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Biology 102 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A
  • the smallest unit of an element that retain’s the elements distinctive properties
  • nucleus made of protons (positive) and neutrons, surrounded by electrons (negative)
  • electrically NEUTRAL; equal number of protons (positive) and electrons (negative)
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2
Q

Characteristics of living things

A
  • complex and organized (made of cells, DNA)
  • use/process energy
  • respond to stimuli
  • maintain homeostasis
  • evolve (change over time)
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3
Q

Atomic number

A
  • How many protons in the nucleus
  • Defining value for an element
  • all atoms of an element have the same atomic number
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4
Q

Atomic mass

A

Protons + neutrons

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5
Q

Levels of Biological organization

A
  • all matter is formed of ELEMENTS
  • an ATOM is the smallest particle of an ELEMENT retaining the properties of an element
  • ATOMS combine to form MOLECULES
  • MOLECULES provide the building blocks for CELLS (smallest unit of life)
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6
Q

Electrons

A

electrons = energy = bonds

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7
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical reactions; forms all matter

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8
Q

Electrons structure

A

“Parking lots” - outermost electron shell can hold 8 electrons, first shell can hold 2 electrons

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9
Q

Ions

A

Positive charge

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10
Q

Isotopes

A
  • variant atomic forms of an element (atoms of one element may vary in the number of NEUTRONS in the nucleus
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11
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Attractive forces holding atoms together in molecules (Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen)

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12
Q

Ionic Bonds

A
  • donate, charge, attraction
  • weaker than covalent bonds
  • atoms that have lost electrons become POSITIVELY charged IONS
  • atoms that have gained electrons become NEGATIVELY charged IONS
  • oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other and bound into a molecule by IONIC BONDS (negatively charged ion + positively charged ion)
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13
Q

Covalent Bonds

A
  • strongest bonds
  • atoms with partially full outer electron shells can SHARE electrons (empty parking spot + full parking spot)
  • two electrons (one from each atom) are shared in a COVALENT BOND (exists in most molecules)
  • single, double, triple: how many electrons are being shared, affects equality of sharing and polarity
  • polar vs nopolar
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14
Q

Polarity

A
  • causes curvature or “sticky” molecules; positive and negative charges
  • nonpolar = equal sharing of electrons
  • polar = unequal sharing of electrons (creates poles)
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15
Q

Diatomic molecules

A

Two atoms of the same type

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16
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A
  • weakest bonds
  • polar molecules have partially charged atoms at their ends; formed when partial opposite charges in different molecules attract each other
  • weak individually but can be stronger collectively; become more stable by bonding
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17
Q

Reagents

A
  • Lugol’s: starch, yellow-brown > blue-black
  • Benedict’s: glucose, heat 3 min turns blue > reddish-orange
  • Sudan IV: fats, red > red layer
  • Biuret’s: protein, light blue > violet
  • Ninhydrin: amino acids, purple/violet
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18
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-soluble molecules (polar)

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19
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water-insoluble molecules (non-polar); hydrophobic interaction = clumping of non polar molecules

20
Q

Properties of water

A

An excellent solvent; neutral pH

  • heat storage - stabilizes temperature, protects metabolism
  • high heat of vaporization - takes a lot of energy to freeze (ice is less dense and floats - molecules spread apart) or evaporate
  • ice formation
  • cohesion - hydrogen bonding among water molecules, produces surface tension
  • adhesion - water can stick to other things (polar or charges), helps create cohesion
  • high polarity
21
Q

pH

A
  • proportion of free hydrogen; more free hydrogen ions (hydrogen lacking an electron - just a proton) = more acidic
  • low pH (0-6) is acidic, 7 is neutral, high (8-14) is basic or alkaline
22
Q

Functional Groups (def)

A
  • atoms that attach to the carbon skeleton
  • chemically reactive
  • virtually all living organisms use the same basic set
  • used to form larger molecules
23
Q

Elements

A
  • carbon
  • nitrogen
  • hydrogen
  • phosphorus
  • oxygen
  • sulfur
24
Q

Functional Groups

A
  • hydroxyl (OH+) combines to form water
  • methyl (CH3-)
  • carbonyl - carbon and oxygen; basics for formaldehyde
  • carboxyl - carbon and oxygen, functional group + functional group
  • amino - nitrogen + 2 hydrogen
  • phosphate
  • sulfhydryl- basic in rubber
25
Q

Organic Molecule Synthesis

A
  • dehydration - water as a product of molecule formation
  • hydrolysis - water is divided, forms with other molecules
  • bio molecules are polymers (chains) of subunits called monomers (joined through dehydration synthesis)
26
Q

Biological Molecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleus acids
27
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - ratio of 1:2:1
  • Energy dense, most water soluble
  • monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two simple sugars linked by dehydration synthesis), polysaccharides (chains of simple sugars)
28
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

  • fructose (I.e. Corn syrup, fruit)
  • galactose (found in lactose)

Structure:

  • backbone of 3-7 carbon atoms
  • many -OH and -H functional groups
  • usually found in a ring form in cells
  • glucose is most common
29
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two-part sugars

  • sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
  • lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose
  • maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose
30
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Complex sugars, chains of monosaccharides

Storage of energy

  • starch (plants)
  • glycogen (animals)

Structural

  • cellulose - polymer of glucose
  • chitin - polymer of modified glucose
31
Q

Saturated fats

A

Solid at room temperature; carbon chain has as many hydrogen atoms as possible

32
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Liquid at room temperature; fewer hydrogen atoms, many C=C bonds

33
Q

Wax

A

Highly saturated, solid at room temperature; strongly hydrophobic

34
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • from plasma membrane around cells
  • 2 fatty acids + glycerol + a short polar functional group
  • phospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions; polar functional groups are water soluble, nonpolar fatty acid tails are water insoluble
  • head (hydrophilic), fatty acid tail (hydrophobic)
35
Q

Steroids

A
  • composed of 4 carbon rings fused together

- e.g. Cholesterol, sex hormones

36
Q

Proteins

A
  • chains of amino acids > peptide bonds; all contain amino and carboxyl groups
  • up to four levels of structure, 3D
  • enzymes (subgroup) facilitate or speed up reactions

Functions

  • structural (keratin, collagen)
  • movement (actin and myosin fibers in muscle
  • defense (antibodies in blood stream)
  • storage (albumin in egg white)
  • signaling (growth hormone)
  • catalysts (enzymes)
37
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Variable group (R) at top, hydrogen at bottom, amino group on one side, carboxylic group on other

38
Q

Proteins (4 structure levels)

A
  • primary structure - sequence of amino acids
  • secondary structure - helices and pleated sheets
  • tertiary structure - complex folding of protein chain
  • quaternary structure - multiple protein chains linked together
39
Q

Nucleic acid

A
  • nucleotides are monomers of nucleus acid chains
  • nucleotide 3 parts: phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, nitrogen-containing base

Nucleus acid polymers:

  • DNA - carries genetic info for protein construction (two chains - double helix)
  • RNA - copies of DNA used directly in protein construction

Nucleotide functions

  • coenzymes - help enzymes with chemical reactions
  • energy carriers - adenosine troposphere carries energy stored in bonds between phosphate groups
  • intracellular messengers - carry chemical signals between molecules
40
Q

Cell membrane

A

Selectively permeable, brings in energy, eliminate/removes wastes, protective

41
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest living things
  3. All organisms living today represent a continuous line of descent
  4. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell
42
Q

Cell attributes

A
  • plasma membrane - encloses cell, regulates material flow
  • cytoplasm - fluid interior where metabolic reactions occur
  • use DNA as a hereditary blueprint
  • use RNA to copy DNA
43
Q

Membrane proteins

A
  • receptors - trigger hormone response
  • recognition - identify substances
  • enzymatic - synthesize or break apart
  • attachment - inner cytoskeleton, other cells
  • transport - import/export of -phyllic molecules
44
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low, lower concentration

45
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water molecules from high to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane

46
Q

Passive transport

A

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Biology 102 (4 decks)

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