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Toxicology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Ethanol: Tk

A

readily absorbed orally, widely distributed in CNS

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2
Q

Ethanol: MoA

A

CNS depression

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3
Q

Ethanol: Signs

A

CNS depression, abnormal behavior, vomiting, ataxia, dehydration

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4
Q

Ethanol: Dx

A

ID it (blood), history, signs

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5
Q

Ethanol: Tx

A

supportive

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6
Q

Phenolic Compounds: Tk

A

readily absorbed in GI, poor absorption through skin

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7
Q

Phenolic Compounds: Use

A

Cleaning products (lysol)

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8
Q

Phenolic Compounds: MoA

A

denature and precipitate proteins, hepato-/nephro-/neurotoxic

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9
Q

Phenolic Compounds: Signs

A

MM coagulative necrosis/ulcerations, ataxia, weakness

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10
Q

Phenolic Compounds: Dx

A

ID it (urine), History, signs

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11
Q

Phenolic Compounds: Tx

A

detox, supportive

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12
Q

Detergents: Classifications

A

Nonionic - soaps
Anionic - laundry/dishwasher detergent
Cationic - fabric softeners

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13
Q

Detergents: MoA

A

corrosive

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14
Q

Detergents: Signs

A

nausea, v/d, colic, irritation

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15
Q

Detergents: Dx

A

history, signs

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16
Q

Detergents: Tx

A

Detox, supportive

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17
Q

Bleach: MoA

A

releases Cl gas when combined with acid/ammonia, corrosive

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18
Q

Bleach: Signs

A

GI + Resp. irritation

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19
Q

Bleach: Tx

A

detox, supportive

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20
Q

Xylitol: Use

A

sugar substitute

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21
Q

Xylitol: Tk

A

readily absorbed in GI

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22
Q

Xylitol: MoA

A

potent insulin release promoter

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23
Q

Xylitol: Signs

A

hypoglycemia, liver failure

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24
Q

Xylitol: Dx

A

history, signs

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25
Q

Xylitol: Tx

A

detox, supportive

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26
Q

Methylxanthines: Use

A

chocolate, caffeine

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27
Q

Methylxanthines: Tk

A

readily absorbed in GI, widely distributed throughout the body, crosses BBB, enterohepatic recycling

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28
Q

Methylxanthines: MoA

A

inhibits phosphodiesterases

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29
Q

Methylxanthines: Signs

A

nausea, v/d, hyperactivity, ataxia

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30
Q

Methylxanthines: Dx

A

history, signs

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31
Q

Methylxanthines: Tx

A

detox, supportive

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32
Q

Ammonia (NH): Sources

A

decomposing manure, fertilizer

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33
Q

Ammonia (NH): Properties

A

heavier than air, sharp odor

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34
Q

Ammonia (NH): Tk

A

absorbed by inhalation

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35
Q

Ammonia (NH): MoA

A

mm irritant, inc. susceptibility to resp. infection

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36
Q

Ammonia (NH): Signs

A

red mm, lacrimation, cough, sneezing

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37
Q

Ammonia (NH): Dx

A

history, signs

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38
Q

Ammonia (NH): Tx

A

detox (ventilation), supportive

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39
Q

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Source

A

decomposing urine/feces, natural gas

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40
Q

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Properties

A

rotten eggs odor, heavier than air, flammable,

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41
Q

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Tk

A

readily absorbed by inhalation/ingestion, converted in blood

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42
Q

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): MoA

A

mm irritant, inhibits cellular respiration

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43
Q

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Signs

A

sudden death, cyanosis, dyspnea, dark blood, odor

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44
Q

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Dx

A

history, signs

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45
Q

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Tx

A

detox (ventilation), supportive

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46
Q

Carbon Monoxide (CO): Source

A

fire, propane, vehicle exaust

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47
Q

Carbon Monoxide (CO): MoA

A

replaces oxygen on hemoglobin

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48
Q

Carbon Monoxide (CO): Signs

A

sudden death, hypoxia, drowsiness, ataxia, dyspnea, red mm/blood

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49
Q

Carbon Monoxide (CO): Dx

A

ID it (air, blood), history, signs

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50
Q

Carbon Monoxide (CO): Tx

A

detox, supportive

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51
Q

Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Source

A

incomplete fermentation (silage)

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52
Q

Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Properties

A

yellow-brown color, heavier than air, chlorine like odor

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53
Q

Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): MoA

A

mm irritant, lung damage

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54
Q

Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Signs

A

dyspnea, pulmonary edema, cyanosis, methemoglobin

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55
Q

Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Dx

A

history, signs

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56
Q

Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Tx

A

detox (ventilation), supportive

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57
Q

Sulfur Oxide (SO2): Source

A

industrial pollutants

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58
Q

Sulfur Oxide (SO2): MoA

A

mm irritant, lung damage

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59
Q

Sulfur Oxide (SO2): Signs

A

cough, dyspnea, cyanosis

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60
Q

Sulfur Oxide (SO2): Dx

A

history, signs

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61
Q

Sulfur Oxide (SO2): Tx

A

detox, supportive

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62
Q

Smoke Inhalation: MoA - Simple Asphyxiation

A

lack of O2 in air

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63
Q

Smoke Inhalation: MoA - Irritants

A

chemical irritant in air

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64
Q

Smoke Inhalation: MoA - Chemical Asphyxiation

A

chemicals in air => asphyxiation

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65
Q

Smoke Inhalation: Signs

A

cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia

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66
Q

Smoke Inhalation: Dx

A

History, signs

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67
Q

Smoke Inhalation: Tx

A

detox, supportive

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68
Q

Petroleum Products: Types

A

Crude, Refined

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69
Q

Crude Oil: Subsets

A

Sweet - gasoline

Sour - lubricant oils

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70
Q

Refined Products: Subsets

A 
Aliphatic hydrocarbons - 5C chains (Gasoline)
Chlorinated Aliphatic (DDT)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (benzene)
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71
Q

Petroleum Products: Tk

A

readily absorbed in GI/skin/inhalation, smaller mol. wt = faster absorption,

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72
Q

Petroleum Products: MoA

A

aspiration pneumonia, GI irritant

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73
Q

Petroleum Products: Signs

A

aspiration pneumonia, v/d, CNS depression, odor, mm ulcers

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74
Q

Petroleum Products: Dx

A

ID it (GI), history, signs

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75
Q

Petroleum Products: Tx

A

detox, supportive

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76
Q

Fluoride: Use

A

wood treatment, plant insecticide

77
Q

Fluoride: Tk

A

readily absorbed in GI, distributed throughout the body, stored in bone/teeth

78
Q

Fluoride: MoA

A

caustic, altered mineralization of teeth

79
Q

Fluoride: Signs

A

Acute - Rapid onset, hemorrhagic GI, weakness

Chronic - intermittent lameness, mottled teeth, brown colored teeth

80
Q

Fluoride: Dx

A

ID it (bone, feed/water), history, signs

81
Q

Fluoride: Tx

A

rebalance Vit. D, Ca, P, supportive

82
Q

Nitrate/Nitrite: Source

A

accumulation in the stalks of pigweed, lamb’s quarters, and alfalfa

83
Q

Nitrate/Nitrite: Tk

A

nitrate -> nitrite -> ammonia

84
Q

Nitrate/Nitrite: MoA

A

forms methemoglobin

85
Q

Nitrate/Nitrite: Signs

A

Sudden death, rapid onset, tachypnea, dyspnea, ataxia, cyanosis, abortion

86
Q

Nitrate/Nitrite: Dx

A

ID it (feed, blood), history, signs, Diphenylamine Test

87
Q

Nitrate/Nitrite: Tx

A

detox, supportive

88
Q

Cyanide: Source

A

Seeds of Wild Cherries

89
Q

Cyanide: Tk

A

rapidly absorbed by ingestion/inhalation/skin, distributed throughout the body

90
Q

Cyanide: MoA

A

Acute - blocks electron transport chain

Chronic - Neuronal degeneration and demyelination of spinal cord and brain

91
Q

Cyanide: Signs - Acute

A

peracute onset -> death

92
Q

Cyanide: Signs - Chronic

A

posterior paralysis, incontinance

93
Q

Cyanide: Dx

A

ID it (feed, blood), Na Picrate Paper Test, history, signs

94
Q

Cyanide: Tx

A

Na Nitrite, detox, supportive

95
Q

Soluble Oxalate: Source

A

leaves of pigweed, lamb’s quaters, and sorrel

96
Q

Soluble Oxalate: Tk

A

Ca rich diet forms insoluble Ca oxalate

97
Q

Soluble Oxalate: MoA

A

combine with Ca in blood, precipitates in tissue (kidney)

98
Q

Soluble Oxalate: Signs

A

hypocalcemia, Ca oxalate crystals, depression, weakness, oliguria,

99
Q

Soluble Oxalates: Dx

A

history, signs

100
Q

Soluble Oxalates: Tx

A

detox, supportive

101
Q

Insoluble Oxalates: Plants

A

Araceae Family

102
Q

Insoluble Oxalates: MoA

A

mechanical irritant

103
Q

Isocupressic Acid: Plants

A

Ponderosa pine

104
Q

Isocupressic Acid: MoA

A

vasoconstriction

105
Q

Quinones: Plants

A

St. John’s Wort, buckweat

106
Q

Quinones: MoA

A

primary photosensitizatiion

107
Q

Tannic Acid: Plant

A

Oaks

108
Q

Tannic Acid: MoA

A

GI + Kidney damage

109
Q

Triterpene Acids: Plant

A

Latana, Verbenaceae

110
Q

Triterpene Acids: MoA

A

secondary photosensitization

111
Q

Colchicine: Plants

A

Liliaceae

112
Q

Colchicine: MoA

A

antimitotic

113
Q

Diterpene Alkaloids: Plants

A

Ranunculaceae (buttercups)

114
Q

Diterpene Alkaloids: MoA

A

nicotinic receptor blocker

115
Q

Ergot Alkaloids: Plant

A

Ergot

116
Q

Ergot Alkaloids: MoA

A

vasocontriction => gangrene

117
Q

Indolizidine Alkaloids: Plants

A

Astragalus spp., Fabaceae

118
Q

Indolizidine Alkaloids: MoA

A

inhibit ATP production

119
Q

Lycorine: Plant

A

Amaryllidaceae (daffodils, lillies)

120
Q

Lycorine: MoA

A

Emetic

121
Q

Muscarine: Plant

A

Amanita muscaria (mushroom)

122
Q

Muscarine MoA

A

muscarinic agonist

123
Q

Piperidine Alkaloids: Plants

A

Hemlock, Nicotana sp. (tobaccos)

124
Q

Piperidine Alkaloids: MoA

A

Nicotinic agonists

125
Q

Pyridine Alkaloids: Plants

A

Solanaceae (Nightshades)

126
Q

Pyridine Alkaloids: MoA

A

Nicotinic agonists

127
Q

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Plants

A

Rattlebox, ragwort

128
Q

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: MoA

A

Hepatotoxic

129
Q

Solanine/Solanidine Alkaloids: Plants

A

Solanaceae (Nightshades)

130
Q

Solanine/Solanidine Alkaloids: MoA

A

atropine like effects

131
Q

Taxine Alkaloids: Plant

A

Yews

132
Q

Taxine Alkaloids: MoA

A

cardiotoxic

133
Q

Tropane Alkaloids: Plants

A

Datura sp

134
Q

Tropane Alkaloids: MoA

A

atropine Like effects

135
Q

Anthraquinones: Plants

A

Rhamnus sp., coffeeweed

136
Q

Anthraquinones: MoA

A

purgative

137
Q

Calcinogenic Glycosides: Plant

A

Day-blooming Jessamine

138
Q

Calcinogenic Glycosides: MoA

A

hypercalcemia => Ca deposition in elastic tissue

139
Q

Carboxyatractyloside: Plant

A

cocklebur

140
Q

Carboxyatractyloside: MoA

A

hepatotoxic

141
Q

Cardiac Glycosides: Plants

A

Olenader, foxglove, milkweed

142
Q

Cardiac Glycosides: MoA

A

cardiotoxic

143
Q

Coumarin Glycosideds: Plant

A

Sweet clover

144
Q

Coumarin Glycosides: MoA

A

Vit. K antagonist (warfarin like)

145
Q

Cycasin: Plants

A

Cycadaceae, Zamiaceae

146
Q

Cycasin: MoA

A

GI irritant, hepatotoxic

147
Q

Glucosinolate: Plants

A

Brassica sp., soybean

148
Q

Glucosinolate: MoA

A

antithyroid

149
Q

Nitropropanol Glycoside: Plants

A

Violets, lotus

150
Q

Nitropropanol Glycoside: MoA

A

neurotoxic

151
Q

Phytoestrognes: Plants

A

clover, alfalfa

152
Q

Phytoestrogens: MoA

A

estrogen receptor agonist

153
Q

Protoanemonin: Plants

A

Ranunculaceae (buttercup)

154
Q

Protoanemonin: MoA

A

GI irritant, dermatitis

155
Q

Ptaquiloside: Plant

A

bracken fern

156
Q

Ptaquiloside: MoA

A

toxic to hematopoetic cells, UB cancer

157
Q

Steroidal Saponins: Plants

A

Agavaceae

158
Q

Steroidal Saponins: MoA

A

secondary photosensitization

159
Q

Gossypol: Plant

A

cottonseed

160
Q

Gossypol: MoA

A

cardiotoxic

161
Q

Dimethyl Disulfide: Plants

A

mustards

162
Q

Dimethyl Disulfide: MoA

A

heinz body formation

163
Q

Diterpene Esters: Plants

A

Eurphorbiaceae

164
Q

Diterpene Esters: MoA

A

direct irritation of skin and mm

165
Q

Grayanotoxins: Plants

A

Ericaceae

166
Q

Grayanotoxins: MoA

A

bind excitable Na channels

167
Q

Lectins: Plants

A

castor bean, precatory bean

168
Q

Lectins: MoA

A

inhibit protein synthesis

169
Q

Meliatoxins: Plant

A

chinaberry

170
Q

Meliatoxins: MoA

A

entero/neurotoxic

171
Q

Propyl Disulfide: Plants

A

Allium spp.

172
Q

Propyl Disulfide: MoA

A

heinz body formation

173
Q

Tetradymol: Plant

A

horsebrush

174
Q

Tetradymol: MoA

A

secondary photosensitizatin

175
Q

Thiaminase: Plants

A

horsetail, bracken fern

176
Q

Thiaminase: MoA

A

destroys Vit. B1 => deficiency

177
Q

Triterpenoid Saponins: Plants

A

alfalfa, Ilex spp., english ivy

178
Q

Triterpenoid Saponins: MoA

A

GI irritant

179
Q

Resin/Resinoid: Plants

A

milkweed, marijuana, chinaberry

180
Q

Resin/Resinoid: MoA

A

nervous + muscle irritant

181
Q

Unclassified: Clover - MoA

A

secondary photosensitization

182
Q

Unclassified: Avacado - MoA

A

cardiotoxic and agalactic in goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds

183
Q

Unclassified: Black Walnut - MoA

A

shavings cause laminitis in horses

184
Q

Unclassified: Grapes/Rasins - MoA

A

acute renal failure in dogs

185
Q

Unclassified: Lily - MoA

A

nephrotoxicity in cats

186
Q

Unclassified: Red Maple - MoA

A

heinz body formation in horses

187
Q

Unclassified: Senna - MoA

A

myotoxic

188
Q

Unclassified: Yellow Starthistle - MoA

A

nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses

189
Q

Unclassified: Macademia Nuts - MoA

A

locomotor signs

Toxicology (3 decks)

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