Exam 1

Question 1

Puberty

Answer 1

Person becomes capable of sexual reproduction
Leads to physical changes
No new hormones produces
No new bodily systems develop

Question 2

Which system are hormones regulated by?

Answer 2

Endocrine system

Question 3

Hormones

Answer 3

Substances secreted by endocrine glands
Released by glands and travel throughout the body searching for cells that contain matching receptors- proteins within the target cell or located on the surface of the target cell

Question 4

The endocrine system

Answer 4

Regulates all biological processes from the conception of an organism through adulthood and into old age regulating many functions of a body

Question 5

What specific functions does the endocrine system regulate?

Answer 5

Metabolism
Blood sugar levels
Growth and function of the reproductive system
Development of the brain and nervous system

Question 6

Types of endocrine glands

Answer 6

Female ovaries
Male testes
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands

Question 7

What are glands?

Answer 7

Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways

Question 8

Pituitary gland

Answer 8

Has two lobes- posterior and anterior
Receives signals from the hypothalamus, which is situated above it
This forms the main association between the two systems

Question 9

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 9

Secretes hormones that are made by the hypothalamus

Question 10

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 10

Produces its own hormones, several of which act on other endocrine glands

Question 11

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Answer 11

Another way in which the joint system works together in the fight/flight response

Question 12

How does the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis work?

Answer 12

When the sympathetic NS activates in an emergency, the hypothalamus immediately releases a hormone called corticotropin to the pituitary gland
When activated, the pituitary gland then releases ACTH into the bloodstream
This hormone travels throughout the body, triggering the release of particular hormones- especially those of the adrenal glands- that facilitate the body’s reaction to the emergency

Question 13

Corticotropin

Answer 13

Releasing factor hormone

Question 14

ACTH

Answer 14

Adrenocorticohormone

Question 15

Adrenal glands

Answer 15

Produce hormones in response to stress and regulate blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and the body’s salt and water balance

Question 16

How many glands is the adrenal gland made up of and what are they?

Answer 16

Two- the cortex and the medulla

Question 17

Cortisol

Answer 17

Hormone that helps to control swelling in the event of injury

Question 18

What can high levels of cortisol and similar hormones lead to?

Answer 18

Unhealthy conditions such as high blood pressure and the formation of ulcers

Question 19

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Answer 19

Also called the adrenalin and noradrenalin hormones
Work together with the sympathetic NS to maximize energy output in the case of emergency by increasing heart and respiratory rates, as well as the liver’s sugar output

Question 20

What is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine being used in the NS vs. the endocrine system?

Answer 20

In the NS they are used as neurotransmitters and thus effects end faster
When utilized by the endocrine system, they operate more slowly and provide longer-lasting effects

Question 21

Thyroid gland

Answer 21

Critical to the healthy development and maturation of vertebrates and regulates metabolism
Thyroidism Graves disease

Question 22

HPG loop

Answer 22

Acts as a thermostat
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Gonads

Question 23

Gonads

Answer 23

Release sex hormones into bloodstream
Androgens and estrogens
Produce steroids that affect growth and development and also regulate reproductive cycles and behaviors

Question 24

Major categories of gonadal steroids

Answer 24

Androgens, estrogens, and progestins, all of which are found in both males and females but at different levels