Final

Question 1

clinical scientist model

Answer 1

The scientist model emphasizes training students as scientists. Students earn a PhD, the doctor of philosophy, which is a research degree. Like other science PhDs, clinical and counseling psychologists trained in scientist programs focus on conducting research.

Question 2

scientist practitioner model

Answer 2

The scientist-practitioner model is also known as the Boulder Model after the 1949 Boulder Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology in which it was first created. Scientist-practitioner programs train students in both science and practice. Students earn PhDs and learn how to design and conduct research, but they also learn how to apply research finding and practice as psychologists.

Question 3

practitioner scholar model

Answer 3

The practitioner-scholar model is also referred to as the Vail model after the 1973 Vail Conference on Professional Training in Psychology, when it was first articulated. The practitioner-scholar model is a professional doctoral degree that trains students for clinical practice. Most students earn PsyD, doctor of psychology, degrees

Question 4

current controversies in clinical psych

Answer 4

prescription privileges, evidence- based practice/ maualized therapy, over expansion of mental disorders, third party payment vs, self- payment, the influence of tech and cybertherapy

Question 5

assessment in clincal

Answer 5

Alfred Binet created the first Binet- Simon sccale. it was the first to incorporate a comparison of mental age to chronological age as a measure of intelligence. this yielded the IQ. it is currently known as the stanford- binet intelligence scales.
wechsler- bellevue - test designed specifically for adults. has been revised to the wechsler adult intelligence scale(WAIS)
a childrens version of this test is- wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC) for very young children he designed the wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence (WPPSI)

Question 6

DSM 5

Answer 6

Allen Frances’ criticisms (DSM-IV chair)
DSM-5 features changes that “seem clearly unsafe and scientifically unsound”
DSM-5 “will mislabel normal people, promote diagnostic inflation, and encourage inappropriate medication use”
Key areas of criticism
Diagnostic overexpansion
Questionable transparency of the revision process
Work Groups predominantly composed of researchers, not clinicians
Field trial problems
Price of DSM-5
Current edition of the DSM
Released in 2013
Task Force led Work Groups, each focusing on a particular area of mental disorders
Attempted greater consistency between DSM and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

Question 7

effects of managed care

Answer 7

Therapy
Negative impact on quality
*Too little control over clinical decisions
Ethical problems, including confidentiality
Greater affordability for many clients
Diagnosis
Increase diagnosis of mental disorder
Certain diagnosis being used more/less often

Question 8

efficacy

Answer 8

Success of a therapy in controlled study
Clients issues must meet specific criteria
Success “in the lab”

Question 9

microaggressions

Answer 9

Comments or actions made in cultural context that (often unintentionally) convey negative beliefs
Can suggest dominance and cause marginalization or invalidation
Psychologists can avoid by examining their own beliefs

Question 10

acculturation

Answer 10

Response to new cultural environment
Balance adopting new & retaining original
Specific strategies:
Assimilation (high new, low original)
Separation (low new, high original)
Marginalization (low new and original)
Integration (high new and original)

Question 11

cultural competence

Answer 11

The counselor’s awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively with a pluralistic & democratic society
3 main components:
Awareness
Knowledge
Skills

Question 12

ethical principles

Answer 12

aspirational. describe the idea level of ethical functioning or how psychologists should strive to conduct themselves. . ex: beneficence and nonmaleficence psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm), fidelity and responsibility(psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work.), integrity(seek to promote accuracy, honest, and truthfulness in the science, teaching and practice of psychology), justice(recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted), respect for peoples rights and dignity- respect the dignity and worth of all people, rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination

Question 13

ethical standards

Answer 13

enforceable rules of conduct. Resolving Ethical Issues
Competence
Human Relations
Privacy and Confidentiality
Advertising and Other Public Statements
Record Keeping and Fees
Education and Training
Research and Publication
Assessment
Therapy

Question 14

confidentiality

Answer 14

only allowed to break when its a child or duty to warn

Question 15

models of intelligence

Answer 15

?

Question 16

effectiveness

Answer 16

Success of a therapy in actual clinical settings
Client problems not limited to specific criteria
Success “in the real world”

Question 17

assessement mehtods

Answer 17

Researching Assessment tools
Establishing psychometric data
Validation or expanded use of assessment tools
Expansion to multiple populations
Comparing multiple assessment tools to each other
Established vs proposed (Beck vs DSI)

Question 18

neuropsychological measures

Answer 18

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test – Second Edition
Most commonly used neuropsychological screen among clinical psychologists
~6 minutes to administer
Simple copying test using 9 geometric designs
A quick “check,” followed by more tests as necessary
Can suggest brain damage in a diffuse, but not specific, way

Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Brief pencil-and-paper drawing task, but unlike Bender-Gestalt, involves just a single, more complex figure
Also includes a memory component (recall figure and draw it again from memory)

Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)
Broader range of abilities than Bender-Gestalt or Rey-Osterrieth
12 subtests in less than half hour
Visuomotor abilities
Verbal skills
Attention
Visual memory

Wechsler Memory Scale – Fourth Edition (WMS-IV)
Frequently used for neuropsychological purposes.
Assesses memory problems due to brain injury, dementia, substance abuse, etc.
Ages 16-90
Assesses visual and auditory memory, immediate and delayed recall

Question 19

humanistic

Answer 19

Rogers argued that empathy, unconditional positive regard, & genuineness were necessary and sufficient for successful therapy with any client

Question 20

classsical conditioning

Answer 20

Exemplified by Pavlov’s dog studies
UCS evokes UCR
UCS and CS are paired (occur together)
CS evokes CR
CR is essentially the same as UCR, but in response to CS
Generalization or discrimination to similar stimuli may take place

Question 21

operant conditioning

Answer 21

The organism “operates” on the environment, notices the consequences of the behavior, and incorporates those consequences into decisions regarding future behavior
More active style of learning than classical conditioning
Contingencies, or internal “if…then…” statements, are the product of operant conditioning

Question 22

dialectical behavior therapy

Answer 22

DBT - Marsha Linehan
Core practices of DBT
Problem solving
Validation
Dialectics (reality testing/talking through)
Leading treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD)
BPD conceptualized as problem of emotional regulation
Four specific modules of skills training
Emotion regulation
Distress tolerance
Interpersonal effectiveness
Mindfulness skills

Question 23

mindfulness

Answer 23

Mindfulness- and acceptance-based therapies
Derives from Buddhist tradition
Mindfulness involves full attention to present moment without judging or wishing things were otherwise
Engage with own mental process rather than avoidance

Question 24

genogram

Answer 24

Genograms
A pencil-and-paper method of creating a family tree that incorporates detailed information about the relationships between family members for at least three generations
Process and result can both be beneficial

Question 25

solution focused therapy

Answer 25

Solution-Focused Therapy
Evolved from strategic family therapy
Emphasis on solving problems
Emphasis on the use of solution-talk rather than problem-talk
Make clients think about positive outcomes rather than unpleasant present situations
Emphasis on exceptions to current problems (times when better) and how they created these exceptions (to encourage them to create more exceptions)
“What worked?”

Question 26

externalizing vs internalizing disorders`

Answer 26

Externalizing disorders
Child “acts out” and becomes disruptive
ADHD, conduct disorder, ODD, elimination
Internalizing disorders
Maladaptive thoughts and feelings
Mood disorders, anxiety disorders

Question 27

stess

Answer 27

Stress – the psychological and/or physiological response to difficult or demanding internal or external circumstances
Basis for the fight-or-flight response
May be helpful in small amounts (productivity)
Chronic stress—consistently high and unremitting
Can lead to general adaptation syndrome, in which problems are temporarily avoided but eventually occur

Question 28

civil commitment

Answer 28

Civil commitment: process by which a person is involuntarily hospitalized by civil authorities for the welfare of the person and others
Clinical psychologists assess whether the welfare of the person or others is endangered

Question 29

voire dire

Answer 29

Voir dire (vwar deer): process by which an expert witness is approved for the court
Testimony must be reliable and valid to be admissible (Daubert standards)

Question 30

guardian ad item

Answer 30

is an attorney who is appointed by a court to represent the interests of a party who may not be able to advocate for themselves (such as a minor or a possibly incompetent person) during the court process.

Question 31

actuarial prediction

Answer 31

Statistical prediction methods
Also know as actuarial prediction methods
Only use objective characteristics
Relevant variables include age, arrest record, substance abuse, psychosis, and psychopathy

Question 32

adaptation syndrome

Answer 32

Can lead to general adaptation syndrome, in which problems are temporarily avoided but eventually occur

Question 33

biofeedback

Answer 33

Biofeedback techniques are also commonly used
Purpose is to achieve control over the body by educating patients about bodily processes of which they are typically unaware
Meditation
Mindfulness
Relaxation training

Question 34

values affirmation

Answer 34

clients are encouraged to clarify and affirm often in writing their own personal values which contrast with their unhealthy behaviors

Question 35

circular causality

Answer 35

theory typically endorsed by family therapists whereby events influence one another in a reciprocal way

Question 36

linear causality

Answer 36

individual therapists whereby events from the past cause or determine events in present in a unidirectional manner

Question 37

organismic valuing process

Answer 37

Frame of reference that allows an individual to know if his or her experiences are in accordance with his or her actualizing tendency.
Those experiences that maintain or enhance the person are in accordance with this process; other experiences are not.

Question 38

cognitive theory

Answer 38

 Albert Ellis
◦ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
 Despite the word “behavior” in the name, it is cognitive (not behavioral) therapy
◦ Emphasize connection between rationality and emotion
 ABCDE model
◦ Activating Event-thinking about finals
◦ Belief- I’m going to fail and not graduate
◦ Emotional Consequence- anxiety
◦ Dispute- you could retake the class, who says you’re going to fail. USING FACTS AND LOGIC
◦ Effective New Belief- If I don’t pass my classes I will retake them I don’t need to pass on the first try
 Provide a format for written records of client experiences
 Provide a model of understanding and change for client
 ACT - Steven C. Hayes
◦ Accept internal experience & Commit to one’s own personal values
◦ Move from FEAR to ACT
 FEAR:
 Fusion with inner experiences
 Evaluation of self
 Avoidance of unpleasant inner experiences
 Reason-giving, leaning too heavily on rationalizations
 ACT:
 Accepting one’s own inner experiences
 Choosing directions in life based on core values
 Taking action in matters consistent with core values
 DBT - Marsha Linehan
 Core practices of DBT
◦ Problem solving
◦ Validation
◦ Dialectics (reality testing/talking through)
 Leading treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD)
◦ BPD conceptualized as problem of emotional regulation
 Four specific modules of skills training
◦ Emotion regulation
◦ Distress tolerance
◦ Interpersonal effectiveness
 Term “cognitive therapy” traditionally refers to Beck’s approach
◦ Use of Thought Record instead of ABCDE format for recording client experiences
◦ Beliefs as hypotheses
 Our beliefs are hypotheses , even though we may live as if they are proven facts
 Therapy involves putting these beliefs to the test to see if they hold true

◦ Mindfulness skills
◦
 Metacognition = thinking about thinking
◦ The “activating event” can be a cognition itself
◦ The cause of unhappiness is our thoughts about our thoughts
◦ Metacognitive therapists make thinking about thinking the primary focus

Question 39

behavior therapy

Answer 39

 Classical conditioning
◦ Exemplified by Pavlov’s dog studies
◦ UCS evokes UCR
◦ UCS and CS are paired (occur together)
◦ CS evokes CR
 CR is essentially the same as UCR, but in response to CS
◦ Generalization or discrimination to similar stimuli may take place
 Exposure therapy
 In addition to response prevention (ERP) = empirical evidence supported as effective treatment for OCD
 Systematic desensitization (phobias)
 Fear hierarchy
 Relaxation
 Assertiveness training (social anxieties)


Operant conditioning
Use of positive and negative reinforcement
Positive- doing something and getting a reward
Negative- removing something negative
Punishment- weakens behavior

	Contingency management
◦	Change rewards/punishments, change beh
	Extinction – remove expected reward
◦	May cause “extinction burst”
	Token economies
	Shaping - reinforce “successive approximations”
	Behavioral activation – depression
◦	Increase frequency of positive beh
	Observational learning (or modeling)

Question 40

ethics in forensic

Answer 40

limits of confidentiality when conducting forensic evaluations. ex- police officer preemployment screening evaluation the police department (not the applicant) is the client and info is shared with police department senior staff. WHO IS THE CLIENT
-in all forensic evaluations the limits of confidentiality should be made clear by written or oral consent.
-Base rate problem = difficulty in predicting dangerousness because it happens so infrequently
Psychologist might lean toward false positives (overestimating dangerousness) and false negatives (underestimating dangerousness)

expert testimony- bias toward one side justice and can experience burn out.
multiple relationships- small communities fidelity and responsibility
autonmy