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Adolescent Psychology > Exam 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 1 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Menarche

A

The time of first menstruation, one of the most important changes to occur among females during puberty

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2
Q

Endocrine system

A

The system of the body that produces, circulates, and regulates hormones

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Highly specialized substances secreted by one or more endocrine glands

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4
Q

Glands

A

Organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways to particular hormones

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5
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons

A

Specialized neurons that are activated by certain pubertal hormones

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6
Q

Set point

A

A physiological level or setting (e.g., of a specific hormone) that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system

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7
Q

Feedback loop

A

A cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads

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8
Q

Pituitary gland

A

One of the chief glands responsible for regulating levels of hormones in the body

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland

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10
Q

Gonads

A

The glands that secrete sex hormones: in males, the testes; in females, the ovaries

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11
Q

Testes

A

The male gonads

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12
Q

Ovaries

A

The female gonads

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13
Q

Androgens

A

A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among males than females following puberty

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14
Q

Estrogens

A

A class of sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes, but in higher levels among females than males following puberty

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15
Q

HPG (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal) axis

A

The neurophysiological pathway that involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads

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16
Q

Adrenarche

A

The maturation of the adrenal glands that takes place during adolescence

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17
Q

Cortisol

A

A hormone produced when a person is exposed to stress

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18
Q

Leptin

A

A protein produced by the fat cells that may play a role in the onset of puberty

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19
Q

Organizational role (of hormones)

A

The process through which early exposure to hormones, especially prenatally, organizes the brain or other organs in anticipation of later changes in behavior or patterns of growth

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20
Q

Activational role (of hormones)

A

The process through which changes in hormone levels, especially at puberty, stimulate changes in the adolescent’s behavior, appearance, or growth

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21
Q

Adolescent growth spurt

A

The dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty

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22
Q

Peak height velocity

A

The point at which the adolescent is growing most rapidly

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23
Q

Epiphysis

A

The closing of the ends of bones, which terminates growth after the adolescent growth spurt has been completed

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24
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

The manifestations of sexual maturity at puberty, including the development of breasts, the growth of facial and body hair, and changes in the voice

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25
Q

Tanner stages

A

A widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development

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26
Q

Pheromones

A

A class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species

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27
Q

Secular trend

A

The tendency, over the past two centuries, for individuals to be larger in stature and to reach puberty earlier, primarily because of improvements in health and nutrition

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28
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

A study that compares two or more groups of individuals at one point in time

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29
Q

Longitudinal study

A

A study that follows the same group of individuals over time

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30
Q

Delayed phase preference

A

A pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty

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31
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone secreted by the brain that contributes to sleepiness

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32
Q

Basal metabolism rate

A

The minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state

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33
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

A measure of an individual’s body fat, the ratio of weight to height; used to gauge overweight and obesity

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34
Q

Disordered eating

A

Mild, moderate, or severe disturbance in eating habits and attitudes

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35
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder found chiefly among young women, characterized by a dramatic and severe self-induced weight loss

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36
Q

Bulimia

A

An eating disorder found primarily among young women, characterized by a pattern of binge eating and extreme weight loss measures, including self-induced vomiting

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37
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

An eating disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight

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38
Q

Adolescent health care

A

A field of study and health care devoted to understanding the health care needs of individuals during the second decade of life

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39
Q

Graduated driver licensing

A

A licensing system in which full adult driving privileges are not granted all at once to teen drivers, but phased in over time

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40
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

A type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises, or givens

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41
Q

Metacognition

A

The process of thinking about thinking itself

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42
Q

Imaginary audience

A

The belief, often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating one’s behavior

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43
Q

Personal fable

A

An adolescent’s belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people’s behavior

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44
Q

Cognitive-developmental view

A

A perspective on development, based on the work of Piaget, that takes a qualitative, stage-theory approach

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45
Q

Sensorimotor period

A

The first stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period roughly between birth and age 2

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46
Q

Preoperational period

A

The second stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning roughly ages 2-5

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47
Q

Concrete operations

A

The third stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period roughly between age 6 and early adolescence

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48
Q

Formal operations

A

The fourth stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, spanning the period from early adolescence through adulthood

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49
Q

Information-processing perspective

A

A perspective on cognition that derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process (such as memory)

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50
Q

Selective attention

A

The process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another

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51
Q

Divided attention

A

The process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time

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52
Q

Working memory

A

That aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved

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53
Q

Long-term memory

A

The ability to recall something from a long time ago

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54
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

The recall of personally meaningful past events

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55
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

A technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task

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56
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

A technique used to produce images of the brain that shows connections among different regions

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57
Q

Brain structure

A

The physical form or composition of the brain

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58
Q

Brain function

A

Patterns of brain activity

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59
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

A technique for measuring electrical activity at different locations on the scalp

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60
Q

Event-related potentials (ERP)

A

Changes in electrical activity in areas of the brain in response to specific stimuli or events

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61
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells

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62
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons

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63
Q

Synapse

A

The gap in space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses

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64
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

The process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing

65
Q

Myelination

A

The process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing

66
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

The region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and controlling impulses

67
Q

Parietal cortex

A

A region of the brain that is especially important for working memory

68
Q

Temporal cortex

A

A region of the brain that is especially important for social cognition

69
Q

Limbic system

A

An area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment

70
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

The outer and upper areas of the front of the brain, important for skills such as planning ahead and controlling impulses

71
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

The lower and central area at the front of the brain, important for gut-level decision making

72
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

The region of the brain located directly behind the eyes, important for the evaluation of risk and reward

73
Q

Response inhibition

A

The suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required

74
Q

Functional connectivity

A

The extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time, which improves during adolescence

75
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that relate the experience of reward

76
Q

Serotonin

A

A neurotransmitter that is especially important for the experience of different moods

77
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

In Vygotsky’s theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individual’s reach but that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills

78
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A part of the brain that controls the functioning of the pituitary gland

79
Q

What do androgens and estrogens have to do with the hypothalamus?

A

It responds to the levels of sex hormones circulating in the body
The HPG axis is set to maintain certain levels of androgens and estrogens
When sex hormone levels reach the set point, the hypothalamus responds by inhibiting its stimulation of the pituitary gland

80
Q

When adolescents start feeling sexual attraction, what triggered it?

A

Adrenarche or menarche

81
Q

Which is not part of the feedback loop?

A

Thyroid hormone

82
Q

The simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and _____ stimulates rapid acceleration of height and weight during puberty

A

Androgens

83
Q

Who is at a greater risk for developing body dissatisfaction?

A

Early maturing caucasian female

84
Q

Which term allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue something abstractly?

A

Hypothetical thinking

85
Q

What is the imaginary audience?

A

When everyone thinks someone is watching them

86
Q

What is personal fable?

A

The belief that they are invincible and unique

87
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Regulates emotions, processes social information, and is implicated in the rewards system

88
Q

What is the average IQ score?

A

100

89
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Structuring a learning so that it is just within reach of the student

90
Q

Who talks about scaffolding?

A

Vygotsky

91
Q

Compared to childhood, rewards seeking and sensation seeking during adolescence is _____ than in childhood

A

Higher

92
Q

According to the inventionist theory, adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional theory until?

A

The 19th century, after the industrial revolution

93
Q

Late 19th century adolescents spend _____ time working than their parents

A

Less

94
Q

One finding that emerged from the competence to stand trial research was what?

A

Found that 20% of 14 and 15 year olds were not competent to stand trial

95
Q

What is a barmitzvah?

A

An initiation ceremony making the young person’s transition into adulthood

96
Q

What type of ceremony is there for menarche?

A

Transition ceremony

97
Q

Who is likely to have limited educational and occupational success, which will affect the transition into adulthood?

A

All of these people

98
Q

What is the reason for an imbalance or inequilibrium in the family during adolescent years that revolves around the parents as well?

A

Identity crisis of parents

99
Q

Which characteristic is shown more among ethnic minorities?

A

Demandingness

100
Q

Are siblings more likely to be close in low SES or high SES families?

A

Higher SES families

101
Q

What is the scientific study of genetic influence on behavior?

A

Behavioral genetics

102
Q

What cannot explain the difference between siblings?

A

Time entering puberty cannot explain the difference

103
Q

According to behavioral genetics, siblings who are different from each other and go through puberty at different stages of time _____

A

Get along better because they feel unique

104
Q

What kind of pants do Luigi and Mario wear?

A

Denim, denim, denim

105
Q

Sternberg’s triarchic theory

A

Sternberg’s three-part theory of intelligence
He argued that a thorough assessment of an individual’s intellectual capabilities requires that we look at three distinct but interrelated types of intelligence:
1) Componential intelligence, which involves our abilities to acquire, store, and process information (closest to what is measured on IQ test)
2) Experiential intelligence, which involves our abilities to use insight and creativity (creativity)
3) Contextual intelligence, which involves our ability to think practically (street smarts)

106
Q

Social redefinition

A

The process through which an individual’s position or status is redefined by society

107
Q

What is it called when children are not sentenced as results?

A

Juvenile delinquency

108
Q

Which court case deals with whether or not adolescence are more blamable than adults?

A

Roper v. Simmons

109
Q

Generation gap

A

Often a gap between teenagers and adults in matters of personal taste, most clearly evident in styles of dress, preferences in music, and patterns of leisurely activity
Unlike basic values, which develop gradually over time and are shaped from an early age, preferences and tastes for things like clothing, music, and hairstyles are far more transitory and subject to current fads and fashions
Because adolescents spend a great deal of time with their friends
Teenagers’ preferences are likely to be shaped to a large measure by forces outside the family

110
Q

Where do we find most of the difference between adolescents and their parents?

A

Personal taste

111
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A 
High demandingness
Low responsiveness
Adult-centered, autocratic, rigid
Strict rules and expectations
Unilateral decision making
Little warmth or communication
Expects obedience, distrusting
Punitive punishment
Discourages open communication
112
Q

Authoritative parenting

A 
High demandingness
High responsiveness
Child-centered, democratic, flexible
Establish firm behavioral guidelines
Engage adolescent in decision making
Warm, accepting, involved, trusting 
Monitoring 
Supports assertiveness, responsiveness, and self-regulation
Encourages psychological autonomy
113
Q

Indifferent parenting

A 
Low demandingness 
Low responsiveness
Adult-centered, passive, dismissing
Pose few demands on the adolescent
Poor or little communication
Do not monitor or supervise behavior
Detached, distant, withdrawn, absent
114
Q

Indulgent parenting

A 
High responsiveness
Low demandingness
Child-centered, indulgent, appeasing
No guidelines, non-directive
Avoid confrontation, rarely discipline adolescent
Warm, accepting, nurturing
Over-involved, blurred roles
Few rules or expectations
115
Q

Scaffolding

A

Structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the reach of the student

116
Q

Social cognition

A

The aspect of cognition that concerns thinking about other people, about interpersonal relations, and about social institutions

117
Q

Mentalizing

A

The ability to understand someone else’s mental state

118
Q

Theory of mind

A

The ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one’s own

119
Q

Social conventions

A

The norms that govern everyday behavior in social situations

120
Q

Behavioral decision theory

A

An approach to understanding adolescent risk taking, in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making processes

121
Q

Which parenting style is the best?

A

Authoritative

122
Q

Sensation seeking

A

The pursuit of experiences that are novel or exciting

123
Q

Social redefinition

A

The process through which an individual’s position or status is redefined by society

124
Q

Age of majority

A

The designated age at which an individual is recognized as an adult

125
Q

Statutory rape

A

Sex between two individuals, even when it is consensual, when at least one of the persons is below the legal age of consent; in the United States, the specific age of consent varies from state to state

126
Q

Inventionists

A

Theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention

127
Q

Child protectionists

A

Individuals who argued, early in the 20th century, that adolescents needed to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace

128
Q

When siblings are treated differently, research shows that they ____

A

Get along better

129
Q

Teenager

A

A term popularized about 50 years ago to refer to young people; in connoted a more frivolous and lighthearted image than did “adolescent”

130
Q

Youth

A

Today, a term used to refer to individuals ages 18-22; it once referred to individuals ages 12-24

131
Q

Initiation ceremony

A

The formal induction of a young person into adulthood

132
Q

Status offense

A

A violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults

133
Q

Juvenile justice system

A

A separate system of courts and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency

134
Q

Criminal justice system

A

The system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crime

135
Q

Cohort

A

A group of individuals born during the same general historical era

136
Q

Quinceanera

A

An elaborate sort of “coming-out” celebration for adolescent girls that is practiced in many Latino communities

137
Q

Bar Mitzvah

A

In Judaism, the religious ceremony marking the young person’s transition to adulthood

138
Q

Scarification

A

The intentional creation of scars on some part or parts of the body, often done as part of an initiation ceremony

139
Q

Female genital mutilation

A

The cutting or removal of the clitoris, performed in some cultures as part of the initiation of female adolescents

140
Q

Baby boom

A

The period following World War II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large

141
Q

Continuous transitions

A

Passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually

142
Q

Discontinuous transitions

A

Passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into abruptly

143
Q

Collective efficacy

A

A community’s social capital, derived from its members’ common values and goals

144
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

The idea that individuals’ behavior is influenced by others’ expectations for them

145
Q

Family systems theory

A

A perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (such as marital, parent-child, sibling)

146
Q

Midlife crisis

A

A psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents’ parents

147
Q

Familism

A

An orientation toward life in which the needs of one’s family take precedence over the needs of the individual

148
Q

Generational dissonance

A

Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents

149
Q

Parental responsiveness

A

One of the two important dimensions of parenting; responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner

150
Q

Parental demandingness

A

One of two important dimensions of parenting; refers to the degree to which the parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child

151
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction

152
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

Parents who use punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity

153
Q

Indulgent parents

A

Parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness, and who are mainly concerned with the child’s happiness

154
Q

Indifferent parents

A

Parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness

155
Q

Shared environmental influences

A

Nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other

156
Q

Nonshared environmental influences

A

The non genetic influences in individuals’ lives that make them different from people they live with

157
Q

Sibling rivalry

A

Competition between siblings, often for parental attention

158
Q

Sibling deidentification

A

The process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other

159
Q

Foster care

A

A placement in a temporary living arrangement when a child’s parents are not able to provide care, nurturance, or safety

Adolescent Psychology (3 decks)

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