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BIO 171 prof. Evans > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

the bodily structure of organisms

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

way in which a living organism or bodily part functions

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3
Q

Define anatomy and physiology

A

the function of body parts and the body as a whole

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4
Q

Describe the levels of organization

A 
#1 Chemical 
#2 Cellular 
#3 Tissue 
#4 Organ 
#5 System 
#6 Organism
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5
Q

Define homeostasis

A

tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements

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6
Q

What are the two mechanisms of regulation for homeostasis?

A

Auto-regulation: automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change (the body can divert blood (and thus, oxygen) where it is most needed.)

Extrinsic-regulation: responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems (When you are exercising, your NS
issues commands that increase
the HR so that blood will circulate
faster.)

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7
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

repel or fail to mix with water

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8
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.

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9
Q

Define polar

A

one end of a molecule positive and one end negative

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10
Q

Define nonpolar

A

molecule which has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed

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11
Q

Define organic

A

compounds that contain carbon

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12
Q

Define inorganic

A

compounds that do not contain carbon

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13
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

H2O enters, breaking a bond (catabolic)

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14
Q

Define dehydration synthesis

A

dehydrates, produces H2O and forms a bond (anabolic)

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15
Q

Define catabolic

A

reactions that break down molecules in metabolism

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16
Q

Define anabolic

A

synthesis of complex molecules

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17
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

compound of hydrogen and carbon

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18
Q

Define denaturation

A

process where proteins and nucleic acids lose their quaternary, tertiary, or secondary structure.

often by external stressors like temp and pH

loss of function

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19
Q

Define somatic cell

A

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells

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20
Q

Define germ cell

A

a gamete, haploid

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21
Q

Define ATPase

A

adenosine triphosphatease

enzyme that catalyzes ATP to ADP

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22
Q

Define active transport

A

movement of molecules across a cell membrane from low to high concentration (energy used)

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23
Q

Define passive transport

A

movement of molecules across a cell membrane from high to low (no energy needed)

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24
Q

Define osmosis

A

passive transport of water

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25
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport of solutes by carrier proteins

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26
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

specific molecules passively permeate a membrane

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27
Q

Define tonicity

A

the state of a solution in respect of osmotic pressure

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28
Q

Define osmolarity

A

number of solute particles per liter

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29
Q

Define hypertonic

A

less solvent than solute when compared to another solution

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30
Q

Define hypotonic

A

more solvent than solute when compared to another solution

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31
Q

Define isotonic

A

equal solute to solvent between two solutions

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32
Q

Define sodium-potassium pump

A

active transport

carrier mediated

sodium ions in

potassium ions out

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33
Q

Define endergonoic

A

stores energy in bonds (anabolic)

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34
Q

Define exergonic

A

release energy as bonds are broken (catabolic)

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35
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

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36
Q

Explain oxidative phosphorylation

A

oxidation of NADH/FADH necessary to phosphorylate ADP resulting in ATP

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37
Q

Cell physiology

A

process within and between cells

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38
Q

Organ physiology

A

functions of specific organs

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39
Q

Systematic physiology

A

functions of an organ system

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40
Q

Pathological physiology

A

effects of diseases

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41
Q

Define superior

A

upper

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42
Q

Define inferior

A

lower

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43
Q

Define anterior

A

front

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44
Q

Define posterior

A

back

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45
Q

Define ventral

A

front

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46
Q

Define dorsal

A

back

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47
Q

Define medial

A

center

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48
Q

Define lateral

A

side

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49
Q

Define proximal

A

closer to trunk

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50
Q

Define distal

A

away from trunk

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51
Q

Define superficial

A

surface

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52
Q

Define Ipsilateral

A

same side

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53
Q

Define contralateral

A

other side

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54
Q

Define supine

A

laying down face up

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55
Q

Define prone

A

laying down face down

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56
Q

What are the abdominal pelvic quadrants?

A

right upper
right lower

left upper
left lower

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57
Q

What are the abdominal pelvic regions?

A

right/left hypochondriac region
epigastric region
(R: liver L: stomach)

right/left lumbar region
umbilical region
(large and small intestine)

right/left inguinal region
hypogastric region
(small intestine, bladder, appendix)

58
Q

Identify and describe the sectional planes

A

frontal plane: front to back

sagittal plane: lefty and right

transverse: superior and inferior

59
Q

Functions of body cavities

A

protect organs from accidental shock

permits change in size and shape of organs

60
Q

Serous membranes

A

have two layers

parietal layer lines cavity (wall)

visceral layer covers organ (around)

61
Q

Heart serous membrane

A

visceral pericardium

parietal pericardium

pericardial cavity

62
Q

Abdominal serous membrane

A

parietal peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

peritoneal cavity

63
Q

Lung serous membrane

A

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

pleural cavity

64
Q

What divides the ventral body cavity?

65
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

thoracic cavity

upper portion contains blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus

lower portion contains pericardial cavity (heart)

66
Q

Major elements of human body

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

67
Q

Define compound

A

two or more different atoms bound together (NaCl)

68
Q

Define molecule

A

two or more similar atoms bound together (O2, H2)

69
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds?

A

covalent: sharing of electrons equally, non-polar – or unequally, polar
ionic: transfer of valence shell electron (opposite charges attract)

hydrogen

70
Q

Define ion

A

atoms with transferred electrons

71
Q

Define anion

A

neg. charged ion

72
Q

Define cation

A

pos. charged ion

73
Q

Define adhesion

A

sticking to a surface

74
Q

Define coheasion

A

sticking to itself

75
Q

What are the four classes of biological molecules?

A

carbs
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

76
Q

What are the classes of lipids?

A

triglycerides: store energy
phospholipids: component of cell membranes (polar head, non-polar tail)
steroids: hormones and cholesterol

77
Q

Function of HDLs and LDLs

A

high and low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol in human beings

78
Q

Describe proteins

A

long chains of amino acids

20 types of amino acids

peptide bonds

79
Q

Four levels of protein structure

A

primary - linear shape, sequencing of amino acids, peptide bonds

secondary - hydrogen bonds shape amino acids into a helix

tertiary - folding of the helix by hydrogen bonds (functional), coiled globular

quaternary - individual polypeptides are linked to one another by hydrogen bonds, hemoglobial

80
Q

Function of enzymes

A

facilitate biochemical reactions

shape of specialized proteins is dependent on temperature, pH, ion concentration, presence of inhibitors

81
Q

Relationship between pH and [H+]

A

as [H+] increases, acidity increases (low pH)

as [H+] decreases, alkalinity increases (high pH)

82
Q

What power is the pH scale to?

A

10x each number

pH 5 has 10x more H+ than pH 6

83
Q

Discuss how changes in blood pH can disrupt homeostasis

A

pH change damage tissue

slight change in pH can be fatal

pH regulated by liver and kidneys

buffers help reduce change in pH

84
Q

What is DNA and its function?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

determines inherited characteristics

directs protein synthesis

controls enzyme production

controls metabolism

85
Q

What is RNA and its function?

A

ribonucleic acid

controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis

86
Q

Difference in nucleic acids between RNA and DNA

87
Q

Types of RNA and their function

A

messenger: carries DNA code to ribosome
transfer: brings amino acids to ribosome
ribosomal: makes up ribosome and synthesizes proteins

88
Q

Cell theory

A

cells are the smallest unit that perform all vital physiological functions

89
Q

What is ECF

A

extracellular fluid

solution that

90
Q

Factors influencing diffusion

A

distance particle has to move

molecule size

temperature

concentration gradient

electrical forces

91
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

all material inside the cell and outside the nucleus

92
Q

Define cytosol

A

intracellular fluid

nutrients, ions, proteins, waste

93
Q

Define organelles

A

structures inside a cell with specific functions

94
Q

Describe the head of a phospholipid

A

polar

hydrophilic

lipophobic

95
Q

Describe the tail of a phospholipid

A

non-polar

hydrophobic

lipophilic

96
Q

What are you expected to draw for the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipid heads/tails

transmembrane protein

peripheral protein

integral protein

ECF

ICF

97
Q

What’s the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

to provide shape and structure to a cell

98
Q

Describe microtubules

A

made of tubulin protein

attach to centrosome

anchor organelles

99
Q

Define metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in an organism

100
Q

Define energetics

A

flow of energy and its changes from one form to another

101
Q

Define cellular metabolism

A

all chemical reactions within cells

provides energy to maintain homeostasis

102
Q

What is glycogen?

A

branches chain of glucose

abundant storage carbohydrate

stored in liver and muscles

103
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

abundant storage lipids

fatty acids

104
Q

What is cellular respiration and what are its stages?

A

the harvesting of energy from food

  1. glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. electron transport chain
105
Q

What is oxidation?

A

the loss of electron

106
Q

What is reduction?

A

the gain of electron

107
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

used in oxidation

NAD+ and FAD+

remove hydrogen atoms from organic substrates

108
Q

What is NAD+?

A

electron carrier that accepts hydrogen to become NADH

used in oxidation

109
Q

What are the phases of carbohydrate metabolism?

A

energy investment

energy harvest

110
Q

DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS DURING GLYCOLYSIS

A

first stage of cellular respiration

does not require oxygen

one glucose is split into two pyruvate

uses 2 ATP

produces 4 ATP

produces 2 NADH

111
Q

What is crenation?

A

cell loss of water through osmosis

112
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

destruction of red blood cells

113
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

moving particles through the membrane in vesicles

114
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis: engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome
pinocytosis: small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination

receptor mediated: specific molecules are ingested into the cell

115
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

116
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

force that moves water as a result of the solute concentration

117
Q

What’s the monomer and polymer for carbohydrates?

A

monomer: monosaccharide
polymer: polysaccaride

118
Q

What’s the monomer and polymer for lipids?

A

monomer: fatty acids
polymer: triglyceride

119
Q

What’s the monomer and polymer for proteins?

A

monomer: amino acids
polymer: polypeptide

120
Q

What’s the monomer and polymer for nucleic acid?

A

monomer: nucleotides
polymer: polynucleotide

121
Q

What is the net ATP produced in glycolysis?

122
Q

What is the net ATP produced in the CAC

123
Q

What is the first stage of cellular respiration? Where does it take place?

A

glycolysis, cytosol

124
Q

what are the two steps in glycolysis?

A

energy investment

energy harvest

125
Q

How many NADH are produced in glycolysis?

126
Q

How many FADH2 is produced in glycolysis?

127
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvates

128
Q

What is the second stage of cellular respiration? Where does it take place?

A

citric acid cycle, mitochondria matrix

129
Q

What is the intermediate step in cellular respiration? how much ATP is produced?

A

Acetyl-CoA

0

130
Q

How many NADH are produced in the intermediate step in cellular respiration?

131
Q

How many FADH is produced in the intermediate step in cellular respiration?

132
Q

How many NADH are produced during the citric acid cycle?

133
Q

How many FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle?

134
Q

What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2?

A

carry electrons

135
Q

Where are NADH and FADH2 used?

A

the ETC

electron transport chain

136
Q

How many ATP are produced for each NADH used in ETC?

137
Q

How many ATP are produced for each FADH2 used in ETC?

138
Q

How many total ATP are produced from all the NADH from one glucose in ETC?

139
Q

How many total ATP are produced from all the FADH2 from one glucose in ETC?

140
Q

Describe the stages of mitosis

A

interphase: chromatin replicates
prophase: chromosomes form
prometaphase: chromosomes attack to spindle fibers
metaphase: chromosomes align at center
anaphase: chromosomes separate into chromatid
telophase: nucleus regenerates

141
Q

What is beta-oxidation?

A

fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA

142
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

breakdown of lipids and involves hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids

BIO 171 prof. Evans (12 decks)

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