FINAL Flashcards
Explain the lines of defense that the respiratory system has throughout the upper and lower respiratory tract.
- Mucous cells and mucous glands
• Produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces - Cilia
• Sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator) - Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
- Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs
identify in chronological order the flow of air through the structures of the respiratory system starting with the intake through the external nares (nose) to the alveoli.
- external nares (nostrils)
- internal nares
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- terminal bronchi
- respiratory bronchi
- alveoli
Identify the structures that comprise the upper and lower respiratory division.
upper: nose nasal cavity sinuses pharynx
// larynx //
lower: larynx trachea bronchus bronchioles alveoli
describe the pharynx
chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems
extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus
Divided into three parts
- The nasopharynx
- The oropharynx
- The laryngopharynx
describe the nose
Air enters the respiratory system
- Through nostrils or external nares
- Into nasal vestibule
Nasal hairs
- Are in nasal vestibule
- Are the first particle filtration system
describe the nasal cavity
The nasal septum
- Divides nasal cavity into left and right
Superior portion of nasal cavity is the olfactory region
- Provides sense of smell
Mucous secretions from paranasal sinus and tears
- Clean and moisten the nasal cavity
name the three types of cartilages in the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
describe thyroid cartilage
forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx
the laryngeal prominence is the Adam’s apple
ligaments attach to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
describe cricoid cartilage
hyaline cartilage
forms posterior of larynx
articulates with arytenoid cartilage
describe the epiglottis
composed of elastic cartilage
folds back over the glottis
describe the larynx
Thyroid and cricoid cartilages support and protect:
- The glottis
- The entrance to trachea
During swallowing:
- The larynx is elevated
- The epiglottis folds back over glottis
- Prevents entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract
describe the nasopharynx
Superior portion of pharynx
Contains pharyngeal tonsils and openings to left and right auditory tubes
describe the oropharynx
Middle portion of pharynx
Communicates with oral cavity
describe the laryngopharynx
Inferior portion of pharynx
Extends from hyoid bone to entrance of larynx and esophagus
what’s the difference between the glottis and epiglottis?
the glottis is used in sound production, as air passes through and vibrates the vocal cords
the epiglottis is the “guardian of the airways” and forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow. This closes off the respiratory passageways to incoming food and drink
what are the incomplete rings of cartilage in the larynx
tracheal cartilage, allow for expansion of the esophagus
what are vestibular folds? how are they arranged? how does the larynx function as the human voicebox? what else influences final sound production?
upper false vocal cords
lower true vocal cords
vibrate with expelled air for speech
(vocal cords are attached to the arytenoid cartilages by vocal ligaments)
what are the characteristics of lungs
in the left and right pleural cavities
inferior portion rests on the diaphragm
lobes are separated by fissures
what are fissures?
fissures separate the lobes of the lungs
right lung has three lobes and two fissures (superior, middle, inferior)
left lung has two lobes and one fissure (superior, inferior)
which lung is wider and which is longer?
right lung is wider
left lung is longer
what are the components of the respiratory bronchial tree starting with the trachea and ending with the alveoli in the pulmonary lobules?
trachea primary bronchus secondary bronchus tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveoli in pulmonary lobule
what composes the respiratory and conducting zones?
the respiratory zones are: alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles
the conducting zones are everything from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles
what is surfactant’s physiological importance?
oily secretion
contains phospholipids and proteins
coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension
lack of surfactant = alveolar collapse
external and internal respiration.
external:
- all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment
internal:
- result of cellular respiration
- involves the uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells
distinguish between atmospheric, intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) and intra-pleural pressure.
normal atmospheric pressure:
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar):
- relative to atmospheric pressure
- difference between atmospheric pressure is about -1 -> +1 mm Hg
- max -30 mm Hg to +100 mm Hg
intra-pleural:
- pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleura
- below atmospheric pressure throughout respiratory cycle
- avg. -4 mm Hg
components of air movement?
diaphragm:
- contraction moves air to lungs
- 75% of air movement
intercostal muscles:
- 25% of air movement
what is Boyle’s Law and what is the relationship to the direction of airflow during pulmonary ventilation?
defines relationship between gas pressure and volume
rate of diffusion depends on physical and gas laws
P = 1/V
how does surface tension influence pulmonary ventilation?
increased smooth muscle tension affects airway constriction and resistance
how does compliance influence pulmonary ventilation?
indicator of expandibility
low compliance requires more force
high compliance requires less force
levels of surfactant affects compliance
what is respiratory rate? what’s the avg. value? how is it related to tidal volume?
adapts to changing oxygen demands by varying:
- number of breaths per minute (respiratory rate)
- volume of air moved per breath (tidal volume)
500mL
amount of air moved per minute
Is calculated by:
respiratory rate * tidal volume
what is the Respiratory Minute Volume (VE) ? what’s the avg. value? what’s the formula?
measures pulmonary ventilation
amount of air moved per minute
Is calculated by:
respiratory rate * tidal volume
[T/F] is respiratory minute volume the same as pulmonary ventilation?
yes
respiratory minute volume = pulmonary ventilation
what is the difference between respiratory minute volume (pulmonary ventilation) and alveolar ventilation?
pulmonary ventilation is the amount of air moved per minute
alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute:
(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) * respiratory rate
what is alveolar ventilation?
the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute:
(tidal volume - anatomic dead space) * respiratory rate
what is Tidal Volume (VT)?
amount of air moved in and out of lungs in a single breath
what is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
volume of a normal inspiration
Inspiratory capacity:
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
what is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
volume of a normal exhalation
what is Residual Volume?
maximal exhalation
what is Minimal Volume?
the minimal volume needed to support the structure of your lung that always stays there no matter how much you exhale
what is Inspiratory capacity?
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
what is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
what is Vital Capacity?
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
what is Total Lung Capacity?
vital capacity + residual volume
where does filtration occur? what does it do?
Forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space
Produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma
what is secretion?
to put something into filtrate
out of blood
what is reabsorption?
take from filtrate
put into blood
what does the proximal convoluted tubule do?
reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
what does the loop of henle (nephron loop) do?
conserves water and forms concentrated urine
what does the distal convoluted tubule do?
secretion (of ions, acids, drugs, toxins)
reabsorbs water, sodium, calcium
what does the collecting duct do? what ions?
variable reabsorption of water and reabsorption/secretion of sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarb ions
what is cotransport?
two substances transported together across a membrane by one protein
what is countertransport?
one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the opposite direction
what do podocytes do?
form the filtration slits of the renal glomerulus
cells in the Bowman’s capsule in the kidneys that wrap around the capillaries
the Bowman’s capsule filters blood
what is the renal threshold?
the plasma concentration at which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine
what is normal physiological pH?
7.35 - 7.45
how does the body maintain normal physiological pH?
buffers and respiration
what is hypoventilation? what is the result?
abnormally low respiration rate allows for CO2 buildup in blood and hypercapnia
what is hyperventilation? what is the result?
excessive ventilation leads to low PCO2 and hypocapnia
what is the formula for the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?
CO2 // (CO2 & H2O) // (H2CO3) carb // (HCO3) bicarb // (Na & HCO3) // NaHCO3 sodium bicarb
what causes metabolic acidosis?
bicarbonate loss
impaired hydrogen excretion at kidneys
how do the kidneys lower/increase blood pH
Secrete H+ out of blood
reabsorb H+ into blood
how does bicarbonate buffer affect our blood
bicarb ions interact with H+ in a solution to form H2CO3 carbonate (removing H+/acid from blood)
what does an elevated HCO3 bicarbonate concentration result in?
metabolic alkalosis
what is the formula for bicarbonate?
HCO3-
what is the formula for carbonate?
H2CO3
what does atrial natriuretic peptides do?
released by heart in response to stretching walls due to increased blood volume or pressure
reduces blood pressure
what is metabolic alkalosis?
caused by elevates HCO3 [ ]
bicarbs interact with H+ forming H2CO3
reduced H+ causes alkalosis
What does the descending and ascending limb of the nephron loop do?
descending: reabsorption of water
ascending: reabsorption of sodium and chloride
organization of the respiratory membrane
- Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus
- Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary
- Fused basement membranes between the alveolar and endothelial cells
blood supply (pulmonary and systemic circulation) and general pressure in lungs
right ventricle pulmonary arteries capillary beds of lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta capillary beds of body tissues venae cavae right atrium right ventricle
