Final Flashcards
Definition (Denotation) or Entailment
one thing entails another, if something says a, then b must also be the case. I.E. If I tell you that something is a horse, that entails that it is an animal
Association (connotation)
when we hear “criminal”, definition says that it is anyone that breaks the law (speeding ticket), but connotation says that a criminal is someone who has done extremely bad things
Meaning as Lexical Relationship
characterizing a word in terms of its relation to other words rather than its own components or features
synonymy
2 words with similar features
Antonymy
2 words with opposite meanings
Gradable
lots of intermediary points to measure when something is more of something along scale between opposites- ex: short and tall- most are adjectives, some are verbs. Big and small can be bigger and smaller.
Non-gradable
alive and dead. You cant get any more dead or alive. one or the other
Relational opposites
teacher and student, leasee and renter
Homophony
pale and pail, bare and bear
Homonymy
different and unrelated meanings, bank and bank, pupil and pupil or bear and bear
polysemy
different meanings are related. Run- a person and water.
hyponomy
subordinate type of something. Robin is a sub category of bird
scripts
talking about the tickets I got this week because its general conference
Metaphors
concrete item to understand abstract idea. she had a cow, flipped her lid, nurish seed of faith, hold to the rod
Symantic Collocation
certain words just cluster together. prophet seer and revelator, he was blown to smitherings
marked communication
shout, yell, whisper
Pragmatics
consideration of meaning with in its full context
Deixis
time, place and person critical to understanding
pronouns (i, me, you, he, she, they)
demonstratives(this, that, these, those)
time expressions(now, then, a few days ago)
place expressions(there, here, left and right, come bring go and take)
Presuppositions
assumptions made to those we speak or write to
Triggers of presuppositions
wh questions and how
Factive verbs: know, realize,comprehend,be aware that, blanks fault that…
Iteratives
again, still, another, something else, too, either
Change state of Predicate
have you STOPPED cheating in class?
continue
keep
Temporal Clauses
AFTER she came to the party
BEFORE you finish
WHEN you buy my house
Possesive Pronouns
Her house is ugly
Comparatives
he is MORE angry now than last night
Counter Factual Constructions
If i were you, I would….but i am not haha
marked expression
Tell me, how did you LOVE my movie last night?
marked expression
Tell me, how did you LOVE my movie last night?
marked expression
Tell me, how did you LOVE my movie last night?
Direct Speech Act
has a form that matches the function that we would expect
Indirect
Hand me my i phone so i can listen to my music(it is loud so shut up)
Implicature
Mary had a baby and got married. Still true even if you switch the order
Implicature
Mary had a baby and got married. Still true even if you switch the order
Cooperative Principle
If hearer is mad, they will not talk back to you normally
Gricean Maxims
bonafide communication(good faith)
Quantity
informative as necessary, no more, no less. Does your dog bite?
Qualtiy
dont lie
relation
oh by the way, the professor has a nice garden
manner
clear, breif and to the point:tell directions in order
only violate maxims when
speaker clearly signals violation
hearer can be expected to figure out intended meaning
Framing
Interpret based on what you are seeing
Relationship and Role of speaker
police officer asks for a woman in a red coat
Norm of Civil Inattention
elevator
Can be violated if: wedding dress, red head similarity or baby/pet
Values of Society
Egalitarian society-dont brag or tell people what to do Dont ask for things Dont join into conversations Dont cause others to lose face in public Agreeable and not fight
Mechanics of Conversation
Turn Taking
Utterance Pairs( Ilove you)
Conversations Repairs-JK
Opening and Closing Strategies
Mechanics of Conversation
Turn Taking
Utterance Pairs( Ilove you)
Conversations Repairs-JK
Opening and Closing Strategies
Common Nouns
count-many and fewer(dog, pencil
Non-count:much and less(furniture
Lexical Ambiguity
he saw the bat
sturctural ambiguity
old men and women(old men and old women or just old men and not old women)
Why Linguistic Trees
Linear order of words
Show grouping of words into structural constituants
See syntactic category of each structural constituant
Why Linguistic Trees
Linear order of words
Show grouping of words into structural constituants
See syntactic category of each structural constituant
Idiolects
own personal dialect mad up of vocabulary, pauses and structure
Regional Dialects
caused by mountains, rivers etc
NORM
non mobile, older, rural and males
Isoglass
boundary between 1 dialect change
Dialectal Boundary
a bunch of isoglass occur same space
Social Dialect
Education, Job, Age, Gender, Ethinc Background, Religion, Politics
Social Dialect
Education, Job, Age, Gender, Ethinc Background, Religion, Politics
Pidgens
small vocab, lack of tense, alck of native speakers
Creols
native speakers, more complexity
Code Switching
switch between dialects:missionaries
modal verbs
can, could, would, should, shall, may, must, might, will
BE verbs
is, am, are, was, were
HAVE verbs
have, has, had
DO verbs
do, does, did
