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1
Q

Emotional autonomy

A

The establishment of more adult like and less childish close relationships with family members and peers

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2
Q

Behavioral autonomy

A

The capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them

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3
Q

Cognitive autonomy

A

The establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs

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4
Q

Detachment

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures

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5
Q

Individuation

A

The progressive sharpening of an individual’s sense of being an autonomous, independent person

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6
Q

Psychological control

A

Parenting that at tamps to control the adolescent’s emotions and opinions

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7
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Behaviors intended to help others

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8
Q

Preconventional moral reasoning

A

According to Kohlberg, the first level of moral reasoning, which is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments associated with different courses of action

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9
Q

Conventional moral reasoning

A

According to Kohlberg, the second level of moral development, which occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society

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10
Q

Postconventional moral reasoning

A

In Kohlberg’s theory, the stage of moral development during which society’s rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative; also called principled moral reasoning

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11
Q

Moral disengagement

A

Rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one’s own bad acts

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12
Q

Civic engagement

A

Involvement in political and community affairs, as reflected in knowledge about politics and current affairs, participation in conventional and alternative political activities, and engaging in community service

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13
Q

Service learning

A

The process of learning through involvement in community service

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14
Q

Religiosity

A

The degree to which one engages in religious practices, like attending services

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15
Q

Spirituality

A

The degree to which one places importance on the quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life

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16
Q

Intimacy

A

The psychosocial domain concerning the formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships

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17
Q

Platonic relationships

A

Nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners

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18
Q

Attachment

A

The strong affectional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver

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19
Q

Secure attachment

A

A healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust

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20
Q

Anxious-avoidant attachment

A

An insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver

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21
Q

Anxious-resistant attachment

A

An insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress at separation and anger at reunion

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22
Q

Internal working model

A

The implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences

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23
Q

Rejection sensitivity

A

Heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others

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24
Q

Adult Attachment Interview

A

A structured interview used to assess an individual’s past attachment history and “internal working model” of relationships

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25
Q

Co-rumination

A

Excessive talking with another about problems

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26
Q

Social support

A

The extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from his or her social network

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27
Q

LGBT youth

A

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth, sometimes referred to as sexual-minority youth

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28
Q

Sexual-minority youth

A

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth

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29
Q

Autoerotic behavior

A

Sexual behavior that is experienced alone, such as masturbation or sexual fantasizing

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30
Q

Testosterone

A

One of the sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes but in higher levels among males than females

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31
Q

Risk factors

A

Factors that increase the likelihood of some behavior or condition

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32
Q

Sexual socialization

A

The process through which adolescents are exposed to and educated about sexuality

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33
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Whether one is sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex, other sex, or both

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34
Q

Sex-role behavior

A

Behavior that is consistent with prevailing expectations for how individuals of a given sex are to behave

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35
Q

Gender identity

A

The gender an individual identifies with

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36
Q

Transgender

A

Describing individuals whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth

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37
Q

Date rape

A

Bring forced by a date to have sex against one’s will

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38
Q

Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

A

Any of a group of infections- including HPV, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, herpes, chlamydia, and AIDS- passed on through sexual contact

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39
Q

Gonorrhea

A

A sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium

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40
Q

Chlamydia

A

A sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium

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41
Q

Herpes

A

A sexually transmitted infection caused by a virus

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42
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

One of several viruses that causes a sexually transmitted disease

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43
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

A sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite

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44
Q

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

A disease, caused by a virus transmitted by means of bodily fluids, that devastates the immune system

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45
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

A

The virus associated with AIDS

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46
Q

Comprehensive sex education

A

Programs that not only provide information about contraception, STDs and pregnancy, but also teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex, increase their motivation to engage in safe sex, and change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes

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47
Q

Abstinence-only sex education

A

Programs that encourage adolescents to avoid sexual activity but that do not provide information about safe sex

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48
Q

Achievement

A

The psychosocial domain concerning behaviors and feelings in evaluative situations

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49
Q

Underachievers

A

Individuals whose actual school performance is lower than what would be expected on the basis of objective measures of their aptitude or intelligence

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50
Q

Self-handicapping

A

Deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing

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51
Q

Mastery motivation

A

Motivation to succeed based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task

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52
Q

Performance motivation

A

Motivation to succeed based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance

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53
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The harmful effect that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability has on student performance

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54
Q

Self-efficacy

A

The sense that an individual has some control over his or her life

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55
Q

Achievement attributions

A

The beliefs an individual holds about the causes of her or his successes and failures

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56
Q

Learned helplessness

A

The acquired belief that an individual is not able to influence events through his or her own efforts or actions

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57
Q

Cultural capital

A

The resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of “high culture”

58
Q

Social capital

A

The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family

59
Q

School performance

A

A measure of achievement based on an individual’s grades in school

60
Q

Academic achievement

A

Achievement that is measured by standardized tests of scholastic ability or knowledge

61
Q

Educational attainment

A

The number of years of schooling completed by an individual

62
Q

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

A

A periodic testing of American 4th, 8th, and 12th graders by the federal government used to track achievement

63
Q

Social promotion

A

The practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance

64
Q

Work values

A

The particular sorts of rewards an individual looks for in a job (extrinsic, intrinsic, social, altruistic, security, influence, leisure)

65
Q

Occupational attainment

A

A measure of achievement based on the status or prestige of the job an individual holds

66
Q

Substance abuse

A

The misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individual’s life

67
Q

Externalizing disorders

A

Psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression or delinquency

68
Q

Internalizing disorders

A

Psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward, as in depression or anxiety

69
Q

Comorbid

A

Co-occurring, as when an individual has more than one problem at the same time

70
Q

Problem behavior syndrome

A

The covariation among various types of externalizing disorders believed to result from an underlying trait of unconventionality

71
Q

Social control theory

A

A theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society’s main institutions

72
Q

Negative emotionality

A

The presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, characterized by high levels of subjective distress

73
Q

Anhedonic

A

Having difficulty experiencing positive emotions, a risk factor for depression

74
Q

Monitoring the future

A

An annual survey of a nationwide sample of America 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, mainly known for its data on adolescent substance use

75
Q

Binge drinking

A

Consuming five or more drinks in a row on one occasion, an indicator of alcohol abuse

76
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward

77
Q

Gateway drugs

A

Drugs that, when used over time, lead to the use of other more dangerous substances

78
Q

Developmental trajectories

A

Patterns of change over time

79
Q

Protective factors

A

Factors that limit individual vulnerability

80
Q

Oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD)

A

A disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive anger, spite, and stubbornness

81
Q

Conduct disorder

A

A repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work, or in relationships with others

82
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

A disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others

83
Q

Psychopaths

A

Individuals who are not only antisocial but also manipulative, superficially charming, impulsive, and indifferent to the feelings of others

84
Q

Callous-unemotional traits (CU)

A

A cluster of traits characteristic of psychopathic individuals, which includes a lack of empathy and indifference toward the feelings of others

85
Q

Aggression

A

Acts done to be intentionally harmful

86
Q

Juvenile offending

A

An externalizing problem that includes delinquency and criminal behavior

87
Q

Delinquency

A

Juvenile offending that is processed within the juvenile justice system

88
Q

Criminal behavior

A

Crimes that are dealt with in the criminal justice system, regardless of the age of the offender

89
Q

Status offenses

A

Violations of the law that pertain to minors but not adults

90
Q

Age-crime curve

A

The relationship between chronological age and offending, showing that the prevalence of offending peaks in late adolescence

91
Q

Authority conflicts

A

A type of antisocial behavior characterized by stubbornness and rebelliousness

92
Q

Covert antisocial behavior

A

A type of antisocial behavior characterized by misdeeds that are not always detected by others, such as lying or stealing

93
Q

Overt antisocial behavior

A

A type of antisocial behavior characterized by aggression towards others

94
Q

Life-course-persistent offenders

A

Individuals who begin demonstrating antisocial or aggressive behavior during childhood and continue their antisocial behavior throughout adolescence and into adulthood

95
Q

Adolescence-limited offenders

A

Antisocial adolescents whose delinquent or violent behavior begins and ends during adolescence

96
Q

Hostile attribution bias

A

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile

97
Q

Evidence-based practices

A

Programs and practices that have a proven scientific basis

98
Q

Depression

A

A psychological disturbance characterized by low self-esteem, decreased motivation, sadness, and difficulty in finding pleasure in formerly pleasurable activities

99
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone known to influence emotional bonding to others

100
Q

Suicidal ideation

A

Thinking about ending one’s life

101
Q

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)

A

Deliberate attempts to hurt oneself in nonlethal ways, including cutting or burning one’s skin

102
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

A perspective on disorder that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to a stressful event or condition

103
Q

Neuroendocrine

A

Hormonal activity in the brain and nervous system

104
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

A class of antidepressant medications that has been proven to be effective with adolescents suffering from internalizing problems, such as depression

105
Q

Resilience

A

The ability of an individual to continue to function competently in the face of adversity or stress

106
Q

Primary control strategies

A

Coping strategies in which an individual attempts to change the stressor

107
Q

Secondary control strategies

A

Coping strategies that involve attempts by the individual to adapt to the stressor

108
Q

REVIEW QUESTIONS

A

Review

109
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest in everything

Having difficulty experiencing positive emotions, a risk factor for depression

110
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

A perspective on disorder that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to a stressful event or condition

111
Q

The diathesis

A

May be biological in origin (neuroendrocrine or genetically linked), or because of cognitive style

112
Q

The stress

A

Primarily from having a high-conflict and low-cohesion family, being unpopular, or reporting

113
Q

1

A

B

114
Q

2

A

C

115
Q

3

A

C

116
Q

During adolescence, adolescents who have worse relationships are more likely to:

A

Spend more time with their friends

117
Q

What is the best type of parenting?

A

Authoritative

118
Q

Psychosocial domain

A

Referring to aspects of development that are both psychological and social in nature, such as developing a sense of identity or sexuality

119
Q

Erikson’s stages

A 
Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry (competence) vs. inferiority
Identity role vs. confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Ego integrity vs. despair
120
Q

What is cognitive autonomy?

A

The establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs

121
Q

When does religion decrease in importance?

A

Declines somewhat during the adolescent years
Compared with older adolescents, younger ones are more likely to attend church regularly and to state that religion is important to them

122
Q

Who talks about emotional attachment?

A

Sullivan

123
Q

According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy starts to develop when?

A

Pre-adolescence

124
Q

The structured interview used to assess an individuals past attachment history and working model of relationships is:

A

Adult Attachment Interview

125
Q

Are adolescents more or less likely to communicate with people via internet?

A

More likely

126
Q

What are the characteristics that are valued among adolescents in their friends?

A

Loyalty for adolescents

127
Q

Sex differences in partner preferences

A

Females more intimate
During middle adolescence, boys are more likely than girls to emphasize physical attractiveness and girls place more weight on interpersonal qualities

128
Q

Where do we first understand how to behave in a relationship?

A

From our parents

129
Q

During adolescence, the likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer when in trouble:

A

Increases in adolescence

130
Q

Types of sexual activity that are most common among adolescents

A

Sexual intercourse
Kidding
Touching parts of each other’s body

131
Q

Differences between ethnicities with relationship to sexual activity

A

Among black males, the average age of first intercourse is 15, among white and hispanic males it is 16.5, and among Asian american males it is 18
In all ethnic groups, the average reported age of first sex is slightly older among females than males
Americanized Latino adolescents are more likely than their less acculturated peers to have sex at a younger age, to have multiple sex partners, to contract STDs, and to become pregnant, and more acculturated Asian American girls are more likely to be sexually active than their less Americanized peers

132
Q

Among all ethnic groups, rates of sexual activity are higher among:

A

Economically disadvantaged youth, although the gap in rates of sexual activity between rich and poor is substantially narrower now than it was a decade ago, again pointing to the increasingly normative nature of sexual intercourse among American teenagers

133
Q

How homosexuality affects sex and gender role

A

There is no connection between an adolescent’s sexual orientation and his or her sex-role behavior or gender identity

134
Q

Signs of sexual abuse

A

Victims of sexual abuse are disproportionately female and poor
Women who were most likely to have been raped during adolescence were those who lived apart from their parents before age 16; who were physically, emotionally or mentally impaired; who were raised at or below the poverty level; or whose parents abused alcohol or used other drugs

135
Q

Self-handicapping

A

Deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing

136
Q

Learned helplessness

A

The acquired belief that an individual is not able to influence events through his or her own efforts or actions

137
Q

Achievement motivation

A

The extent to which n individual strives for success

138
Q

Social capital

A

The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family

139
Q

Cultural capital

A

The resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of “high culture”

140
Q

The impact of friends on adolescents school performance depends on:

A

A

141
Q

40

A

D

Adolescent Psychology (3 decks)

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