Final Flashcards
Ethanol: Tk
readily absorbed orally, widely distributed in CNS
Ethanol: MoA
CNS depression
Ethanol: Signs
CNS depression, abnormal behavior, vomiting, ataxia, dehydration
Ethanol: Dx
ID it (blood), history, signs
Ethanol: Tx
supportive
Phenolic Compounds: Tk
readily absorbed in GI, poor absorption through skin
Phenolic Compounds: Use
Cleaning products (lysol)
Phenolic Compounds: MoA
denature and precipitate proteins, hepato-/nephro-/neurotoxic
Phenolic Compounds: Signs
MM coagulative necrosis/ulcerations, ataxia, weakness
Phenolic Compounds: Dx
ID it (urine), History, signs
Phenolic Compounds: Tx
detox, supportive
Detergents: Classifications
Nonionic - soaps
Anionic - laundry/dishwasher detergent
Cationic - fabric softeners
Detergents: MoA
corrosive
Detergents: Signs
nausea, v/d, colic, irritation
Detergents: Dx
history, signs
Detergents: Tx
Detox, supportive
Bleach: MoA
releases Cl gas when combined with acid/ammonia, corrosive
Bleach: Signs
GI + Resp. irritation
Bleach: Tx
detox, supportive
Xylitol: Use
sugar substitute
Xylitol: Tk
readily absorbed in GI
Xylitol: MoA
potent insulin release promoter
Xylitol: Signs
hypoglycemia, liver failure
Xylitol: Dx
history, signs
Xylitol: Tx
detox, supportive
Methylxanthines: Use
chocolate, caffeine
Methylxanthines: Tk
readily absorbed in GI, widely distributed throughout the body, crosses BBB, enterohepatic recycling
Methylxanthines: MoA
inhibits phosphodiesterases
Methylxanthines: Signs
nausea, v/d, hyperactivity, ataxia
Methylxanthines: Dx
history, signs
Methylxanthines: Tx
detox, supportive
Ammonia (NH): Sources
decomposing manure, fertilizer
Ammonia (NH): Properties
heavier than air, sharp odor
Ammonia (NH): Tk
absorbed by inhalation
Ammonia (NH): MoA
mm irritant, inc. susceptibility to resp. infection
Ammonia (NH): Signs
red mm, lacrimation, cough, sneezing
Ammonia (NH): Dx
history, signs
Ammonia (NH): Tx
detox (ventilation), supportive
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Source
decomposing urine/feces, natural gas
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Properties
rotten eggs odor, heavier than air, flammable,
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Tk
readily absorbed by inhalation/ingestion, converted in blood
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): MoA
mm irritant, inhibits cellular respiration
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Signs
sudden death, cyanosis, dyspnea, dark blood, odor
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Dx
history, signs
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Tx
detox (ventilation), supportive
Carbon Monoxide (CO): Source
fire, propane, vehicle exaust
Carbon Monoxide (CO): MoA
replaces oxygen on hemoglobin
Carbon Monoxide (CO): Signs
sudden death, hypoxia, drowsiness, ataxia, dyspnea, red mm/blood
Carbon Monoxide (CO): Dx
ID it (air, blood), history, signs
Carbon Monoxide (CO): Tx
detox, supportive
Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Source
incomplete fermentation (silage)
Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Properties
yellow-brown color, heavier than air, chlorine like odor
Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): MoA
mm irritant, lung damage
Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Signs
dyspnea, pulmonary edema, cyanosis, methemoglobin
Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Dx
history, signs
Nitrogen Oxide (NO2): Tx
detox (ventilation), supportive
Sulfur Oxide (SO2): Source
industrial pollutants
Sulfur Oxide (SO2): MoA
mm irritant, lung damage
Sulfur Oxide (SO2): Signs
cough, dyspnea, cyanosis
Sulfur Oxide (SO2): Dx
history, signs
Sulfur Oxide (SO2): Tx
detox, supportive
Smoke Inhalation: MoA - Simple Asphyxiation
lack of O2 in air
Smoke Inhalation: MoA - Irritants
chemical irritant in air
Smoke Inhalation: MoA - Chemical Asphyxiation
chemicals in air => asphyxiation
Smoke Inhalation: Signs
cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia
Smoke Inhalation: Dx
History, signs
Smoke Inhalation: Tx
detox, supportive
Petroleum Products: Types
Crude, Refined
Crude Oil: Subsets
Sweet - gasoline
Sour - lubricant oils
Refined Products: Subsets
Aliphatic hydrocarbons - 5C chains (Gasoline) Chlorinated Aliphatic (DDT) Aromatic Hydrocarbons (benzene)
Petroleum Products: Tk
readily absorbed in GI/skin/inhalation, smaller mol. wt = faster absorption,
Petroleum Products: MoA
aspiration pneumonia, GI irritant
Petroleum Products: Signs
aspiration pneumonia, v/d, CNS depression, odor, mm ulcers
Petroleum Products: Dx
ID it (GI), history, signs
Petroleum Products: Tx
detox, supportive
Fluoride: Use
wood treatment, plant insecticide
Fluoride: Tk
readily absorbed in GI, distributed throughout the body, stored in bone/teeth
Fluoride: MoA
caustic, altered mineralization of teeth
Fluoride: Signs
Acute - Rapid onset, hemorrhagic GI, weakness
Chronic - intermittent lameness, mottled teeth, brown colored teeth
Fluoride: Dx
ID it (bone, feed/water), history, signs
Fluoride: Tx
rebalance Vit. D, Ca, P, supportive
Nitrate/Nitrite: Source
accumulation in the stalks of pigweed, lamb’s quarters, and alfalfa
Nitrate/Nitrite: Tk
nitrate -> nitrite -> ammonia
Nitrate/Nitrite: MoA
forms methemoglobin
Nitrate/Nitrite: Signs
Sudden death, rapid onset, tachypnea, dyspnea, ataxia, cyanosis, abortion
Nitrate/Nitrite: Dx
ID it (feed, blood), history, signs, Diphenylamine Test
Nitrate/Nitrite: Tx
detox, supportive
Cyanide: Source
Seeds of Wild Cherries
Cyanide: Tk
rapidly absorbed by ingestion/inhalation/skin, distributed throughout the body
Cyanide: MoA
Acute - blocks electron transport chain
Chronic - Neuronal degeneration and demyelination of spinal cord and brain
Cyanide: Signs - Acute
peracute onset -> death
Cyanide: Signs - Chronic
posterior paralysis, incontinance
Cyanide: Dx
ID it (feed, blood), Na Picrate Paper Test, history, signs
Cyanide: Tx
Na Nitrite, detox, supportive
Soluble Oxalate: Source
leaves of pigweed, lamb’s quaters, and sorrel
Soluble Oxalate: Tk
Ca rich diet forms insoluble Ca oxalate
Soluble Oxalate: MoA
combine with Ca in blood, precipitates in tissue (kidney)
Soluble Oxalate: Signs
hypocalcemia, Ca oxalate crystals, depression, weakness, oliguria,
Soluble Oxalates: Dx
history, signs
Soluble Oxalates: Tx
detox, supportive
Insoluble Oxalates: Plants
Araceae Family
Insoluble Oxalates: MoA
mechanical irritant
Isocupressic Acid: Plants
Ponderosa pine
Isocupressic Acid: MoA
vasoconstriction
Quinones: Plants
St. John’s Wort, buckweat
Quinones: MoA
primary photosensitizatiion
Tannic Acid: Plant
Oaks
Tannic Acid: MoA
GI + Kidney damage
Triterpene Acids: Plant
Latana, Verbenaceae
Triterpene Acids: MoA
secondary photosensitization
Colchicine: Plants
Liliaceae
Colchicine: MoA
antimitotic
Diterpene Alkaloids: Plants
Ranunculaceae (buttercups)
Diterpene Alkaloids: MoA
nicotinic receptor blocker
Ergot Alkaloids: Plant
Ergot
Ergot Alkaloids: MoA
vasocontriction => gangrene
Indolizidine Alkaloids: Plants
Astragalus spp., Fabaceae
Indolizidine Alkaloids: MoA
inhibit ATP production
Lycorine: Plant
Amaryllidaceae (daffodils, lillies)
Lycorine: MoA
Emetic
Muscarine: Plant
Amanita muscaria (mushroom)
Muscarine MoA
muscarinic agonist
Piperidine Alkaloids: Plants
Hemlock, Nicotana sp. (tobaccos)
Piperidine Alkaloids: MoA
Nicotinic agonists
Pyridine Alkaloids: Plants
Solanaceae (Nightshades)
Pyridine Alkaloids: MoA
Nicotinic agonists
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Plants
Rattlebox, ragwort
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: MoA
Hepatotoxic
Solanine/Solanidine Alkaloids: Plants
Solanaceae (Nightshades)
Solanine/Solanidine Alkaloids: MoA
atropine like effects
Taxine Alkaloids: Plant
Yews
Taxine Alkaloids: MoA
cardiotoxic
Tropane Alkaloids: Plants
Datura sp
Tropane Alkaloids: MoA
atropine Like effects
Anthraquinones: Plants
Rhamnus sp., coffeeweed
Anthraquinones: MoA
purgative
Calcinogenic Glycosides: Plant
Day-blooming Jessamine
Calcinogenic Glycosides: MoA
hypercalcemia => Ca deposition in elastic tissue
Carboxyatractyloside: Plant
cocklebur
Carboxyatractyloside: MoA
hepatotoxic
Cardiac Glycosides: Plants
Olenader, foxglove, milkweed
Cardiac Glycosides: MoA
cardiotoxic
Coumarin Glycosideds: Plant
Sweet clover
Coumarin Glycosides: MoA
Vit. K antagonist (warfarin like)
Cycasin: Plants
Cycadaceae, Zamiaceae
Cycasin: MoA
GI irritant, hepatotoxic
Glucosinolate: Plants
Brassica sp., soybean
Glucosinolate: MoA
antithyroid
Nitropropanol Glycoside: Plants
Violets, lotus
Nitropropanol Glycoside: MoA
neurotoxic
Phytoestrognes: Plants
clover, alfalfa
Phytoestrogens: MoA
estrogen receptor agonist
Protoanemonin: Plants
Ranunculaceae (buttercup)
Protoanemonin: MoA
GI irritant, dermatitis
Ptaquiloside: Plant
bracken fern
Ptaquiloside: MoA
toxic to hematopoetic cells, UB cancer
Steroidal Saponins: Plants
Agavaceae
Steroidal Saponins: MoA
secondary photosensitization
Gossypol: Plant
cottonseed
Gossypol: MoA
cardiotoxic
Dimethyl Disulfide: Plants
mustards
Dimethyl Disulfide: MoA
heinz body formation
Diterpene Esters: Plants
Eurphorbiaceae
Diterpene Esters: MoA
direct irritation of skin and mm
Grayanotoxins: Plants
Ericaceae
Grayanotoxins: MoA
bind excitable Na channels
Lectins: Plants
castor bean, precatory bean
Lectins: MoA
inhibit protein synthesis
Meliatoxins: Plant
chinaberry
Meliatoxins: MoA
entero/neurotoxic
Propyl Disulfide: Plants
Allium spp.
Propyl Disulfide: MoA
heinz body formation
Tetradymol: Plant
horsebrush
Tetradymol: MoA
secondary photosensitizatin
Thiaminase: Plants
horsetail, bracken fern
Thiaminase: MoA
destroys Vit. B1 => deficiency
Triterpenoid Saponins: Plants
alfalfa, Ilex spp., english ivy
Triterpenoid Saponins: MoA
GI irritant
Resin/Resinoid: Plants
milkweed, marijuana, chinaberry
Resin/Resinoid: MoA
nervous + muscle irritant
Unclassified: Clover - MoA
secondary photosensitization
Unclassified: Avacado - MoA
cardiotoxic and agalactic in goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds
Unclassified: Black Walnut - MoA
shavings cause laminitis in horses
Unclassified: Grapes/Rasins - MoA
acute renal failure in dogs
Unclassified: Lily - MoA
nephrotoxicity in cats
Unclassified: Red Maple - MoA
heinz body formation in horses
Unclassified: Senna - MoA
myotoxic
Unclassified: Yellow Starthistle - MoA
nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses
Unclassified: Macademia Nuts - MoA
locomotor signs