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BIO 171 prof. Evans > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main types of epithelial tissue? Where are they located?

A

covering and lining epithelia (on external & internal surfaces)

glandular epithelia (secretory tissue in glands)

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2
Q

define tissue

A

a group of cells that serve a function

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3
Q

what is cell polarity in epithelial tissue?

A

apical (upper, free) & basal (lower, attached)

apical – microvilli (intestinal lining) or cilia (trachea lining)

basal – noncellular lamina of glycoprotein

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4
Q

is epithelial tissue closely/loosely packed cells? what junctions?

A

closely packed

tight junctions and desmosomes

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5
Q

what does vascular / avascular mean?

A

vascular: with veins, with blood supply
avascular: no veins, no blood supply

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6
Q

does epithelial tissue have a low or high rate of regeneration?

A

epithelial has a high rate of regeneration

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7
Q

in what order do you name epithelial tissue?

A

layer, name

e.g. simple squamous

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8
Q

describe simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flattened cells

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9
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

allows passage of materials by diffusion & filtration where protection isn’t important

secretes lube in serosae (ventral body cavity lining)

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10
Q

where can you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

kidneys

air sacs of lungs

lining of heart

blood vessels

lymphatic vessels

lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

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11
Q

describe simple cuboid epithelium

A

single layer of cube-like cells

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12
Q

what is the function of simple cuboid epithelium?

A

secretion & absorbtion

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13
Q

where can you find simple cuboid epithelium?

A

kidney tubules

ducts and secretory portions of small glands

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14
Q

describe simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall cells

might have cilia

might contain mucus secreting unicellular glands

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15
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

absorption

secretion of mucus

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16
Q

where can you find simple columnar epithelium?

A

digestive tract

gallbladder

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17
Q

describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells where not all of them reach the free surface (top)

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18
Q

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

secretion, especially mucus

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19
Q

where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

upper respiratory tract

trachea

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20
Q

describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

thick membrane composed of several dead cell layers

keratin

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21
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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22
Q

where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

epidermis of the skin

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23
Q

what does a goblet cell do?

A

generates mucin, which makes mucous

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24
Q

what are the two types of glands?

A

endocrine: no ducts (eg. hormones released into ECF)
exocrine: ducts (e.g. sweat, mucous)

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25
Q

describe transitional epithelium

A

looks like stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal

surface cells dome/flatten depending on the organ stretching

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26
Q

what is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

accommodate fluctuation of volume of the liquid in an organ

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27
Q

where can you find transitional epithelium?

A

urinary bladder

uterus

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28
Q

what is the cutaneous membrane?

A

the skin that covers the surface of the body

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29
Q

what is the muceous membrane?

A

lines the organ cavity that are open to the exterior

e.g. lungs and esophagus

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30
Q

what are serous membranes?

A

line body cavities closed to the exterior

secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement

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31
Q

what is a gland?

A

one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid

site of product release

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32
Q

what is the function of muscle tissue?

A

allows for movement in the body

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33
Q

what composes muscle tissue?

A

made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers (actin and myosin)

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34
Q

ID skeletal muscle: type, shape, nuclei #, absent/present striations, voluntary/involuntary function, and location

A

long, cylindrical

multinucleate

striations present

voluntary control - facial expression, manipulation of environment

skeletal muscles, attached to bones or skin

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35
Q

ID cardiac muscle: type, shape, nuclei #, absent/present striations, voluntary/involuntary function, and location

A

branching

uninucleate

striations present

involuntary control - propels blood to circulate as it contracts

the walls of the heart

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36
Q

ID smooth muscle: type, shape, nuclei #, absent/present striations, voluntary/involuntary function, and location

A

spindle-shaped

uninucleate

striations not present

involuntary control - propels substances or objects along internal passageways

walls of hollow organs

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37
Q

what’s the function of glial cells?

A

surround and support neurons

maintain homeostasis, form myelin

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38
Q

what causes MS (multiple sclerosis)

A

degeneration of myelin sheath

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39
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

insulates and enables communication through the axon of a neuron

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40
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue neurons?

A

communication between cells through sensory input

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41
Q

what are the two major cell types of nervous tissue neurons?

A

glial cells – surround and support neurons, maintain homeostasis, form myelin

neurons – process and transmit information electrically

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42
Q

what is the function of dendrites?

A

carry information toward the cell body

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43
Q

what is the function of axons?

A

carry information away from the cell body

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44
Q

describe organs

A

structures consisting of multiple tissue types

organized to perform a specific function

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45
Q

describe organ systems

A

groups of organs performing related functions

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46
Q

what are the major regions of skin?

A

epidermis – superficial region

dermis – middle region

hypodermis – deepest region

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47
Q

describe epidermis: cell type, cells, vascular/nonvascular

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium cells

keratinocytes – produce fibrous protein keratin

melanocytes – produce melanin pigment (10-15% in lower epidermis)

avascular

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48
Q

How long does it take for an epidermal cell to move from the bottom layer to the top layer?

A

2 weeks

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49
Q

Briefly describe how epidermal cells are regenerated

A

cuboidal cells undergo mitosis at the base

new cells are pushed and flattened toward the surface

new epidermal cells produce keratin

cells die on the outermost layer filled with keratin

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50
Q

what pigments contribute to skin color?

A

melanin – yellow/red-brown to black. produced in melanocytes

carotene – yellow to orange, most obvious in palms and soles

hemoglobin – pinkish hue

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51
Q

describe dermis

A

strong, flexible connective tissue

supplies nourishment to epidermis

vascular

oil and sweat glands

hair follicles

fat tissue

nerves

connective tissue

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52
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum – dead cells filled with keratin

stratum granulosum – flattened cells w/ deteriorating organelles

stratum spinosum – cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

stratum basale – cells are actively mitotic stem cells

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53
Q

what is the superficial layer of the dermis called? describe it

A

papillary layer

blood supply

areolar connective tissue with collagen, elastic fibers, and blood vessels

forms fingerprints

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54
Q

what is the deep layer of the dermis called? describe it

A

reticular layer

dense irregular tissue

contains 80% thickness of dermis

collagen fibers, strength and resiliency

elastic fibers, stretch-recoil properties

hair follicles

associated with stretch marks

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55
Q

what is the subcutaneous layer?

A

in the hypodermis

loose connective tissue packed with adipose cells

stabilizes position of skin

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56
Q

what are the different needle injection sites?

A

transdermal 0.05mL (allergy shot)

subcutaneous 1.00mL (insulin, heparin)

intramuscular (steroids)

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57
Q

what is the function of hair?

A

protection

thermoregulation

sensory

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58
Q

which gland produces oil/wax?

A

sebaceous

associated with hair follicles

maintains pliability of skin

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59
Q

which gland produces sweat?

A

suderiferous

maintains body temp

60
Q

which gland secretes milk?

A

mammary glands

61
Q

which gland is found in your ear and produces wax?

A

ceruminous

62
Q

what are the functions of skin?

A

protection

temperature regulation

sensation

chemical compound storage

excretion of waste

synthesis of compounds

63
Q

what is the vascular phenomena that happens when you sweat and need to conserve heat

A

vasodialation – when sweating to lose heat

vasoconstriction – when cold and to preserve heat

64
Q

what is the ABCD rule? ***

A

asymmetry – two sides of the area don’t match

border – has indentations

color – black/brown/tan/red/blue

diameter – larger than 6mm ( > pencil eraser)

65
Q

what are the degrees of burns?

A

1° – redness, epidermis

2° – blistering, dermis

3° – all three layers, no pain

66
Q

what is skin pathology?

A

study of disease state of tissue on the cellular level

67
Q

what causes wrinkles on the skin?

A

loss/degeneration of collagen and elastin (w/ aging)

68
Q

what are the subclasses of connective tissue?

A

loose connective tissue:

  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular

dense connective tissue:

  • regular
  • irregular
  • elastic
69
Q

what are the subclasses of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
70
Q

what are the subclasses for bone tissue?

A
  • compact bone

- spongey bone

71
Q

what is the tissue of origin for connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme

72
Q

does connective tissue have varying degrees of vascularity?

A

yes

73
Q

what separates cells in connective tissue?

A

extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)

74
Q

-blasts are cells which…

A

are mitotically active and secretory (young)

75
Q

-cytes are cells which…

A

are matured cells

76
Q

what are the types of fibers and their function?

A

collagen (white fibers)

  • most abundant
  • strongest
  • provides tensile strength

elastic

  • long, thin elastin fibers
  • allow stretching

reticular

  • short, fine, branched
  • collagenous fibers
77
Q

what is ground substance?

A

a medium for solutes to diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

78
Q

name the three main types of connective tissue

A

fibrous
supportive
fluid

79
Q

what are the fibrotic connective tissues?

A

loose: fascia, adipose fiberscells

80
Q

what does fibrous connective tissue do?

A

covers and allows organs to expand

81
Q

where are osteocytes located?

A

in the lacuna

82
Q

what promotes bones health?

A

nutrition - provides important constituents (e.g. calcium)

exercise - adapt to stress

hormones - build and maintain density

83
Q

what is the optimal blood calcium level?

A

8.5-11 mg/dl

84
Q

what is the purpose of regulation of bone growth by mechanical stress?

A

strengthen bone

85
Q

what is the purpose of regulation of bone growth by hormonal feedback?

A

maintain calcium homeostasis

86
Q

what is osteomyelitis?

A

inflammation of bone and surrounding muscle

87
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

reduction in bone mass, chemical composition remains normal

88
Q

what is gigantism?

A

excess of growth hormone before epiphyseal plates are ossified

89
Q

what is osteomalacia (rickets)?

A

reduction in bone mass, chemical composition is abnormal

90
Q

what is the difference between osteoporosis and osteomalacia?

A

osteoporosis has normal chemical composition

osteomalacia has abnormal chemical composition

91
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

excessive growth hormone after epiphyseal plates are ossified

92
Q

what is pituitary dwarfism?

A

deficit of growth hormone

93
Q

What is bone?

A

matrix of collagen and calcium phosphate crystals

94
Q

where are osteocytes?

A

found in lacunae in concentric rings

95
Q

what is contained by the central canal in bones?

A

blood vessels and nerves

96
Q

what are the tiny canals that link lacunae with one another and the central canal?

A

canaliculi

97
Q

what is the fluid connective tissue made of?

A

fluid matrix (plasma)

  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
98
Q

what do red blood cells do?

A

carry oxygen

99
Q

what do white blood cells do?

A

immunity, fight infection

100
Q

what do platelets do?

A

clot blood

101
Q

what is osseous tissue?

A

dense and supportive connective tissue

produces solid matrix of calcium deposits

around collagen fibers

102
Q

what is the most common cartilage?

A

hyalin

103
Q

what are the four types of cells that make up bones?

A

osteocytes

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

osteogenic

104
Q

function of an osteocyte?

A

maintain bone tissue

105
Q

function of an osteoblast?

A

forms bone matrix

builds bone and becomes osteocyte

106
Q

function of osteogenic cells?

A

stem cells

107
Q

function of osteoclast?

A

breaks down bone (resorbs)

108
Q

how do osteoblasts turn into osteocytes? *

A

osteoblasts get trapped in calcified bone matrix, calcify, and turn into osteocytes.

109
Q

structure of dense matrix of bone tissue?

A

deposits of calcium salts

osteocytes within lacunae around blood vessels

110
Q

function of canaliculi & volksman canal?

A

form pathways for blood vessels

exchange nutrients and wastes

111
Q

function of periosteum

A

extra reinforcement wherever tendons attach

covers outer surfaces of bones

consists of out fibrous and inner cellular layers

112
Q

function of endosteum?

A

to prevent the bone from becoming unnecessarily thick, osteoclasts resorb the bone from the endosteal side

covers inside surface of bones

consists of only inner cellular layer

113
Q

how many layers does the endosteum have?

A

one

114
Q

how many layers does the periosteum have?

A

two layers

cellular - inner

fibrous - outer

115
Q

what is the function of tendons?

A

attach muscle to bone

116
Q

what is an osteon?

A

the basic unit of compact bone

117
Q

what is a circumferential lammellae?

A

lamellae wrapped around long bone

binds osteons together

118
Q

does spongy bone have osteons?

A

no, osteons are only found in long bone

119
Q

what the matrix of the matrix of spongy bone called?

A

trabeculae

120
Q

does the trabeculae have blood vessels?

A

no, the trabeculae is avascular

121
Q

what is the space between the trabeculae filled with? what’s its purpose?

A

red bone marrow

has blood vessels

forms red blood cells

supplies nutrients to osteocytes

122
Q

where is yellow marrow found? what’s its function?

A

found in some bones, spongy bone hold yellow marrow

it stores fat

123
Q

does spongy bone have central canals?

A

no, and it doesn’t have osteons

124
Q

when do bones in humans stop growing?

A

25 years

125
Q

what is osteogenesis?

A

bone formation

126
Q

what is ossification?

A

the process of replacing other tissues with bone

127
Q

what is calcification? when does it happen?

A

the depositing of calcium salts

during bone ossification

128
Q

what are the two main forms of ossification?

A

endochondral ossification - cartilage/long bone

intramembranous ossification - skull bones/flat bone

129
Q

what is the spongy bone in the skull called?

A

diploé

130
Q

what are the four steps of growing long bone? where does it occur?

A

within epiphyseal plate

  1. proliferation chondroblasts -> chondrocytes
  2. hypertrophic growth
  3. calcification to form osteoblasts
  4. completion of ossification
131
Q

what would cause premature closure of the growth plate?

A

irregular estrogen or lack of growth hormone

132
Q

describe bone nutrition / blood supply to bones *

A
  1. nutrient artery & vein
    - single pair of large blood vessels
    - enter the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen
  2. metaphyseal vessels
    - supply the epiphyseal cartilage
    - where bone growth occurs
    - growth plate
  3. periosteal vessels
    - blood to superficial osteons
    - secondary ossification occurs
133
Q

what is the process of bone remodeling?

A

bone continually remodels, recycles, and replaces

osteoblast activity outpaces osteoclast activity and bones become larger and thicker as a child grows

as the body ages, osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblast activity resulting in fragile bones

134
Q

what is bone homeostasis?

A

osteoclast and osteoblast activity dynamically at balance

remodeling is the process of creating new bone and removing old bone

135
Q

what is the function of the PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

A

PTH causes the body to put more calcium into the blood

136
Q

what is the function of calcitonin?

A

opposes PTH activity

137
Q

what are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. osteoblasts secrete bone
  2. degeneration of catilage
  3. vascular invasion
  4. brings in nutrients and cells
  5. epiphyseal plate forms
  6. growth of long bone
138
Q

how do fractures occur?

A

when force on bone is greater than the force the bone can withstand

139
Q

what’s the difference between open/closed fractures?

A

simple closed fractures don’t break the skin while open compound fractures do

140
Q

what is granulation tissue? *

A

indicator of how well something is healing

141
Q

function of caniculae

A

connects nutrients from canal to the cells

142
Q

what cells make up skin?

A

kerinocytes

143
Q

what are the four main tissue types?

A

epithelial tissue (covering and lining & glandular)

connective tissue (loose and fibrous)

nervous tissue (neurons and glial)

muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)

144
Q

what is a desmosome?

A

junction, by which two adjacent cells are attached

145
Q

what is a tight junction?

A

junction where there’s no gap between two cells that would normally be there otherwise

146
Q

what causes wrinkles?

A

loss of collagen and elastin

147
Q

what are the type, shape, nuclei #, absent/present striations, voluntary/involuntary function, and location of each muscle

A

skeletal:

  • long, cylindrical
  • multinucleate
  • striations present
  • voluntary control - facial expression, manipulation of environment
  • skeletal muscles, attached to bones or skin

smooth muscle:

  • spindle-shaped
  • uninucleate
  • striations not present
  • involuntary control - propels substances or objects along internal passageways
  • walls of hollow organs

cardiac muscle:

  • branching
  • uninucleate
  • striations present
  • involuntary control - propels blood to circulate as it contracts
  • the walls of the heart

BIO 171 prof. Evans (12 decks)

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