Exam 1

Question 1

Inductive reasoning

Answer 1

Doing experiments and measurements to find information .

Question 2

Deductive reasoning

Answer 2

Using knowledge to determine something you cannot see or measure directly.

Question 3

Scientific method

Answer 3

An organized series of steps that allows you to gather information, organize data, and make predictions.

Question 4

Scientific method steps

Answer 4

Form a testable hypothesis.
Design a series of experiments to test the hypothesis.
If the experiments don’t support the hypothesis, form a new one.
If many experiments support the hypothesis. A theory can be formed.

Question 5

Atom

Answer 5

The functional unit of matter. Atoms combine to form molecules.

Question 6

Element

Answer 6

Composed of all the same type of atoms.

Ie. Oxygen, nitrogen.

Question 7

Proton

Answer 7

+ charge.
Found in nucleus.
Has mass.

Question 8

Neutron

Answer 8

No charge.
Found in the nucleus.
Has a mass.

Question 9

Electron

Answer 9

• charge.
  Found in the orbitals.
  Has no mass.

Question 10

Isotope

Answer 10

An atom with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons than a regular atom of a particular element.

Question 11

Noble gases

Answer 11

Elements with 8 electrons in their outer shell. They are non-reactive gases such as neon, argon, krypton, and helium.

Question 12

Atomic number

Answer 12

Tells you the number of protons and electrons in an atom. Usually the number of neutrons equal the number of protons unless the atom is an isotope.

Question 13

Atomic mass

Answer 13

Tells you the number of protons and neutrons and can be thought of as the “weight” of the atom. Remember, weight is a function of gravity and mass is an actual amount of something.

Question 14

Covalent bond

Answer 14

A bond between two atoms which are share electron/s in their outer or valence shells.

Question 15

Ionic bond

Answer 15

Atoms will lose or gain electrons and become charged due to a different number of protons and electrons. These charged atoms then stick together magnetically.

Question 16

H or polar bond

Answer 16

Molecules with a partial positive and partial negative charge stick together.
Ex. Water

Question 17

Cohesion

Answer 17

A property of water due to H bonds. The water molecules stick together forming drops, surface tension, and allows water to move up through plants in transpiration.

Question 18

Temperature

Answer 18

The kinetic movement of molecules. It is measured with a thermometer and felt as heat or cold by humans.

Question 19

Specific heat

Answer 19

The amount of heat needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius.

Question 20

Heat of fusion

Answer 20

The amount of heat that must be removed to convert a liquid to a solid.
Ie. Water to ice.

Question 21

Heat of vaporization

Answer 21

The amount of heat that must be added to convert a liquid to a gas.
Ie. Water to steam.

Question 22

Ionization

Answer 22

When an ionic substance such as sodium chloride goes into solution in water, sodium and chloride ions form.

Question 23

Hydration shell

Answer 23

A circle of water molecules that form around ions in an aqueous or water solution. The shell prevents the ion from rejoining the parent crystal.

Question 24

Micelles

Answer 24

A way to dissolve lipids in fat. If the liquid, a drop of oil for example, is surrounded by phospholipids with hydrophilic heads orientated out onto the water, the micelle will be soluble.

Question 25

Hydrophobic

Answer 25

Does not dissolve on water.

Question 26

Hydrophilic

Answer 26

Does dissolve in water.

Question 27

The pH scale

Answer 27

Acids range from 1 to 7, with the pH 1 being stronger than a pH 6.5 acid.
- there are more H+ at pH 1 than at 6.5
Bases range from 7 to 14, with a pH 14 base being stronger than a pH 7.5 base
- there are more OH- at pH 14 than at 6.5
pH 7 is neutral and the H+ ion conc. = the OH- ion conc.

Question 28

Water

Answer 28

Is most dense as a liquid, least dense as a gas.
A relatively large amt of heat is needed to evaporate water. Animals take advantage of this and evaporate sweat to cool themselves.
Lipids don’t dissolve in water.
Since a. Large amt of heat must be absorbed to convert water to steam, the temp of water stays the same for some time before it comes to a boil. When the water boils, the temp will rise to 100°C.

Question 29

Proteins

Answer 29

Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds.
A protein is a string of amino acids.
If you alter any structure level of a protein, the function of the resulting protein will also be altered.
Heat, strong acids, and bases will break the H bonds and change the structure of the protein.
The alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are both common secondary structures.

Question 30

Carbohydrates

Answer 30

Are strings of sugar.
Starch is an energy storage form of sugar produced by plants.
Cellulose is a carbohydrate used to support young parts of plants.
Chitin forms exoskeleton.

Question 31

Lipids

Answer 31

Are not water soluble.
Can be components of cell membranes or hormones.
They can be saturated or unsaturated.
Ie. Fats, waxes, steroids, triglycerides

Question 32

DNA

Answer 32

Is a genetic material and is only found in the nucleus of a cell in chromosomes.
It is the instructions for protein synthesis and directs cell division.
DNA transmits genetic information to offspring.
DNA is double stranded and forms a helix.
It contains the bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine.

Question 33

RNA

Answer 33

Is used in protein synthesis.
It is formed by copying DNA in the nucleus, and then moves out of the cytoplasm.
It is single stranded.
RNA contains the bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil.
There are 3 types, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

Question 34

Enzymes

Answer 34

Are composed of protein.
Strong acids, bases, and heat denature enzymes by breaking the H bonds that give them their 3-D shape.
Cold reduce the speed at which enzymes work, but will not denature them.
Some enzymes need a coenzyme or nonprotein helper molecule to make them functional.
Molecules which block the active active site are called inhibitors.

Question 35

Endergonic reactions

Answer 35

Need an addition of heat or energy for the reaction to go. In living systems enzymes are used.

Question 36

Exergonic reactions

Answer 36

Do not need the addition of heat or enzymes and will go on their own. Some exergonic reactions even release small amts of heat.

Question 37

Entropy

Answer 37

Is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system. Cells and living things must have a low amt of entropy to stay alive. Low entropy, or high organization, requires large amts of energy.