
the dramatic widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease starting with Columbus in the year 1492
Religion in colonial settlements
- most colonies attempted to enforce strict religious observance
- laws mandated that everyone attend a house of worship and pay taxes that funded the salaries of minsters
- those who sought to proselytize a different version of Christianity or a different non-Christian faith were oftentimes persecuted
French-Indian Wars 1754-1763
- AKA the Seven Years’ War
- North American conflict in the larger grand scale imperial war between Great Britain and France
- ended with the treaty of Paris in 1763
- the war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains but disputes over the frontier policy and paying the war’s expenses led to colonial discontent which would ultimately lead to the American Revolution
Albany Plan of Union 1754
- plan to create a unified government for the 13 colonies
- the one with the flag of the snake divided into parts and the words “Join or Die”
- meant to encourage a unification of the colonies against Britain
Stamp Act Congress 1765
- a meeting held between October 7 and October 25 in the year 1765 in NYC
- consisted of representatives from some of the British colonies in North America
- first gathering of selected representatives to devise a unified protest against the new taxation Britain had implemented
- “No taxation without representation”
- colonists despised the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act
- only nine colonies showed up
- Congress acknowledged Parliament’s right to make laws in the colonies but requested it provided the colonies with justification of such taxation
Articles of Confederation
- the document that served as the United States’ first constitution
- in effect until the day the Constitution went into effect
- stemmed from wartime urgency
- under the articles, the states remained sovereign and independent with Congress serving as a last resort on appeal of disputes
- Congress was also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces, and coin money
- central government lacked the ability to levy taxes and regulate commerce
- these issues would lead to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 for the creation of new federal laws
Federalism
- a system based upon democratic rules
- a group of members are bound together by agreement or covenant
- sovereignty is constitutionally shared between a central governing authority and constituent political units (states/provinces)
Clay’s American system
- integrated American program
- protective tariff
- national bank jointly owned by private stockholders and federal government
- federal subsidies for transportation projects (internal improvements)
- consisted of certain similarities to the ideas of Alexander Hamilton
Development of America’s infrastructure
an increasing amount of railroads and national roads were being built
Manifest destiny
- the attitude/belief that the United States not only could but was destined to stretch from coast to coast no matter what stood in its way
- this attitude fueled western settlement
- also used as an excuse for the removal of Native Americans and Mexican War
Expansion into Texas
during the post 1815 cotton boom, settlers poured into Eastern Texas in search of farmland
after Panic of 1819, many indebted Americans fled to Texas to escape creditors
by 1824 the Mexican government began to actively encourage the American colonization of Texas in order to promote trade and development
after a number of revolts, Mexico closed Texas to all American immigration and forbade new slaves to enter the territory
however Mexico was not powerful enough to enforce this
Mexican government grew increasingly unstable
Stephen Austin starts fighting for Texas’s independence
Battle at the Alamo was fought against Santa Anna’s army and lost
Battle at San Jacinto River was fought and won by the rebellion
Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as independent
- during the post 1815 cotton boom, settlers poured into Eastern Texas in search of farmland
- after Panic of 1819, many indebted Americans fled to Texas to escape creditors
- by 1824 the Mexican government began to actively encourage the American colonization of Texas in order to promote trade and development
- after a number of revolts, Mexico closed Texas to all American immigration and forbade new slaves to enter the territory
- however Mexico was not powerful enough to enforce this
- Mexican government grew increasingly unstable
- Stephen Austin starts fighting for Texas’s independence
- Battle at the Alamo was fought against Santa Anna’s army and lost
- Battle at San Jacinto River was fought and won by the rebellion
- Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as independent
