Final Flashcards
1
Q
Molecules…
A
are the most basic unit of matter
2
Q
Atoms react through interactions between their…
A
electrons
3
Q
Bonds formed by weak electric attractions between polar molecules are called…
A
hydrogen bonds
4
Q
Gold is a very stable metal; the potassium ion is a highly reactive metal. What might you hypothesize about these two metals?
A
potassium is a charged atom, or ion
5
Q
How does hydrolysis relate to biomolecules?
A
hydrolysis breaks molecules
6
Q
Carbon is the central molecule of living things. What property of carbon makes it so valuable and versatile to molecular formation?
A
carbon has four vacant spaces in its outer shell
7
Q
What are NOT examples of organic molecules?
A
Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
8
Q
While plants store energy as starch, animals store carbohydrate energy as…
A
glycogen
9
Q
Chitin is a…
A
carbohydrate
10
Q
What maintains the bonds among water molecules?
A
hydrogen bonds
11
Q
Ordinary sugar contains…
A
fructose and glucose
12
Q
You want to make a lipid. To do this you must bond a glycerol head and 3 fatty acid tails. What process do you use?
A
dehydration synthesis
13
Q
Sweating is a useful cooling device for humans because…
A
Water takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its liquid state to its gaseous state.
14
Q
Lard is solid at room temperature. What does this tell you about the fats in lard?
A
the lard is composed of saturated fats
15
Q
Hemoglobin represents which level of protein organization?
A
quaternary structure
16
Q
Keratin is an example of a…
A
protein
17
Q
There are very few laws, but many theories in biology. Why?
A
A theory is supported by repeated tests and by extensive evidence, but cannot be proven
18
Q
Biological molecules primarily are joined by…
A
covalent bonds
19
Q
Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen are all examples of…
A
steroids
20
Q
Adenosine Triphosphate is an example of a…
A
nucleotide
21
Q
Maltose is…
A
a disaccharide
22
Q
A quick source of energy is…
A
a monosaccharide
23
Q
Lactose is…
A
a disaccharide
24
Q
Cellulose is…
A
a polysaccharide
25
Galactose is...
a monosaccharide
26
A steroid is...
a lipid
27
A variable "R" group is part of...
an amino acid/protein
28
Glutamic acid is...
an amino acid/protein
29
What happens to the chemical structure of water as it freezes?
they spread out, it expands
30
How does ice compare to water in terms of its density?
ice is less dense than water
31
ATP is a...
nucleotide
32
Which type of molecule explains the properties of a cell membrane?
a phospholipid
33
Simple diffusion...
moves molecules down or with a concentration gradient
34
The fluid Mosaic model of the cell membrane describes a membrane that...
has a hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior
35
Which parts of the mitochondria are directly involved in the synthesis of ATP during chemiosmosis?
matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane
36
A reaction that stores energy by forming chemical bonds is described as...
endergonic
37
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
osmosis is diffusion, but only diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
38
According to the second law of thermodynamics, natural systems have a tendency to become disorganized and chaotic without energy input; why has the Earth become more organized over time?
the sun provides energy input
39
Transport from high concentration to low concentration:
active transport
40
How does ATP transport energy?
by forming high energy bonds connecting the phosphate groups
41
The cells that line the intestine have highly folded plasma membranes on the absorptive surface of the intestine because...
this will increase the surface to volume ratio
42
When cells move large particles into the cell this is called...
endocytosis
43
When cells move large particles out of the cell this is called...
exocytosis
44
What breaks down the cellular structure of the cell membrane and is contained in snake and spider venom?
phospholipases
45
Most reactions in the body occur too slowly to sustain life because...
many reactions in the body require large amounts of activation energy from enzymes
46
The end product of glycosis is...
pyruvate
47
The ETC receives electrons directly from...
NADH and FADH2
48
In the matrix, oxygen combines with what to form what?
electrons and hydrogen ions to form water
49
What is the correct order of main events of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production
50
Depleted energy carrier...
FAD+
51
A fully energized hydrogen ion/energy carrier...
FADH2
52
In photosynthesis, carbon-fixation refers to...
using carbons from carbon dioxide to synthesize glucose
53
Wood and paper are composed mostly of cellulose, which is a carbohydrate. From where did the inorganic carbon to make wood and paper come?
the atmosphere
54
What was the main point of Griffith's experiment(s) with pneumonia in mice?
there is a substance present in dead bacteria that can cause a heritable change in living bacteria
55
Complementary base pairs are held together by...
hydrogen bonds
56
Semi-conservative DNA replication means...
each new DNA molecule has half of the old one
57
In the comparison of DNA molecules to a twisted ladder, the steps of the ladder represent...
nitrogenous bases linked together
58
Which enzymes are involved in the DNA replication process?
DNA helicase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase
59
How many molecules of CO2 are fixed to form one molecule of glucose?
6
60
Where is glucose synthesized?
stroma
61
Both DNA and RNA...
contain phosphate groups
62
Transcription is the process of...
synthesizing an RNA molecule using a DNA template
63
Many events take place in the nucleus. What occurs in the nucleus?
Transcription and replication of genetic material
64
It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that a DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in its...
sequence of singular bases
65
What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome?
a chromosome contains hundreds of genes which are composed of DNA
66
In Photosystem II electrons are used to pump H+ across a membrane. How is the supply of H+ ions replenished so as to continue this process?
by the electrons that are the product of water splitting
67
In plants, what happens to the glucose that is synthesized during photosynthesis?
it can be used in cellular respiration
68
Which of the following is NOT needed for DNA replication to occur?
RNA polymerase
69
The Central Dogma of biology states that...
the flow of genetic information in a cell is DNA to RNA to protein
70
Who injected mice with bacteria?
Griffith
71
Who confirmed DNA "Transformation"?
Oswald, MacLeod, and McCarty
72
What is a chromosomal complement of an individual or species?
karyotype
73
Unzips DNA strand...
helicase
74
Affixes free nucleotides during replication...
DNA polymerase
75
Ends of a chromosome...
telomere
76
Affixes free nucleotides during transcription...
RNA polymerase
77
Location in ribosome for tRNA molecules...
binding site
78
Location in ribosome where amino acids are bonded together...
catalytic site
79
If genes code for proteins, what codes for enzymes?
genes
80
What happens during photosynthesis?
CO2 provides a source of carbon atoms to build organic molecules
81
What precisely do plants use the sun's energy to do?
Split water to get electrons and protons from hydrogen
82
Which four elements make up about 96% of living matter?
carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen
83
The majority of ATP produced during cellular energy harvest is...
produced by the ETC
84
Pectin...
is a carbohydrate made by plants
85
The end result of successful mitosis is...
two daughter cells with exactly the same genetic material as the parent cell
86
When does cellular respiration occur?
all eukaryotic organisms do cellular respiration all the time
87
The "rungs" of the DNA ladder are made up of...
nucleotide bases
88
If a cell has replicated its DNA, which of the following is true?
the cell is committed to divide
89
Which of these can move directly through the lipid layer of the membrane, without the assistance of a transport or channel protein?
Gases, such as CO2. Tiny, nonpolar particles can move directly through the nonpolar lipid membrane.
90
The bulk of the ATP production during cellular respiration occurs during...
The Electron Transport System
91
A label on a bottle of enzyme says that the enzyme "hydrolyzes" starch. In plain English, what does that mean?
The enzyme breaks apart starch into sugars
92
The majority of ATP produced during cellular energy harvest is:
Produced by the electron transport chain
93
Non-polar covalent bonds, such as the bonds between carbon and hydrogen in a methane molecule, are formed when:
electrons are shared equally between atoms.
94
The substrate of the enzyme lipase is:
Lipids
95
If an enzyme is used to digest fats, what monomer would be released?
fatty acids
96
Which functional group is nonpolar?
Methyl group (CH3)
97
Oil and water won't mix because:
Fatty acids are mostly nonpolar molecules, water is a polar molecule.
98
If pepsin is a protease, it should break down:
Proteins
99
The big, huge, terribly important difference between Prophase of mitosis and Prophase I of meiosis is that in mitosis, identical sister chromatids pair up, while in Prophase I of meiosis:
homologous chromosomes join to form tetrads.
100
Whether a cell is about to do meiosis or mitosis, before it even begins meiosis or mitosis it will:
Go through DNA replication to make identical copies of each DNA strand.
101
When a plant carries out cellular respiration, what does it get from the process?
ATP
102
Like other biomolecules, amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They also contain another element that is found in all amino acids but never in sugars. What is that element?
nitrogen
103
Hershey and Chase experimented with bacteriophage viruses and bacteria. By labeling the DNA in viruses with radioactive phosphorous, they were able to show that:
only DNA carries information.
104
Why do plants do photosynthesis?
To make carbon-based molecules to power their own energy needs.
105
Atoms that have gained or lost an electron are called:
ions.
106
What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?
Gives strength
107
Which lipids are found in the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?
Phospholipids and cholesterol
108
In the DNA double helix, adenine always matches with thymine because:
both can form two hydrogen bonds with one another.
109
Atomic bonds can be explained by:
how electrons interact.
110
When a plant carries out cellular respiration, what does it get from the process?
ATP
111
A cell in the root of a plant needs to store up starch as food for the plant. What monomer does the root cell need to take in?
Glucose
112
Frederick Griffith's and Oswald Avery's experiments with pneumonia bacteria in mice helped to show:
that DNA is the hereditary molecule.
113
Which of these is NOT a major category of biomolecules?
Amino acid
114
Is it possible to gain weight on a low-fat diet?
Yes, because unused acetyl CoA can be converted to fatty acids.
115
ATP is produced in the...
mitochondria
116
When Buster works out too hard in the gym, his muscles go into oxygen debt and produce lactic acid by fermentation. From the muscle cell’s point of view, what does this accomplish?
Fermentation recycles NADH into NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.
117
Molecules, Atoms, DNA
DNA is a molecule made up of many atoms.
118
DNA polymerase carries out an important role in DNA replication. To what class of molecules does DNA polymerase belong?
Proteins
119
During the overall process of photosynthesis, which of these happens?
CO2 is used as a source of carbon to build organic molecules.
