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UA > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

what are the normal sodium levels

A

135- 145 mEq/L

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2
Q

name the causes of hypernatremia

A
  1. dehydration
  2. water loss - diabetes insidious, kidney failure , vomiting
  3. increased retention - primary aldosteronism
    - increased intake
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3
Q

name the causes of hyponatremia

A
  1. inadequate intake

2. excessive sodium loss

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4
Q

T/F soodium is th major intracellular cation

A

false it is major extracellular cation

maintains osmotic pressure

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5
Q

Postassium is the major ____ cation

A

intracellular

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6
Q

potassium is responsible to ___ the cells membranes

A

repolarize

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7
Q

what are the normal levels for potassium

A

3.5- 5 mEq/L

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8
Q

____ crucial to enzyme activation to make nucleic acids and proteins

A

Magnesium

also cotransport for K and Na

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9
Q

Mg most exists in ____

A

bone

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10
Q

Normal levels for magnesium

A

1.3 - 2.1 mg/dl

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11
Q

causes for increased Mg level

A
  • renal failure to excrete adequate amounts

- adrenal insufficiency ( Addison’s disease)

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12
Q

Causes for decreased level

A
  • alcoholism
  • malabsorption- vomiting- diarrhea- acute pancreatitis
  • hypercalcemic conditions
  • primary aldosteronsim
  • diuretic use
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13
Q

_____ used to store and utilize energy

A

phosphate

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14
Q

normal phosphate levels

A

2.7 - 4.5 mg/dl

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15
Q

causes for hypophosphatemia

A
  • malnutrition
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • renal tubular acidiosis
  • children will suppress growth
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16
Q

causes for hyperphosphatemia

A
  • skeletal disease
  • healing fracture
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • renal failure
  • acromegaly
  • high intestinal obstruction
17
Q

the average adult body contains in total approximately _ kg of calcium

A

1 kg

18
Q

what is the normal total calcium levels

A

8.2 - 10.2 mg/dl

19
Q

what is the normal (ionized) calcium level

A

4.65- 5.28 mg/dl

20
Q

causes of hypercalcemia

A
  • HPT
  • Paget’s , MM,Mets, fracture
  • prolonged immobilization
  • inadequate excretion - renal failure adrenal insufficiency
  • excessive intake
21
Q

causes of hypocalcemia

A
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • malabsorption
  • excessive loss
    cushing’s syndrome
    • renal failure
    • acute pancreatitis
      • peritonitis
22
Q

name some functions of chloride

A
  • works with sodium
  • helps maintain osmotic pressure
  • helps regulate blood volume and pressure
  • absorbed in intestine - excreted in kidney
23
Q

normal levels of chloride

A

100- 108 mEq/L

24
Q

causes of hyperchloremia

A
  • bicarbonate loos
  • severe dehydration
  • renal shut down
  • head injury producing hyperventilation
  • primary aldosterinsim
25
Q

causes of hypocloremia

A
  • associated with low Na and K level
  • vomiting
  • intestinal fistula
  • renal failure
  • addisons disease
  • edema causes a dilution form
26
Q

explain what anion gap does

A
  • reflects anion- cation balance
  • does so without individual electrolyte tests
  • tests sodium, chloride and bicarbonate
  • serum should be neutral
  • sodium is 90% cation
  • chloride and phosphate are 85% anions
27
Q

normal gap anion

A

8- 14 mEq/L

28
Q

extracellular buffers are

A

bicarbonate and ammonia

29
Q

intracellular buffers are

A

proteins and phosphate

30
Q

with PaO2 and SaO2 decrease and PaCO2 normal this indicates insufficient ____________. and is caused by

A

oxygenation of the blood

  • pneumothorax
  • impaired diffusion like interstitial fibrosis
  • atrio- ventricular shunt ( patent ductus arteriosus or septal defect)
31
Q

Low O2CT, with normal PaO2, SaO2 and PaCO2 will indicate ______

A
  • Severe anemia - decreased blood volume or reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen
32
Q

name all the important electrolytes

A
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • magnesium
  • phosphate
  • calcium
  • chloride
  • anion gap
33
Q

T/F

decreased sodium level causes more water to be absorbed

A

false
causes more water to be lost
- increased sodium level causes more water to be absorbed

34
Q

disturbances in K:Na leads to

A
  • altered cardiac rhythms
  • altered transmission of neural impulses
  • altred muscle contraction
35
Q

T/F

Hyperkalemia will result in a shift from intracellular to extracellular

A

true

UA (3 decks)

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