Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 171 prof. Evans > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain the lines of defense that the respiratory system has throughout the upper and lower respiratory tract.

A
  • Mucous cells and mucous glands
    • Produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces
  • Cilia
    • Sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)
  • Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
  • Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

identify in chronological order the flow of air through the structures of the respiratory system starting with the intake through the external nares (nose) to the alveoli.

A
  • external nares (nostrils)
  • internal nares
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • primary bronchi
  • secondary bronchi
  • tertiary bronchi
  • terminal bronchi
  • respiratory bronchi
  • alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify the structures that comprise the upper and lower respiratory division.

A 
upper:
nose
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx

// larynx //

lower:
larynx
trachea
bronchus
bronchioles
alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the pharynx

A

chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems

extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus

Divided into three parts

  • The nasopharynx
  • The oropharynx
  • The laryngopharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the nose

A

Air enters the respiratory system

  • Through nostrils or external nares
  • Into nasal vestibule

Nasal hairs

  • Are in nasal vestibule
  • Are the first particle filtration system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the nasal cavity

A

The nasal septum
- Divides nasal cavity into left and right

Superior portion of nasal cavity is the olfactory region
- Provides sense of smell

Mucous secretions from paranasal sinus and tears
- Clean and moisten the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the three types of cartilages in the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe thyroid cartilage

A

forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx

the laryngeal prominence is the Adam’s apple

ligaments attach to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe cricoid cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

forms posterior of larynx

articulates with arytenoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the epiglottis

A

composed of elastic cartilage

folds back over the glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the larynx

A

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages support and protect:

  • The glottis
  • The entrance to trachea

During swallowing:

  • The larynx is elevated
  • The epiglottis folds back over glottis
  • Prevents entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the nasopharynx

A

Superior portion of pharynx

Contains pharyngeal tonsils and openings to left and right auditory tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the oropharynx

A

Middle portion of pharynx

Communicates with oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the laryngopharynx

A

Inferior portion of pharynx

Extends from hyoid bone to entrance of larynx and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what’s the difference between the glottis and epiglottis?

A

the glottis is used in sound production, as air passes through and vibrates the vocal cords

the epiglottis is the “guardian of the airways” and forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow. This closes off the respiratory passageways to incoming food and drink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the incomplete rings of cartilage in the larynx

A

tracheal cartilage, allow for expansion of the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are vestibular folds? how are they arranged? how does the larynx function as the human voicebox? what else influences final sound production?

A

upper false vocal cords

lower true vocal cords

vibrate with expelled air for speech

(vocal cords are attached to the arytenoid cartilages by vocal ligaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the characteristics of lungs

A

in the left and right pleural cavities

inferior portion rests on the diaphragm

lobes are separated by fissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are fissures?

A

fissures separate the lobes of the lungs

right lung has three lobes and two fissures (superior, middle, inferior)

left lung has two lobes and one fissure (superior, inferior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which lung is wider and which is longer?

A

right lung is wider

left lung is longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the components of the respiratory bronchial tree starting with the trachea and ending with the alveoli in the pulmonary lobules?

A 
trachea
primary bronchus
secondary bronchus
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveoli in pulmonary lobule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what composes the respiratory and conducting zones?

A

the respiratory zones are: alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles

the conducting zones are everything from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is surfactant’s physiological importance?

A

oily secretion

contains phospholipids and proteins

coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension

lack of surfactant = alveolar collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

external and internal respiration.

A

external:
- all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment

internal:

  • result of cellular respiration
  • involves the uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

distinguish between atmospheric, intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) and intra-pleural pressure.

A

normal atmospheric pressure:
1 atm = 760 mm Hg

intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar):

  • relative to atmospheric pressure
  • difference between atmospheric pressure is about -1 -> +1 mm Hg
  • max -30 mm Hg to +100 mm Hg

intra-pleural:

  • pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleura
  • below atmospheric pressure throughout respiratory cycle
  • avg. -4 mm Hg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

components of air movement?

A

diaphragm:

  • contraction moves air to lungs
  • 75% of air movement

intercostal muscles:
- 25% of air movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is Boyle’s Law and what is the relationship to the direction of airflow during pulmonary ventilation?

A

defines relationship between gas pressure and volume

rate of diffusion depends on physical and gas laws

P = 1/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how does surface tension influence pulmonary ventilation?

A

increased smooth muscle tension affects airway constriction and resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how does compliance influence pulmonary ventilation?

A

indicator of expandibility

low compliance requires more force

high compliance requires less force

levels of surfactant affects compliance

30
Q

what is respiratory rate? what’s the avg. value? how is it related to tidal volume?

A

adapts to changing oxygen demands by varying:

  • number of breaths per minute (respiratory rate)
  • volume of air moved per breath (tidal volume)

500mL

amount of air moved per minute
Is calculated by:
respiratory rate * tidal volume

31
Q

what is the Respiratory Minute Volume (VE) ? what’s the avg. value? what’s the formula?

A

measures pulmonary ventilation

amount of air moved per minute
Is calculated by:
respiratory rate * tidal volume

32
Q

[T/F] is respiratory minute volume the same as pulmonary ventilation?

A

yes

respiratory minute volume = pulmonary ventilation

33
Q

what is the difference between respiratory minute volume (pulmonary ventilation) and alveolar ventilation?

A

pulmonary ventilation is the amount of air moved per minute

alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute:
(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) * respiratory rate

34
Q

what is alveolar ventilation?

A

the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute:

(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) * respiratory rate

35
Q

what is Tidal Volume (VT)?

A

amount of air moved in and out of lungs in a single breath

36
Q

what is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A

volume of a normal inspiration

Inspiratory capacity:
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

37
Q

what is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

volume of a normal exhalation

38
Q

what is Residual Volume?

A

maximal exhalation

39
Q

what is Minimal Volume?

A

the minimal volume needed to support the structure of your lung that always stays there no matter how much you exhale

40
Q

what is Inspiratory capacity?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

41
Q

what is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

A

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

42
Q

what is Vital Capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

43
Q

what is Total Lung Capacity?

A

vital capacity + residual volume

44
Q

where does filtration occur? what does it do?

A

Forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space

Produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma

45
Q

what is secretion?

A

to put something into filtrate

out of blood

46
Q

what is reabsorption?

A

take from filtrate

put into blood

47
Q

what does the proximal convoluted tubule do?

A

reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients

48
Q

what does the loop of henle (nephron loop) do?

A

conserves water and forms concentrated urine

49
Q

what does the distal convoluted tubule do?

A

secretion (of ions, acids, drugs, toxins)

reabsorbs water, sodium, calcium

50
Q

what does the collecting duct do? what ions?

A

variable reabsorption of water and reabsorption/secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarb ions

51
Q

what is cotransport?

A

two substances transported together across a membrane by one protein

52
Q

what is countertransport?

A

one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the opposite direction

53
Q

what do podocytes do?

A

form the filtration slits of the renal glomerulus

cells in the Bowman’s capsule in the kidneys that wrap around the capillaries

the Bowman’s capsule filters blood

54
Q

what is the renal threshold?

A

the plasma concentration at which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine

55
Q

what is normal physiological pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

56
Q

how does the body maintain normal physiological pH?

A

buffers and respiration

57
Q

what is hypoventilation? what is the result?

A

abnormally low respiration rate allows for CO2 buildup in blood and hypercapnia

58
Q

what is hyperventilation? what is the result?

A

excessive ventilation leads to low PCO2 and hypocapnia

59
Q

what is the formula for the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

A

CO2 // (CO2 & H2O) // (H2CO3) carb // (HCO3) bicarb // (Na & HCO3) // NaHCO3 sodium bicarb

60
Q

what causes metabolic acidosis?

A

bicarbonate loss

impaired hydrogen excretion at kidneys

61
Q

how do the kidneys lower/increase blood pH

A

Secrete H+ out of blood

reabsorb H+ into blood

62
Q

how does bicarbonate buffer affect our blood

A

bicarb ions interact with H+ in a solution to form H2CO3 carbonate (removing H+/acid from blood)

63
Q

what does an elevated HCO3 bicarbonate concentration result in?

A

metabolic alkalosis

64
Q

what is the formula for bicarbonate?

A

HCO3-

65
Q

what is the formula for carbonate?

A

H2CO3

66
Q

what does atrial natriuretic peptides do?

A

released by heart in response to stretching walls due to increased blood volume or pressure

reduces blood pressure

67
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis?

A

caused by elevates HCO3 [ ]

bicarbs interact with H+ forming H2CO3

reduced H+ causes alkalosis

68
Q

What does the descending and ascending limb of the nephron loop do?

A

descending: reabsorption of water
ascending: reabsorption of sodium and chloride

69
Q

organization of the respiratory membrane

A
  1. Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus
  2. Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary
  3. Fused basement membranes between the alveolar and endothelial cells
70
Q

blood supply (pulmonary and systemic circulation) and general pressure in lungs

A 
right ventricle
pulmonary arteries
capillary beds of lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
capillary beds of body tissues
venae cavae
right atrium
right ventricle

BIO 171 prof. Evans (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions