Final Flashcards
Emotional autonomy
The establishment of more adult like and less childish close relationships with family members and peers
Behavioral autonomy
The capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them
Cognitive autonomy
The establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs
Detachment
In psychoanalytic theory, the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures
Individuation
The progressive sharpening of an individual’s sense of being an autonomous, independent person
Psychological control
Parenting that at tamps to control the adolescent’s emotions and opinions
Prosocial behavior
Behaviors intended to help others
Preconventional moral reasoning
According to Kohlberg, the first level of moral reasoning, which is typical of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments associated with different courses of action
Conventional moral reasoning
According to Kohlberg, the second level of moral development, which occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society
Postconventional moral reasoning
In Kohlberg’s theory, the stage of moral development during which society’s rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative; also called principled moral reasoning
Moral disengagement
Rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one’s own bad acts
Civic engagement
Involvement in political and community affairs, as reflected in knowledge about politics and current affairs, participation in conventional and alternative political activities, and engaging in community service
Service learning
The process of learning through involvement in community service
Religiosity
The degree to which one engages in religious practices, like attending services
Spirituality
The degree to which one places importance on the quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life
Intimacy
The psychosocial domain concerning the formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships
Platonic relationships
Nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners
Attachment
The strong affectional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver
Secure attachment
A healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust
Anxious-avoidant attachment
An insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver
Anxious-resistant attachment
An insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress at separation and anger at reunion
Internal working model
The implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences
Rejection sensitivity
Heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others
Adult Attachment Interview
A structured interview used to assess an individual’s past attachment history and “internal working model” of relationships
Co-rumination
Excessive talking with another about problems
Social support
The extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from his or her social network
LGBT youth
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth, sometimes referred to as sexual-minority youth
Sexual-minority youth
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth
Autoerotic behavior
Sexual behavior that is experienced alone, such as masturbation or sexual fantasizing
Testosterone
One of the sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes but in higher levels among males than females
Risk factors
Factors that increase the likelihood of some behavior or condition
Sexual socialization
The process through which adolescents are exposed to and educated about sexuality
Sexual orientation
Whether one is sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex, other sex, or both
Sex-role behavior
Behavior that is consistent with prevailing expectations for how individuals of a given sex are to behave
Gender identity
The gender an individual identifies with
Transgender
Describing individuals whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth
Date rape
Bring forced by a date to have sex against one’s will
Sexually transmitted disease (STD)
Any of a group of infections- including HPV, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, herpes, chlamydia, and AIDS- passed on through sexual contact
Gonorrhea
A sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium
Chlamydia
A sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium
Herpes
A sexually transmitted infection caused by a virus
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
One of several viruses that causes a sexually transmitted disease
Trichomoniasis
A sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
A disease, caused by a virus transmitted by means of bodily fluids, that devastates the immune system
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
The virus associated with AIDS
Comprehensive sex education
Programs that not only provide information about contraception, STDs and pregnancy, but also teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex, increase their motivation to engage in safe sex, and change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes
Abstinence-only sex education
Programs that encourage adolescents to avoid sexual activity but that do not provide information about safe sex
Achievement
The psychosocial domain concerning behaviors and feelings in evaluative situations
Underachievers
Individuals whose actual school performance is lower than what would be expected on the basis of objective measures of their aptitude or intelligence
Self-handicapping
Deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing
Mastery motivation
Motivation to succeed based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task
Performance motivation
Motivation to succeed based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance
Stereotype threat
The harmful effect that exposure to stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability has on student performance
Self-efficacy
The sense that an individual has some control over his or her life
Achievement attributions
The beliefs an individual holds about the causes of her or his successes and failures
Learned helplessness
The acquired belief that an individual is not able to influence events through his or her own efforts or actions
Cultural capital
The resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of “high culture”
Social capital
The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family
School performance
A measure of achievement based on an individual’s grades in school
Academic achievement
Achievement that is measured by standardized tests of scholastic ability or knowledge
Educational attainment
The number of years of schooling completed by an individual
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
A periodic testing of American 4th, 8th, and 12th graders by the federal government used to track achievement
Social promotion
The practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance
Work values
The particular sorts of rewards an individual looks for in a job (extrinsic, intrinsic, social, altruistic, security, influence, leisure)
Occupational attainment
A measure of achievement based on the status or prestige of the job an individual holds
Substance abuse
The misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individual’s life
Externalizing disorders
Psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression or delinquency
Internalizing disorders
Psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward, as in depression or anxiety
Comorbid
Co-occurring, as when an individual has more than one problem at the same time
Problem behavior syndrome
The covariation among various types of externalizing disorders believed to result from an underlying trait of unconventionality
Social control theory
A theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society’s main institutions
Negative emotionality
The presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, characterized by high levels of subjective distress
Anhedonic
Having difficulty experiencing positive emotions, a risk factor for depression
Monitoring the future
An annual survey of a nationwide sample of America 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, mainly known for its data on adolescent substance use
Binge drinking
Consuming five or more drinks in a row on one occasion, an indicator of alcohol abuse
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward
Gateway drugs
Drugs that, when used over time, lead to the use of other more dangerous substances
Developmental trajectories
Patterns of change over time
Protective factors
Factors that limit individual vulnerability
Oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD)
A disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive anger, spite, and stubbornness
Conduct disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work, or in relationships with others
Antisocial personality disorder
A disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others
Psychopaths
Individuals who are not only antisocial but also manipulative, superficially charming, impulsive, and indifferent to the feelings of others
Callous-unemotional traits (CU)
A cluster of traits characteristic of psychopathic individuals, which includes a lack of empathy and indifference toward the feelings of others
Aggression
Acts done to be intentionally harmful
Juvenile offending
An externalizing problem that includes delinquency and criminal behavior
Delinquency
Juvenile offending that is processed within the juvenile justice system
Criminal behavior
Crimes that are dealt with in the criminal justice system, regardless of the age of the offender
Status offenses
Violations of the law that pertain to minors but not adults
Age-crime curve
The relationship between chronological age and offending, showing that the prevalence of offending peaks in late adolescence
Authority conflicts
A type of antisocial behavior characterized by stubbornness and rebelliousness
Covert antisocial behavior
A type of antisocial behavior characterized by misdeeds that are not always detected by others, such as lying or stealing
Overt antisocial behavior
A type of antisocial behavior characterized by aggression towards others
Life-course-persistent offenders
Individuals who begin demonstrating antisocial or aggressive behavior during childhood and continue their antisocial behavior throughout adolescence and into adulthood
Adolescence-limited offenders
Antisocial adolescents whose delinquent or violent behavior begins and ends during adolescence
Hostile attribution bias
The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile
Evidence-based practices
Programs and practices that have a proven scientific basis
Depression
A psychological disturbance characterized by low self-esteem, decreased motivation, sadness, and difficulty in finding pleasure in formerly pleasurable activities
Oxytocin
A hormone known to influence emotional bonding to others
Suicidal ideation
Thinking about ending one’s life
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)
Deliberate attempts to hurt oneself in nonlethal ways, including cutting or burning one’s skin
Diathesis-stress model
A perspective on disorder that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to a stressful event or condition
Neuroendocrine
Hormonal activity in the brain and nervous system
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
A class of antidepressant medications that has been proven to be effective with adolescents suffering from internalizing problems, such as depression
Resilience
The ability of an individual to continue to function competently in the face of adversity or stress
Primary control strategies
Coping strategies in which an individual attempts to change the stressor
Secondary control strategies
Coping strategies that involve attempts by the individual to adapt to the stressor
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Review
Anhedonia
Loss of interest in everything
Having difficulty experiencing positive emotions, a risk factor for depression
Diathesis stress model
A perspective on disorder that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to a stressful event or condition
The diathesis
May be biological in origin (neuroendrocrine or genetically linked), or because of cognitive style
The stress
Primarily from having a high-conflict and low-cohesion family, being unpopular, or reporting
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B
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C
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C
During adolescence, adolescents who have worse relationships are more likely to:
Spend more time with their friends
What is the best type of parenting?
Authoritative
Psychosocial domain
Referring to aspects of development that are both psychological and social in nature, such as developing a sense of identity or sexuality
Erikson’s stages
Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry (competence) vs. inferiority Identity role vs. confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Ego integrity vs. despair
What is cognitive autonomy?
The establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs
When does religion decrease in importance?
Declines somewhat during the adolescent years
Compared with older adolescents, younger ones are more likely to attend church regularly and to state that religion is important to them
Who talks about emotional attachment?
Sullivan
According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy starts to develop when?
Pre-adolescence
The structured interview used to assess an individuals past attachment history and working model of relationships is:
Adult Attachment Interview
Are adolescents more or less likely to communicate with people via internet?
More likely
What are the characteristics that are valued among adolescents in their friends?
Loyalty for adolescents
Sex differences in partner preferences
Females more intimate
During middle adolescence, boys are more likely than girls to emphasize physical attractiveness and girls place more weight on interpersonal qualities
Where do we first understand how to behave in a relationship?
From our parents
During adolescence, the likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer when in trouble:
Increases in adolescence
Types of sexual activity that are most common among adolescents
Sexual intercourse
Kidding
Touching parts of each other’s body
Differences between ethnicities with relationship to sexual activity
Among black males, the average age of first intercourse is 15, among white and hispanic males it is 16.5, and among Asian american males it is 18
In all ethnic groups, the average reported age of first sex is slightly older among females than males
Americanized Latino adolescents are more likely than their less acculturated peers to have sex at a younger age, to have multiple sex partners, to contract STDs, and to become pregnant, and more acculturated Asian American girls are more likely to be sexually active than their less Americanized peers
Among all ethnic groups, rates of sexual activity are higher among:
Economically disadvantaged youth, although the gap in rates of sexual activity between rich and poor is substantially narrower now than it was a decade ago, again pointing to the increasingly normative nature of sexual intercourse among American teenagers
How homosexuality affects sex and gender role
There is no connection between an adolescent’s sexual orientation and his or her sex-role behavior or gender identity
Signs of sexual abuse
Victims of sexual abuse are disproportionately female and poor
Women who were most likely to have been raped during adolescence were those who lived apart from their parents before age 16; who were physically, emotionally or mentally impaired; who were raised at or below the poverty level; or whose parents abused alcohol or used other drugs
Self-handicapping
Deliberately behaving in ways that will likely interfere with doing well, in order to have an excuse for failing
Learned helplessness
The acquired belief that an individual is not able to influence events through his or her own efforts or actions
Achievement motivation
The extent to which n individual strives for success
Social capital
The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family
Cultural capital
The resources provided within a family through the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, literature, and other elements of “high culture”
The impact of friends on adolescents school performance depends on:
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D
