final Flashcards
what are the normal sodium levels
135- 145 mEq/L
name the causes of hypernatremia
- dehydration
- water loss - diabetes insidious, kidney failure , vomiting
- increased retention - primary aldosteronism
- increased intake
name the causes of hyponatremia
- inadequate intake
2. excessive sodium loss
T/F soodium is th major intracellular cation
false it is major extracellular cation
maintains osmotic pressure
Postassium is the major ____ cation
intracellular
potassium is responsible to ___ the cells membranes
repolarize
what are the normal levels for potassium
3.5- 5 mEq/L
____ crucial to enzyme activation to make nucleic acids and proteins
Magnesium
also cotransport for K and Na
Mg most exists in ____
bone
Normal levels for magnesium
1.3 - 2.1 mg/dl
causes for increased Mg level
- renal failure to excrete adequate amounts
- adrenal insufficiency ( Addison’s disease)
Causes for decreased level
- alcoholism
- malabsorption- vomiting- diarrhea- acute pancreatitis
- hypercalcemic conditions
- primary aldosteronsim
- diuretic use
_____ used to store and utilize energy
phosphate
normal phosphate levels
2.7 - 4.5 mg/dl
causes for hypophosphatemia
- malnutrition
- hyperparathyroidism
- renal tubular acidiosis
- children will suppress growth
causes for hyperphosphatemia
- skeletal disease
- healing fracture
- hypoparathyroidism
- renal failure
- acromegaly
- high intestinal obstruction
the average adult body contains in total approximately _ kg of calcium
1 kg
what is the normal total calcium levels
8.2 - 10.2 mg/dl
what is the normal (ionized) calcium level
4.65- 5.28 mg/dl
causes of hypercalcemia
- HPT
- Paget’s , MM,Mets, fracture
- prolonged immobilization
- inadequate excretion - renal failure adrenal insufficiency
- excessive intake
causes of hypocalcemia
- hypoparathyroidism
- malabsorption
- excessive loss
cushing’s syndrome- renal failure
- acute pancreatitis
- peritonitis
name some functions of chloride
- works with sodium
- helps maintain osmotic pressure
- helps regulate blood volume and pressure
- absorbed in intestine - excreted in kidney
normal levels of chloride
100- 108 mEq/L
causes of hyperchloremia
- bicarbonate loos
- severe dehydration
- renal shut down
- head injury producing hyperventilation
- primary aldosterinsim
causes of hypocloremia
- associated with low Na and K level
- vomiting
- intestinal fistula
- renal failure
- addisons disease
- edema causes a dilution form
explain what anion gap does
- reflects anion- cation balance
- does so without individual electrolyte tests
- tests sodium, chloride and bicarbonate
- serum should be neutral
- sodium is 90% cation
- chloride and phosphate are 85% anions
normal gap anion
8- 14 mEq/L
extracellular buffers are
bicarbonate and ammonia
intracellular buffers are
proteins and phosphate
with PaO2 and SaO2 decrease and PaCO2 normal this indicates insufficient ____________. and is caused by
oxygenation of the blood
- pneumothorax
- impaired diffusion like interstitial fibrosis
- atrio- ventricular shunt ( patent ductus arteriosus or septal defect)
Low O2CT, with normal PaO2, SaO2 and PaCO2 will indicate ______
- Severe anemia - decreased blood volume or reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen
name all the important electrolytes
- sodium
- potassium
- magnesium
- phosphate
- calcium
- chloride
- anion gap
T/F
decreased sodium level causes more water to be absorbed
false
causes more water to be lost
- increased sodium level causes more water to be absorbed
disturbances in K:Na leads to
- altered cardiac rhythms
- altered transmission of neural impulses
- altred muscle contraction
T/F
Hyperkalemia will result in a shift from intracellular to extracellular
true
