ch.5

Question 1

general principles

Answer 1

aspirational. describe the idea level of ethical functioning or how psychologists should strive to conduct themselves. . ex: beneficence and nonmaleficence psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm), fidelity and responsibility(psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work.), integrity(seek to promote accuracy, honest, and truthfulness in the science, teaching and practice of psychology), justice(recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted), respect for peoples rights and dignity- respect the dignity and worth of all people, rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination

Question 2

ethical standards

Answer 2

enforceable rules of conduct.

Question 3

confidentiality

Answer 3

In general, psychologists are ethically obligated to maintain confidentiality
Some situations can arise in which breaking confidentiality is appropriate

Question 4

managed care

Answer 4

psychologists may be professionally pressured to minimize the services they provide to limit the cost of mental health care.

Question 5

efficacy vs effectiveness

Answer 5

in contrast to effectiveness, the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria .
effectiveness- success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems span a wider range and are not chosen as a result of meeting certain diagnostic criteria

Question 6

internal validity

Answer 6

refers to the extent to which the change in the dependent variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable

Question 7

external validity

Answer 7

refers to the generalizability of the result, extent to which a particular finding is valid for different settings and populations

Question 8

the four D’s

Answer 8

Deviance* – From cultural norm
Distress – Unpleasant and upsetting
Dysfunction – Interfering with daily activities 
Danger – Risk of harm (self or others*)
Exception vs rule

Question 9

changes in the DSM

Answer 9

DSM 1 AND 2:Not scientifically or empirically based
Based on “clinical wisdom” of leading psychiatrists
Psychoanalytic/Freudian influence
Three broad categories of disorders
Psychoses – Schizophrenia
Neuroses – Mood & Anxiety
Character disorders - PD
No specific criteria; just paragraphs with somewhat vague descriptions
DSM 3 AND 4: DSM-III published in 1980
Very different from DSM-I and DSM-II
Reliant on empirical data
Specific criteria defined disorders
Atheoretical (no psychoanalytic/Freudian influence)
Multi-axial assessment (5 axes)
Much longer—included many more disorders
DSM-III-R (minor changes) published in 1987
DSM-IV published in 1994
Cultural changes
DSM-IV-TR published in 2000
IV and IV-TR are essentially similar
DSM 5:Current edition of the DSM
Released in 2013
Task Force led Work Groups, each focusing on a particular area of mental disorders
Attempted greater consistency between DSM and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

Question 10

controversies of the DSM5

Answer 10

Allen Frances’ criticisms (DSM-IV chair)
DSM-5 features changes that “seem clearly unsafe and scientifically unsound”
DSM-5 “will mislabel normal people, promote diagnostic inflation, and encourage inappropriate medication use”
Key areas of criticism
Diagnostic overexpansion
Questionable transparency of the revision process
Work Groups predominantly composed of researchers, not clinicians
Field trial problems
Price of DSM-5