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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main parts to the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Lymph nodes

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2
Q

How does the lymphatic system help maintain homeostasis?

A

Returns fluid that has leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood
Filtration
Immune system activation

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3
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Forms a one way system that takes fluid that has leaked from capillaries back to venous system

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4
Q

What is lymph movement dependent on?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

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5
Q

What is lymph?

A

Fluid in lymphatic vessels

Consists of water, electrolytes, proteins and waste

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6
Q

What is the specialized lymph that picks up fat?

A

Lactile

Found in the intestinal mucosa

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7
Q

What is the one location where lymph is thicker?

A

Intestines

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8
Q

What is the main function of lymph nodes?

A

Filters lymph

Activates the immune system

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9
Q

How does lymph go through lymph nodes?

A

Lymph enters through many afferent lymphatic vessels

Can only leave through two efferent vessels

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10
Q

What is the reasoning for having more afferent vessels than efferent vessels?

A

Causes the flow to be slow so filtration can occur

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11
Q

What are the main immunocompetent cells?

A

B cells

T cells

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12
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Produce plasma cells that produce antibodeis

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13
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

Directly attack infected cells

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14
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Red bone marrow

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15
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus gland

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16
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Filters the blood

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17
Q

What are the two regions of the spleen?

A

Red pulp - where filtration occurs

White pulp - contains lymphocytes

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18
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A 
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
MALT
Peyer's Patches
Appendix
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19
Q

What are the four types of tonsils?

A

Palantine
lingual
Pharyngeal
Tubal

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20
Q

Where are palantine tonsils located?

A

Back of the throat

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21
Q

Where are lingual tonsils located?

A

Base of the tongue

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22
Q

Where are pharyngeal tonsils located?

A

Posterior wall of nasopharynx

Often called adnoids

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23
Q

Where are tubal tonsils located?

A

Opening of the auditory tube

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24
Q

What is the function of tonsils?

A

Binds to and kills bacteria

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25
Q

Where are peyer’s patches located?

A

Throughout the distal wall of the small intestine

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26
Q

What is the function of peyer’s patches?

A

Attempts to kill bacteria before it breaches the intestine wall

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27
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue

Protects openings to the outside world

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28
Q

What is lymphoid tissue largely composed of?

A

Reticular connective tissue

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29
Q

What are medullary cords?

A

Thin inward extensions from the cortical lymphoid tissue

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30
Q

What are lymph sinuses?

A

Large lymph capillaries spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers

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31
Q

What is the order of structures that lymph goes through in lymph nodes?

A 
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Subcapsular sinus
Medullary sinuses
Efferent lymphatic vessels
Hilum
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32
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts?

A

Right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct

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33
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

Destroy pathogens before they can breach the intestinal wall

Generate many memory lymphocytes for long term immunity

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34
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate immunity

Adaptive immunity

35
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Immunity that we are born with

Quick responding, nonspecific immunity

36
Q

What are the four components to innate immunity?

A

Physical and chemical barriers
Inflammation
Phagocytes and natural killer cells
Protective proteins

37
Q

What are the physical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

38
Q

What are the chemical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

Stomach is highly acidic
Oil glands in skin secrete chemicals
Normal bacteria in intestine attack foreign bacteria

39
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Brings extra blood to damaged tissue

Blood contains nutrients, platelets, neutrophils and monocytes

40
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

41
Q

What cell types are phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils - first to arrive, forms puss

Monocytes/macrophage - Release cytokines

42
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Destroy foreign cells with cell to cell contact

Do not recognize specific antigens

43
Q

What is the function of interferons?

A

Infected cells release interferon which helps protect cells that have yet to be infected

44
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Specific defensive system
Has a memory
Attacks particular foreign substances

45
Q

What are the cell types involved in adaptive immunity?

A

B cells

T cells

46
Q

What is the function of B cells in adaptive immunity?

A

Give rise to plasma cells with produce antibodies

Antibodies combine with and neutralize particular antigens

47
Q

What are the two types of T cells in the adaptive immunity?

A

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic cells

48
Q

What is the function of helper t cells?

A

Release chemicals to regulate immune system

49
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic cells?

A

Attack and kill virus infected or tumor cells

50
Q

What is active humoral immunity?

A

When your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

51
Q

How is active immunity acquired?

A

Naturally acquired - get a bacterial or viral infection

Artificially acquired - from vaccines

52
Q

What is passive humoral immunity?

A

Ready made antibodies are introduced into your body
B cells do not respond to antigens in this case
Borrowed antibodies

53
Q

How is passive immunity acquired?

A

Naturally - babies/fetuses receive antibodies from their mothers or mother’s milk
Artificially - Antibodies are injected into your body (antivenom)

54
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small proteins that act as chemical messengers between various parts of the immune system

55
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

56
Q

What is external respiration?

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood

57
Q

What is transport in the respiratory system?

A

O2 and CO2 are transported in the blood

58
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

59
Q

What are the two major tracts in the respiratory system?

A

Upper respiratory tract

Lower respiratory tract

60
Q

What is included in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx

61
Q

What is included in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Starts at trachea
Bronchi and all branches
Lungs and alveoli

62
Q

What are the different respiratory zones?

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

63
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

Actual site of gas exchange

External respiration

64
Q

What is included in the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

65
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

A

Cleans, warms and humidifies incoming air
Tracheal cartilage provides protection from airway collapse
Smooth muscle in terminal bronchiole allows for alveoli protection

66
Q

What does the conducting zone include?

A 
Nose and nasal passages
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
67
Q

What is the function of the glattis?

A

Helps create vibrations

68
Q

What is the slit between the vocal and vestibular folds called?

69
Q

What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar wall
Interstitial space
Capillary wall

70
Q

What kind of cells is the alveolar wall made of?

A

Type 1 alveolar cells (95%)

Some cuboidal type 2 alveolar cells

71
Q

What kind of cells is the capillary wall made of?

A

Single cell layer thick

72
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Prevents collapse of alveoli

73
Q

What is the function of alveoli pores?

A

Connect adjacent alveoli

Equalize air pressure throughout lungs

74
Q

What are the layers of the pleurae?

A

Parietal plurae
Pleural cavity
Visceral plurae

75
Q

What is the function of plurae fluid?

A

Reduces friction for lungs as they glide over thorax wall during breathing movements

76
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

The pressure in the alveoli

Always equalizes with atmospheric pressure eventually

77
Q

What is intrpleural pressure?

A

Pressure in the pleural cavity

Always about 4mm Hg than intrapulmonary pressure

78
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure

79
Q

What happens if transpulmonary pressure equals zero?

A

Immediate lung collapse

80
Q

What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercoastals

81
Q

What muscles are involved in vigorous inspiration?

A

Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis minor
Erector spinae

82
Q

What muscles are involved in quiet expiration?

A

Depends more on lung elasticity than muscle contraction

83
Q

What muscles are involved in vigorous expiration?

A

Abdominal wall muscles

Oblique and transversus muscles

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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