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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > FInal > Flashcards

FInal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulate water volume in body
Filter blood
Produce epo and renin
Regulate ion concentration

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2
Q

What layer of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?

A

Renal medulla

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3
Q

What veins and arteries are in the renal cortex?

A

Cortical radiate

Arcuate

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4
Q

What is the order of structures in which waste is removed? Starting from the collecting duct

A 
Collecting duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
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5
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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6
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

What is the importance of the parietal layer of the bowman’s capsule?

A

Comprised of simple squamous epithelium
Contributes to capsule structure
Plays no part in forming filtrate

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9
Q

What is the importance of the visceral later of the bowman’s capsule?

A

Comprised of podocytes

Allows filtrate to enter the capsular space

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10
Q

What is the order in which blood flows through the gomerulus?

A 
Cortical radiate artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Vasa recta
Cortical radiate vein
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11
Q

What are the three major parts of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

What is the importance of the PCT?

A

Comprised of cuboidal epithelial cells with dense microvilli

Important in reabsorbing water and solutes from filtrate

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the loop of henle?

A

Descending limb

Ascending limb

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14
Q

What is the ascending limb divided into?

A

Thin part - allows for water reabsorption

Thick part - Has tight-tight junctions, nothing passes

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15
Q

What are the two divisions of the DCT?

A

Diluting segment

Late segment

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16
Q

What is the importance of the diluting segment?

A

Few microvilli

Functions more in secretion than reabsorption

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17
Q

What is the importance of the late segment?

A

Connects the DCT to the collecting duct

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18
Q

What are the functions of collecting ducts?

A

Maintain water and sodium balance

Maintain acid-base balance in blood

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19
Q

What are the three types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons - 30%
Midcortical nephrons - 55%
Juxtamedullary - 15% - important in concentrated urine formation

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20
Q

How much fluid does the kidney process daily?

A

180 L

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21
Q

What is filtration and where does it occur?

A

Takes solutes and water out of blood
Happens in glomerulus
Filtrate collected in bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

What is reabsorption and where does it occur?

A

Some of filtrate reenters the capillaries

Happens in renal tubules and collecting ducts

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23
Q

What is secretion and where does it occur?

A

Moving substances from the blood into the filtrate

Occurs in the tubule and collecting duct

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24
Q

What are the three nephron capillary beds?

A

Glomerulus - filtarion
Peritubular Capillaries - reabsorption
Vasa recta - juxtamedullary

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25
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?

A

Capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Foot processes of podocytes of glomerular capsule

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26
Q

What are the three cell populations that help regulate filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure for the JGC?

A

Macula densa
Granular cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cells

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27
Q

What is the function of macula densa cells?

A

Chemoreceptors that monitor the NaCl concentration in filtrate
Found in ascending limb

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28
Q

What is the function of granular cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole
Contain renin
Cells of arteriole

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29
Q

What is the function of extragomerular mesangial cells?

A

Send signals between granular cells and macula densa

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30
Q

What is the net filtration pressure?

A

Net pressure in the gomerulus

Is equal to 10 mm Hg

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31
Q

What are the pressures that account for NFP?

A

Hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries (55)
Osmotic pressure of glomerular capillaries (30)
Hydrostatic pressure of capsular space (15)

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32
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A

Volume of filtrate formed by all the glomeruli in the body in one minute
Average is 125ml/min

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33
Q

What are the two types of intrinsic control for GFR regulation?

A

Myogenic mechanism

Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

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34
Q

What is myogenic mechanism?

A 
Increased BP
Afferent arteriole muscle stretches
Afferent arterioles contract
Bloodflow restricted into glomerulus
Opposite occurs if BP is low
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35
Q

What is the process of tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

A

GFR increases
Macula densa detects high NaCl concentration
Macula densa releases vasoconstrictor chemicals
Afferent arteriole constricts
Blood flow into glomerulus decreases
Opposite occurs if GFR is low

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36
Q

What is the primary goal of the extrinsic control system?

A

Regulation of systemic blood pressure

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37
Q

How does the extrinsic control system regulate fluid volume?

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause vasocontriction if bp is low

38
Q

What are the two major routes for tubular reabsorption?

A

Transcellular

Paracellular

39
Q

What is transcellular reabsorption?

A

Solute or water passes through the cell, then across the interstitial fluid and into the capillary

40
Q

What is paracellular absorption?

A

Solute or water passes between cells, then across interstitial fluid and into the capillary

41
Q

What is transport maximum?

A

There is a limit of carriers that the body has, so you can max out at being able to be reabsorbed

42
Q

What is the countercurrent multiplier?

A

Interaction between the blow of filtrate through the ascending and descending limbs of juxtamedullary nephrons

43
Q

What is the countercurrecnt exchanger?

A

Flow of blood through the ascending and descending portions of vasa recta

44
Q

What are the three steps of urination?

A

Contraction of detrusor by ANS
Opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS
Volunterilly open external urethral sphincter

45
Q

What is the process by which a fetus becomes male?

A 
SRY gene
Mullerian inhibiting substance prevents mullerian duct
Wolfinian duct formed
Leydig cells form
Testosterone produced
Fetus forms male organs
46
Q

What is the function of leydig cells?

A

Aid in the production of testosterone

47
Q

What is the function of sertoli cells?

A

Aid in the maturation of sperm

48
Q

What does the hypothalamus release during puberty?

A

GnRH

Gonadotropic releasing hormone

49
Q

What are the two gonadotropins and where are they released from?

A

Luetenizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Released from the anterior pituitary

50
Q

What is the function of FSH and LH in males?

A

FSH - Sperm production

LH - Testosterone production

51
Q

Where do sperm cells mature?

A

Epididymus

52
Q

What is decapacitation?

A

Process of adding proteins to sperm
Decreases mobility
Protects sperm
Happens in epididymus

53
Q

What is aerosome?

A

Covering on head of sperm that allows it to penetrate the egg

54
Q

What is the process of spermatogenesis?

A 
Type b daughter cell
Primary spermatocycte
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
Spermatozoon
55
Q

What is semenogelin?

A

Causes sperm to clot once it enters female reproductive tract so it stays inside

56
Q

What is PSA?

A

Causes liquification of sperm after it clotted
Allows sperm to swim in uterus
Created by prostate

57
Q

What is the function of the corpus spongiosa?

A

Prevents urthra collapse

58
Q

What is the function of corpus cavernosa?

A

Main tissue for erection

59
Q

What vasodialator is released to cause an erection?

A

Nitrousoxide

60
Q

What is the function of seminal fluid?

A

Consists of fructose - energy for sperm
Acts as a buffer
Meets with sperm at ejaculatory duct

61
Q

What is the function of pre-jac?

A

Acts as a buffer
Cleans out the urethra
Secreted by the bulbo-urethral gland

62
Q

What are the functions of LH and FSH in females?

A

LH - theca cells - estrogen

FSH - granulosa cells - estrodial and forms follicle

63
Q

What are the layers of the uterine wall?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

64
Q

What are the layers of the endometrium?

A

Stratum functionalis - comes off during menstration

Stratum basalis - generates new cells

65
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Production of female gametes

66
Q

What is the function of leptin in female maturation?

A

Causes the hypothalamus to be less sensitive to estrogen so GnRH can be activated

67
Q

What are the stages of menstration?

A

Follicular phase - (1-14) development of follicle
Ovulation - day 14
Luteal phase - (15-28) degeneration of the corpus luteum

68
Q

What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A

Menstrual - day 1-5
Proliferative phase - day 6-14
Secretory phase - day 15-28

69
Q

Where do primary oocytes develop?

A

Primoridal follicles

70
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

Stimulates stomach gland secretion
Increases contractile force of stomach
Stimulates pyloric sphincter contraction

71
Q

What kind of chyme moves quickly through the duodenum?

A

Carbohydrate rich

72
Q

How is chyme released into the duodenum?

A

Delivered in 3 mL spurts

Retropulsion pushes the rest back

73
Q

What is the function of GIP?

A

Prevents stomach contractions

74
Q

What are the three enterogastrones?

A

Secretin
CCK
VIP

75
Q

What are the three ways that the duodenum can regulate gastric emptying?

A

Enterogastric reflex
Amount of fat in the duodenum
INS detects food via stretch and chemoreceptors

76
Q

How does the enterogastric reflex regulate gastric emptying?

A

Slows stomach contraction
Causes liver and pancreas to release secretions
CCK and secretin release

77
Q

How does the amount of fat in the duodenum regulate gastric emptying?

A

High fat concentrations cause the release of CCK, secretin, GIP and gastrin - all slow stomach down

78
Q

What do the receptors in the duodenum detect?

A

Acidity
Stretch
Peptides
Osmolaity

79
Q

What is the function of CCK?

A

Stimulates bile and pancreatic juice release

Inhibits gastric secretion

80
Q

What is the function of motilin?

A

Stimulates intestinal movement

81
Q

What is the function of VIP?

A

Increases pancreatic and gastric secretions

Relaxes intestine

82
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

Inhibits gastric secretion

Increases bile and pancreatic juice output

83
Q

Where does feces get its color?

A

Bilirubin from bile

84
Q

What specializations does the small intestine have for increased absorption?

A

Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

85
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Break down fats

86
Q

What is the function of pancreatic juices?

A

Buffer the acidity of the chyme that is leaving the stomach

87
Q

What are the three reflexes that occur for movement of food in the small intestine?

A

Intestinal-intestinal
Gastroileal reflex
Iliogastric reflex

88
Q

What happens in the gastroileal reflex?

A

Stomach fills
Iliocecal valve relaxes
Ileum contracts

89
Q

What happens in the iliogastric reflex?

A

Ilieum fills

Tells stomach to relax

90
Q

What causes the release of bile and pancreatic juices?

A

Chyme enters duodenum
CCK and secretin are released
CCk and secretin cause release of bile and pancreatic juice

91
Q

What is the purpose of the gastrocolic reflex?

A

Contractions move masses through colon

Initiated by food in the stomach

92
Q

What is the defecation reflex?

A

Rectum fills and causes contraction of the sigmoid colo and rectum
Internal anal sphincter relaxes and opens
External anal sphincter is under voluntary control

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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