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Bio 110 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Neutron

A

No charge
Has mass
In nucleus

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2
Q

Electron

A
  • charge
    No mass
    In the orbital around the nucleus
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3
Q

Isotope

A

An atom with the proper number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.

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4
Q

Ionic bond

A

Atoms gain or loose electrons, become charged ions, and stick together magnetically.

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5
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Atoms share electrons

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6
Q

Polar or H-bonds

A

Molecules have a partial + or - charge and stick together magnetically.
For example, water.

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7
Q

Cohesive

A

The ability of molecules to stick together due to H-bonds.

For example, water forms drops, and has surface tension due to cohesiveness.

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8
Q

Temperature

A

A measure of kinetic energy of molecules. A thermometer is used to measure temperature.

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9
Q

Hydration shell

A

A cloud of water around a polar molecule, which prevents regrouping of the molecule with the parent crystal.
For example, Na+ does not regroup with the parent salt molecule in water due to the hydration shell.

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10
Q

Micelles

A

A way to put fats into a water solution. Hydrophobic tails of a phospholipid orient inward toward the oil, while the hydrophilic heads orient out to the water.

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11
Q

4 major groups of biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

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12
Q

Carbohydrates

A

are produced in plants and fungi, and are the most abundant biomolecule on earth.

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13
Q

Proton

A

+ charge
Has mass
In the nucleus

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14
Q

Starch

A

Used for energy storage, and cellulose and chitin are used as structural polysaccharides.

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15
Q

Cellulose

A

Is found is crisp leave and woody stems. It can’t be digestives by humans, because we don’t produce cellulase.

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16
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Have all single bonds.

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17
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Have some or many double bonds.

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18
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Have many double bonds, and are usually a liquid at room temperature.

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19
Q

Proteins

A

Are strings of amino acids and are joined by peptide bonds

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20
Q

Enzymes

A

Are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions, and are not changed in the process.

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21
Q

Genetic information

A

Is stored in DNA in the cell nucleus, and is read and conveyed to the cytoplasm via RNA.

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22
Q

DNA

A

Is double stranded and contains A T C G

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23
Q

RNA

A

Is single stranded and contains A U C G

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24
Q

Anabolism

A

Is a metabolic pathway which produces larger molecules.

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25
Q

Catabolism

A

Is a metabolic pathway which breaks large molecules down.

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26
Q

Cell membrane

A

Is defined by the fluid mosaic model.

Some molecules can passively diffuse across it, while others need to be pumped across it in active transport.

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27
Q

Smooth ER

A

Conveys mRNA from the nucleus to the ribosome.

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28
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Composed of microtubules and microfilaments, and supports cellular structure and moves organelles.

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29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces ATP, may have been a bacterium.

Parts of the organelle are the matrix, cristae, and outer compartments.

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30
Q

Chromosome

A

Highly coiled DNA seen in cell division.

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31
Q

Nucleoli so

A

The site of active mRNA production in the nucleus.

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32
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

This organelle contains pores to allow mRNA to exit.

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33
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA which codes for one trait, or protein.

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34
Q

Formula for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + O2 –> 6 CO2 + H2O + ATP

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35
Q

Formula for photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + H2O + sun –> C6H12O6 + O2

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36
Q

Glycolysis

A

Begins with one molecule of glucose.

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37
Q

Fermentation

A

Purpose is to recycle NADH

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38
Q

Kreb’s cycle

A

Begins with pyruvate.

Purpose is to produce electron carriers.

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39
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

Is converted to citrate if NAD+ or FAD are available.

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40
Q

NADH and FADH2

A

Carry electrons to an inner membrane protein in the mitochondria. These electrons cause H+ to be pumped to the outer compartment.

41
Q

ATP

A

Is produced when the kinetic energy of the hydrogen is escaping through the pore protein is harnessed.

42
Q

Photosystems

A

There are two photosystems in photosynthesis. Photosystem 2 drives the production of ATP while photosystem 1 produces reduced electronic carriers used in the dark reaction.

43
Q

CAM

A

Plants open their stomata during the night, and keep it closed in the day.

44
Q

The neural tube

A

Is formed in neurulation. The 3 germ layers are formed in gastriculation.

45
Q

Bartholin’s gland

A

Provides lubricant for the the penetration of the penis.

46
Q

Prostate gland

A

Secretes a milky, alkaline fluid

47
Q

Cowper’s gland

A

Found at the base of the penis, secretes a lubricating substance.

48
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Produces a nutrient solution and pH buffer

49
Q

Genital warts

A

Caused by the papilloma virus, no cure, linked to cervical cancer.

50
Q

Seminiferous tubule

A

The site of sperm production

51
Q

Endometrium

A

The lining of the uterus

52
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone.

Causes the follicle to grow.

53
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Produces estrogen after the follicle degenerates.

54
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes are replicated at this point in the cell cycle.

55
Q

Telophase

A

Chromatids are at the poles of the cell.

56
Q

Anaphase

A

The chromatids begin to separate and move to the poles.

57
Q

Metaphase

A

The chromosomes are at the equator of the cell.

58
Q

Kleinfelter’s syndrome

A

These individuals have an XXY genotype, are sterile males, and have some female characteristics.

59
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

These individuals have a buildup of mucus in their lungs and intestines, and use gene technology as a treatment.

60
Q

PKU

A

Phenylalanine

61
Q

Homozygous

A

2 of the same alleles.

Ie. RR

62
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles.

Ie. Rr

63
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

DNA replication in which one strand is from the parent molecule and one strand is newly created.

64
Q

Discontinuous synthesis

A

The formation of Okazaki fragments during DNA replication of the lagging strand.

65
Q

Helicase

A

An enzyme that untwist the double helix and separates the old strands.

66
Q

Single stranded binding protein

A

A protein that attaches to unpaired strands of DNA

67
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying the genetic material in a strand of mRNA

68
Q

Translation

A

The process of reading the mRNA and producing a protein.

69
Q

Triplet code

A

The nearly universal code most organisms use for amino acids.

70
Q

Reading frame

A

The order in which the triplet code is read.

71
Q

Promoter

A

A region of DNA dozens of nucleotides upstream from the initiation site, where transcription actually begins.

72
Q

Wobble

A

A nonstrict base pairing of the third nucleotide of the codon and anticodon.

73
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase

A

The enzyme which uses ATP and attaches the amino acid to the tRNA.

74
Q

Episome

A

A plasmid which can incorporate and remove itself from chromosomal DNA.

75
Q

Transduction

A

The transfer of bacterial genes from one host to another via a bacteriophage.

76
Q

cDNA

A

An artificial gene obtained by reverse transcribing mRNA.

77
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

A set of restriction fragments obtained from a human specimen. The fragments are unique to each individual.

78
Q

Conjunction

A

Bacterial sex. The direct transfer of DNA between 2 bacterium which are temporarily joined by an F pili.

79
Q

Common descent

A

The theory stating that all organisms are related to an earlier prototype organism.

80
Q

Population

A

A group of interbreeding individuals who share a common geographical area.

81
Q

Species

A

A group of interbreeding organisms which produce fertile offspring.

82
Q

Adaptation

A

A change in behavior or the gene pool which promotes reproduction and life.

83
Q

Gene flow

A

Movement of fertile individuals into or out of the population.

84
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A natural disaster kills a portion of the population. The small surviving population is not representative of the original population.

85
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes in the gene pool of a small population.

86
Q

Microevolution

A

The smallest scale of evolution in a small population. The frequency of an allele changes over a few generations.

87
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Selection favoring the intermediate individuals.

88
Q

Directional selection

A

Selection favoring the rare individuals.

A or B

89
Q

Diversifying selection

A

Selection favoring the extreme individuals.

A and B

90
Q

Habitat isolation

A

2 species cannot mate when their environment do not come into contact.

91
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Organisms mate at different times of the year.

92
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

2 species are anatomically incompatible

93
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Courtship dances, bird songs, and fire fly blinks are examples of signals given to members of the same species to insure same species mating.

94
Q

Gametic isolation

A

When the sperm of one species cannot survive in the female of another species.

95
Q

Postzygotic barrier

A

When an interspecies embryo is aborted.

96
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

Prevents the production of fertile offspring if an egg and sperm of different species do fuse.

97
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

If a viable interspecies offspring is produced, it is sterile.
Ie. Mule

98
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Species A + Species B produces viable, fertile offspring. These offspring produce frail or sterile offspring.

Bio 110 (7 decks)

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