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Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Molecules…

A

are the most basic unit of matter

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2
Q

Atoms react through interactions between their…

A

electrons

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3
Q

Bonds formed by weak electric attractions between polar molecules are called…

A

hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

Gold is a very stable metal; the potassium ion is a highly reactive metal. What might you hypothesize about these two metals?

A

potassium is a charged atom, or ion

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5
Q

How does hydrolysis relate to biomolecules?

A

hydrolysis breaks molecules

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6
Q

Carbon is the central molecule of living things. What property of carbon makes it so valuable and versatile to molecular formation?

A

carbon has four vacant spaces in its outer shell

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7
Q

What are NOT examples of organic molecules?

A

Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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8
Q

While plants store energy as starch, animals store carbohydrate energy as…

A

glycogen

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9
Q

Chitin is a…

A

carbohydrate

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10
Q

What maintains the bonds among water molecules?

A

hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Ordinary sugar contains…

A

fructose and glucose

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12
Q

You want to make a lipid. To do this you must bond a glycerol head and 3 fatty acid tails. What process do you use?

A

dehydration synthesis

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13
Q

Sweating is a useful cooling device for humans because…

A

Water takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its liquid state to its gaseous state.

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14
Q

Lard is solid at room temperature. What does this tell you about the fats in lard?

A

the lard is composed of saturated fats

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15
Q

Hemoglobin represents which level of protein organization?

A

quaternary structure

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16
Q

Keratin is an example of a…

A

protein

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17
Q

There are very few laws, but many theories in biology. Why?

A

A theory is supported by repeated tests and by extensive evidence, but cannot be proven

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18
Q

Biological molecules primarily are joined by…

A

covalent bonds

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19
Q

Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen are all examples of…

A

steroids

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20
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate is an example of a…

A

nucleotide

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21
Q

Maltose is…

A

a disaccharide

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22
Q

A quick source of energy is…

A

a monosaccharide

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23
Q

Lactose is…

A

a disaccharide

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24
Q

Cellulose is…

A

a polysaccharide

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25
Q

Galactose is…

A

a monosaccharide

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26
Q

A steroid is…

A

a lipid

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27
Q

A variable “R” group is part of…

A

an amino acid/protein

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28
Q

Glutamic acid is…

A

an amino acid/protein

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29
Q

What happens to the chemical structure of water as it freezes?

A

they spread out, it expands

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30
Q

How does ice compare to water in terms of its density?

A

ice is less dense than water

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31
Q

ATP is a…

A

nucleotide

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32
Q

Which type of molecule explains the properties of a cell membrane?

A

a phospholipid

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33
Q

Simple diffusion…

A

moves molecules down or with a concentration gradient

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34
Q

The fluid Mosaic model of the cell membrane describes a membrane that…

A

has a hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior

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35
Q

Which parts of the mitochondria are directly involved in the synthesis of ATP during chemiosmosis?

A

matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane

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36
Q

A reaction that stores energy by forming chemical bonds is described as…

A

endergonic

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37
Q

What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

A

osmosis is diffusion, but only diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

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38
Q

According to the second law of thermodynamics, natural systems have a tendency to become disorganized and chaotic without energy input; why has the Earth become more organized over time?

A

the sun provides energy input

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39
Q

Transport from high concentration to low concentration:

A

active transport

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40
Q

How does ATP transport energy?

A

by forming high energy bonds connecting the phosphate groups

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41
Q

The cells that line the intestine have highly folded plasma membranes on the absorptive surface of the intestine because…

A

this will increase the surface to volume ratio

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42
Q

When cells move large particles into the cell this is called…

A

endocytosis

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43
Q

When cells move large particles out of the cell this is called…

A

exocytosis

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44
Q

What breaks down the cellular structure of the cell membrane and is contained in snake and spider venom?

A

phospholipases

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45
Q

Most reactions in the body occur too slowly to sustain life because…

A

many reactions in the body require large amounts of activation energy from enzymes

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46
Q

The end product of glycosis is…

A

pyruvate

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47
Q

The ETC receives electrons directly from…

A

NADH and FADH2

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48
Q

In the matrix, oxygen combines with what to form what?

A

electrons and hydrogen ions to form water

49
Q

What is the correct order of main events of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production

50
Q

Depleted energy carrier…

A

FAD+

51
Q

A fully energized hydrogen ion/energy carrier…

A

FADH2

52
Q

In photosynthesis, carbon-fixation refers to…

A

using carbons from carbon dioxide to synthesize glucose

53
Q

Wood and paper are composed mostly of cellulose, which is a carbohydrate. From where did the inorganic carbon to make wood and paper come?

A

the atmosphere

54
Q

What was the main point of Griffith’s experiment(s) with pneumonia in mice?

A

there is a substance present in dead bacteria that can cause a heritable change in living bacteria

55
Q

Complementary base pairs are held together by…

A

hydrogen bonds

56
Q

Semi-conservative DNA replication means…

A

each new DNA molecule has half of the old one

57
Q

In the comparison of DNA molecules to a twisted ladder, the steps of the ladder represent…

A

nitrogenous bases linked together

58
Q

Which enzymes are involved in the DNA replication process?

A

DNA helicase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase

59
Q

How many molecules of CO2 are fixed to form one molecule of glucose?

A

6

60
Q

Where is glucose synthesized?

A

stroma

61
Q

Both DNA and RNA…

A

contain phosphate groups

62
Q

Transcription is the process of…

A

synthesizing an RNA molecule using a DNA template

63
Q

Many events take place in the nucleus. What occurs in the nucleus?

A

Transcription and replication of genetic material

64
Q

It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that a DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in its…

A

sequence of singular bases

65
Q

What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome?

A

a chromosome contains hundreds of genes which are composed of DNA

66
Q

In Photosystem II electrons are used to pump H+ across a membrane. How is the supply of H+ ions replenished so as to continue this process?

A

by the electrons that are the product of water splitting

67
Q

In plants, what happens to the glucose that is synthesized during photosynthesis?

A

it can be used in cellular respiration

68
Q

Which of the following is NOT needed for DNA replication to occur?

A

RNA polymerase

69
Q

The Central Dogma of biology states that…

A

the flow of genetic information in a cell is DNA to RNA to protein

70
Q

Who injected mice with bacteria?

A

Griffith

71
Q

Who confirmed DNA “Transformation”?

A

Oswald, MacLeod, and McCarty

72
Q

What is a chromosomal complement of an individual or species?

A

karyotype

73
Q

Unzips DNA strand…

A

helicase

74
Q

Affixes free nucleotides during replication…

A

DNA polymerase

75
Q

Ends of a chromosome…

A

telomere

76
Q

Affixes free nucleotides during transcription…

A

RNA polymerase

77
Q

Location in ribosome for tRNA molecules…

A

binding site

78
Q

Location in ribosome where amino acids are bonded together…

A

catalytic site

79
Q

If genes code for proteins, what codes for enzymes?

A

genes

80
Q

What happens during photosynthesis?

A

CO2 provides a source of carbon atoms to build organic molecules

81
Q

What precisely do plants use the sun’s energy to do?

A

Split water to get electrons and protons from hydrogen

82
Q

Which four elements make up about 96% of living matter?

A

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen

83
Q

The majority of ATP produced during cellular energy harvest is…

A

produced by the ETC

84
Q

Pectin…

A

is a carbohydrate made by plants

85
Q

The end result of successful mitosis is…

A

two daughter cells with exactly the same genetic material as the parent cell

86
Q

When does cellular respiration occur?

A

all eukaryotic organisms do cellular respiration all the time

87
Q

The “rungs” of the DNA ladder are made up of…

A

nucleotide bases

88
Q

If a cell has replicated its DNA, which of the following is true?

A

the cell is committed to divide

89
Q

Which of these can move directly through the lipid layer of the membrane, without the assistance of a transport or channel protein?

A

Gases, such as CO2. Tiny, nonpolar particles can move directly through the nonpolar lipid membrane.

90
Q

The bulk of the ATP production during cellular respiration occurs during…

A

The Electron Transport System

91
Q

A label on a bottle of enzyme says that the enzyme “hydrolyzes” starch. In plain English, what does that mean?

A

The enzyme breaks apart starch into sugars

92
Q

The majority of ATP produced during cellular energy harvest is:

A

Produced by the electron transport chain

93
Q

Non-polar covalent bonds, such as the bonds between carbon and hydrogen in a methane molecule, are formed when:

A

electrons are shared equally between atoms.

94
Q

The substrate of the enzyme lipase is:

A

Lipids

95
Q

If an enzyme is used to digest fats, what monomer would be released?

A

fatty acids

96
Q

Which functional group is nonpolar?

A

Methyl group (CH3)

97
Q

Oil and water won’t mix because:

A

Fatty acids are mostly nonpolar molecules, water is a polar molecule.

98
Q

If pepsin is a protease, it should break down:

A

Proteins

99
Q

The big, huge, terribly important difference between Prophase of mitosis and Prophase I of meiosis is that in mitosis, identical sister chromatids pair up, while in Prophase I of meiosis:

A

homologous chromosomes join to form tetrads.

100
Q

Whether a cell is about to do meiosis or mitosis, before it even begins meiosis or mitosis it will:

A

Go through DNA replication to make identical copies of each DNA strand.

101
Q

When a plant carries out cellular respiration, what does it get from the process?

A

ATP

102
Q

Like other biomolecules, amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They also contain another element that is found in all amino acids but never in sugars. What is that element?

A

nitrogen

103
Q

Hershey and Chase experimented with bacteriophage viruses and bacteria. By labeling the DNA in viruses with radioactive phosphorous, they were able to show that:

A

only DNA carries information.

104
Q

Why do plants do photosynthesis?

A

To make carbon-based molecules to power their own energy needs.

105
Q

Atoms that have gained or lost an electron are called:

A

ions.

106
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?

A

Gives strength

107
Q

Which lipids are found in the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

108
Q

In the DNA double helix, adenine always matches with thymine because:

A

both can form two hydrogen bonds with one another.

109
Q

Atomic bonds can be explained by:

A

how electrons interact.

110
Q

When a plant carries out cellular respiration, what does it get from the process?

A

ATP

111
Q

A cell in the root of a plant needs to store up starch as food for the plant. What monomer does the root cell need to take in?

A

Glucose

112
Q

Frederick Griffith’s and Oswald Avery’s experiments with pneumonia bacteria in mice helped to show:

A

that DNA is the hereditary molecule.

113
Q

Which of these is NOT a major category of biomolecules?

A

Amino acid

114
Q

Is it possible to gain weight on a low-fat diet?

A

Yes, because unused acetyl CoA can be converted to fatty acids.

115
Q

ATP is produced in the…

A

mitochondria

116
Q

When Buster works out too hard in the gym, his muscles go into oxygen debt and produce lactic acid by fermentation. From the muscle cell’s point of view, what does this accomplish?

A

Fermentation recycles NADH into NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.

117
Q

Molecules, Atoms, DNA

A

DNA is a molecule made up of many atoms.

118
Q

DNA polymerase carries out an important role in DNA replication. To what class of molecules does DNA polymerase belong?

A

Proteins

119
Q

During the overall process of photosynthesis, which of these happens?

A

CO2 is used as a source of carbon to build organic molecules.

Biology 102 (4 decks)

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